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Beginning yP"_j&ef7
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for ?$o8=h
2. This paper proceeds as follow. Nl(Aa5:!
3. The structure of the paper is as follows. l,d8%\
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related Ru
sa
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concepts W58\V
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the 8HWY]:|oh
Introduction k|BEAdQ%M
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the I=b#tUBh8
problem and a detailed presentation of how the required Maq{
H`
membership functions are defined. @4&sL] (q
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. sGzd c
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various ))+R*k%
situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an O,DA{> *m
entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy )"q2DjfX*
service time with stochastic arrivals and non-fuzzy service rule is ^91k@MC
studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. 1*=[%
d7
Review .&L#%C
1. This review is followed by an introduction. D'</eJ
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is 6)H70VPJ
presented in Section 2. 8^HMK$
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. |&C.P?q
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard 9}": }!
to ... 4}l,|7_&I
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. {)`5*sd
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of =n$
,Vv4A
action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of Vg2s~ce{
systems and outlines the need for development of possibility S"fnT*:.%
methods. in%+)`'nH7
Body #opFUX-
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its =WN6Fj`
kkqrlJO|
importance. a-O9[?G/x
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision-making koaH31Q
logic. +DVU"d
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx d<#Xqc
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, `kFxq<?aK
natural language understanding. yzXwxi1#
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed M a_! 1Y
in terms of fuzzy time-window Oq|pd7fcgm
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in CK.Z-_M
the ... hcM 0?=
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including lOYwYMi
the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. I'J=I{p*
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. ~!Onz wmO
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the 011 _(v
analysis of xx. <y~`J`-
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human Cm>8r5LG
decision. 00<iv"8
11. Section 3 is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy ~/
"aD
decision rules TB1 1crE
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 Z+Z`J;
,
describes the xx strategies. 6`F_js.a
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the +-HaYB|p
proposed model. 4uDz=B+8y
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set-based approach to cost AY|8wf,LS
variance investigation. t5[{ihv~:
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. >.~^(
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of jG8ihi
memory process. C{+~x@
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of 7?/ Fr(\
Section 2 and 3. 8h-6;x^^
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and u'LA%l-
illustrate its use on experimental data. Y~bp:FkS
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set .2Gn)dZU
model .. L}x"U9'C
V=.lpj9m
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further naM4X@jl
work. a+,)rY9
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. ~ia#=|1}
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are 0;r+E*`DA
discussed very briefly in Section 2. (F~eknJ
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a Y!CZ?c)@
whole model ?OlYJ/!z3
of human DM system ^]AjcctGr
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which ]%F3 xzOk
a ... scheme must satisfy. qvhTc6oH
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and o+q4Vg9&
uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness %GjF;dJ
when the domain of discourse is order-dense. h`?0=:Tru
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical LKftNSkg"
study Y Q3%vH5#y
currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to );7csh%
construct membership functions. wzT+V,
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two +#,t
kinds of inference experiments... ZXe[>H
This Section 2mVH*\D
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which )6^b\`
MRP is designed are described. v #IC
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations VqbMFr<k
which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results. ,|?B5n&
Next Section L&q~5 9
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the ib*$3Fn~
computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. R qOEQ*k
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical J rYpZ.Nh
applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as ;x|4Tm
discussed in the next section. Xl@nv9m
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, :G$NQ*(z
and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will g}L2\i688
K
\,&wU
then illustrate their use. >2Z:=H
T
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the NJLU+byU
following sections. ^5QSV\X
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful h:Npi
`y
for arguments based on xx I^0bEwqZ~
Summary FV!
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research `"Tx%>E(U
consideration in section 5. `{ou4H\
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. ZsNUT4
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. ;'p X1T
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions eWW\m[k]}
of the paper. ~Se/uL;*
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized ].7)^
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and >eW HPO
conclusions are drawn. PHT;%;m=
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. \7jcZ~FBX%
Chapter 0. Abstract &
&Vz=6N
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a By:A9s
xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. rM_8piD
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy y=G
mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx wNcf7/ky
measures. $ [M8G
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. mVP@c&1w?
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 0Eo*C9FP~
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. *-ZJF6
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile Q~ te`
xx algorithm. DLJu%5F
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. zG+oZ
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. zl4Iq+5~6Q
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. ^W3xw[{
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. Nq9@^ E-{M
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are {CYFM[V
pN1W|Wv2
presented and justified. {LrezE4
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. }Q/xBC)
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis QE
m6#y
procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. #e{l:!uS\
14. This paper analyses problems in F3;UH%L1
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... vqJiMa j@Z
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... g.iiT/b
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for l"*zr ;#
approaching ;[uJ~7e3
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by Rm&i"
which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are h/QZcA
evaluated. *)T},|Gc
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx !QSL8v@c
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. "tn]s>iAd=
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy E&7U |$
phases of: xx, xx }c:s+P+/
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise r@%-S!$
represented by linguistic variables. SdeKRZ{o
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational l> W?XH
procedure eYOwdTrq
Chapter 1. Introduction +A>>Ak|s
Time "fU=W|lY
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive &l/2[>D%4
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world XBh0=E?qiS
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 2ed$5.D
4. The development of ... is explored ^yb3L1y
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a 5N
@k9x
variety of directions NhU~'k
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years W.'#pd
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance wa\Yc,R
with the advent of ... 8iGS=M
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... RXxi7^ U
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. FAX|.!US*p
MX2]Q
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 07P/A^Mkx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these %M]%[4eC
weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be
W8z4<o[$
developed. MHeUh[%(
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. o$;t
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far ;h<(vc3@f
from ready to be used in commercial systems. ]V0V8fU|
Objective / Goal / Purpose 8Wqh 8$
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: ~_8Dv<"a
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non-experts to I$7|?8
utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, \@&oK2f
and to provide intelligent, computer-aided instruction for xxx. R/ix,GC
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx <:/Lap#D^
4. The scope of this research lies in ;)$bhNFHx
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule-based : fMQ,S0
decision making. MdXOH$ps
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and C@d*t?
confidence as to permit ... -
:cBVu-m
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: "AYm*R
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of KCP$i@Pjv
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide M$_E:u&D
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to jV{?.0/h|
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such !z?&
probability distribution. xB-\yWDZe
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the mxD]`F
following requirements: PWci D '!
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity gxnIur)
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be 8u8-:c%{
completed MrjgV+P}[
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... +pUG6.j%
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues $40G$w
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently w'[JfMu P
developed procedure for the xx. (A(j.[4a
C)UL{n
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well-known OR problems are =hRo#]{(K
studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. [}$jO,H5r
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and ^?M# |>
strategies for structuring ..methods :2t0//@X
20. This illustration points out the need to specify <+y%k~("
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. K_!R
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review srlxp
_^
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, A_eO
for example, regarding xx 2#
72B
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the UuS6y9@v
last decade W Og pDs
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of =jEVHIYt
uncertainties associated with xx. KvjsibI/Y
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning g^l~AR
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to o75l&`
uncertainty in xx. HPMj+
xH
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is t:x"]K
still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in FuC#w 9_
concrete applications. "D,}|
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. R$h
B
9BK
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system /
Q| Z&-c
analysis. \@[Y~:
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the R]&lVXyH
development of
6t\0Ui
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this a[V X)w_W{
design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 9!_JV;2
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or _z=ytt9D
probabilistic in nature. B/*\Ih9y
34. The central issue in all these studies is to L\hid/NL
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, b*(,W
however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical ,. zHG
approaches. `_()|; !y
36. Applied ... techniques to tkYPfUvTE
37. Characterized the ... system as e?7y$H-
( Sjlm^bca
38. Developed an algorithm to B)*1[Jf{4
39. Developed a system called ... which \JC_"gqt
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 75pn1*"gQ
41. Emphasized the need to jR9;<qT/
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
[b+B"f6
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken JXV#V7
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed AC\y|X8-
45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ ;eJ|)*
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights (}5};v
46. Point out that the problem of ]s0GAp"
47. A study on ...was done / developed by [] O2":)zU.
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with /2''EF';
49. The approach taken by [] is Ey.%:
O-Dv
50. The system developed by [] consists U'^ G-@
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by [] Ng1bjq}E2
52. []'s model requires consideration of... 6"[J[7up
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development La28%10
54. []'s model focuses on... 'pyIMB?x
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to pHowioFx
56. The published information that is relevant to this research... gL~3z'$
57. This study further shows that TV|Z$,6l
58. Their work is based on the principle of &1Y7Ne
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979]. WZn"I&Z
60. Studies have been completed to established
nI4oQE
61. The ...studies indicated that ^?_MIS`4N
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in S'`G7ht
recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. -aLM*nIoe
Problem / Issue / Question
PZvc4
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as S?zP;
iFj
manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined >sdF:(JV&
model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration *%\Xw*\0
of multiple aspects. mhM;`dl
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems M?Fv'YE
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved W9{;HGWS
c(29JZ
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed ~.6% %1?
69. An unanswered question g6x
QQ,q=l
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. {t4':{Y+
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... xXnSo0`LF
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed @Z7s3b
73. The three prime issues can be summarized: Bio QV47B
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... ]k BC,m(
75. There have been many attempts to J7`;l6+Gb
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to <IBUl}|\
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex *3h_'3yo@
problem. gv&Hu$ca
1. There are several ways to get around this problem. Y9
Bk$$#\
2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. /XA*:8~!
3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. 4#t=%}
4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. o.Bbb=*rZ
5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of D><^ 7nr%
the problem. D51s)?
6. Several problems are associated with them. %tPy]{S..
7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two KU Mk:5
c
major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system &LG|YvMY6
can be realized. wzmQRn;s
8. Most problems in practice are complicated Jh36NE8r
9. More problem surface here. GuaF B[4
10. Hamper effort toward a xx system &os:h]
C
11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and mVN\
imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which _PQk<QZ
bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample ^r
O!-
population of xx qP zxP @4
12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers $"}[\>e*{
attempting to develop kY9$ M8b
13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of )4hA Fy6l
membership function determination. :22wq{
14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical TTWiwPo59
and empirical problems. 3<[q>7X
'geN
dx
15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new I>6zX
methodological framework to real-world problems and data, we have W&[-QM8
to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. w'y,$gtX/
Chapter 3. Proposed methodology aWP9i&
Assumption <(xro/
1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too gNkBHwv
restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination 3Tc90p l*t
time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be x2/ciC
applied. (h[.
Ie
2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state-dependent, and e5"5 U7
the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which b&d4(dk
stems from the problem's nature. jR+kx:+
3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the cFq2 6(
e
assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the H
=&K_
execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the l&mY}k
experiment is in progress. HV]u9nrt#
4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at xK
5~9StP
which the expert is indifferent. 7&w[h4Lw
5. Main simplifying assumptions are: [9F
6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption. 6?JvvS5
Outline / Structure / Module t\v~ A0
1. An outline of the research +Z=y/wY
2. Information is incorporated within the scheme ~0}d=d5g
3. Is built into ... structure 2p58_^l
4. A nice modular structure. 41Ab,
5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria 6.[3N~pq
Classification ZG~d<kM&8s
1. A xx system comprises three main components: 0h{&k7T<7
2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. OsRizcgdA
3. Consists of the following steps: I%B\Wy/j^
4. This is summarized in the following steps: ep*8*GmP
^f,%dM=i=
5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas: 1xO-tIp/
6. Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the r$x;rL4
7. Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more jw0wR\1
8. The following steps should be followed 0JqvV
9. xx can be classified by a different ways. gyT0h?xDt
10. Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: Z.s0ddMs
11. This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. +%
K~HYN
System .kgt?r
1. Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not "M^mJl&*b
usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong E Q:6R|L
answer. y'non0P.
2. The system consists of both ... and ... vskp1 Wi(
3. The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on zw iS%-F
three levels. d"Zyc(Jk
4. expert system domains are area of expertise "98j-L=F+
5. To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be
%8d]JQ
considered: }XqC'z
6. The system has been developed / designed to determine U\-R'Z>M
7. The system has proven to be able to aP"!}*
8. The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular ?},RN
domain 8xkLfN|N=
9. The system comprises a ... with I~;H'7|e
10. The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique 5Yww,s
11. The system environment must be relatively stable *.Z~f"SZy*
12. The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and V7cr%tY5
retrieve ... P4+PY 8
13. The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx
,,BWWFg~
stage. ff~1>=^
14. The most essential part of .. system is the ... LC\U6J't1
15. The successful developments in ESs have made them an MIb[}w=
important tool in the development of ru4M=D
16. An automated system was developed for 2.MY8}&WBu
17. In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. z%\&n0
8pZ
Ogh
18. An interactive automatic ... system *%E\mu,,c
19. A …. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system s'$2 }K
20. Should be capable of being generated from a ... system (L(n%
21. xx is an important part of the integrated system. +(^HL3
22. The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a %Y>E
separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision. y0~ttfv
23. The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin-like manner in uL^`uI#I
the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of ]'-y-kqY
the antecedent of the next rule base. IDL0!cF
24. The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the Yy6$q\@rV
linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the M>}_2G]#F
antecedent of a rule. +'nMy"j1
Computer System q'TIN{\.{
1. The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an BRM!g9
MS-DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well D2=zrU3Y64
known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be Rd|8=`)
easily implemented. z,4 D'F&
2. The current version of the xx program when compiled with \ Ce*5h
WATFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. wm_rU]
Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible y*6/VSRkt4
machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min *>1^q9M
to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. ivyaGAF}+o
3. Time consuming procedures have been implemented in YPf?
C-language and directly linked to the Prolog environment. 1X&jlD?
4. The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires >[;=c0(
approximately 180 seconds. >P&1or)e%
5. It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 8ZLHN',
80386..209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math qZ&~&f|>e
co-processor. 4d-(:
6. The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx #<ST.f@*
method and the other based on the new method, were written in 44|tCB`
FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co-processor. &I[` .:NJ
7. Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes bI8uw|c
%.?V\l
development time. /jGV[_Q=P
l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the W5=)B`v
computer. h /^bRs`;
l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study PMV,*`"9"A
l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe PP>6
limitations. WmN(
(
l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving R&J?XQ
five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria a6^_iSk
-- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min. m!ueqV"
l This combination is being implemented in an objected-oriented stBe ^C
programming environment (Smalltalk-80 system) to solve problems sA77*T
encountered in construction xxx. i i-AE L
Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / ?1a9k@[t
Rule / Formula / Technique F_jHi0A
l A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system W ';X4e
l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach -p.\fvip
may be applied. va'F '|
l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the n=vDEX:'
l Although large collections of rules and equations have been S!.sc
complied, none are generally accepted Cul=,;pkB
l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the ;ryNfP%
body of the report. 5$D "uAp<V
l This can be accomplished by PD-&(ka.
l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by q1( [mHZ
step as follows: '=n?^EPE3
l The above preliminary analysis has provided important Oo}h:3?
information Y}N\|*ye-
l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... ,T<
JNd'
l These concepts have been applied to 0)332}Oh
l On the basis of the concept mentioned above, D3X4@sM
l This can be achieved by Aj4 a-vd.
l This fact suggests that a new concept 8b)WOr6n
l This was accomplished by taking ... -}|L<~
%
D
l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. iM)K:L7d
l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility 3k`Q]O=OU
l There is little hope of achieving successful ... v$|~
g'6
l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using
D}98ZKi
most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception IMH4GV
r"
of fRQ,Z
l Only a few studies can be found. 3R+%C* 7
l It is a very tedious process to go through
?<EzILM
l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected Fo.Y
6/}
l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. (Xh<F
l These approaches are sometimes very tedious. o utJ/~9;
l Several techniques can be used F@i>l{C
l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the YsVmU
following]/[follows]: i6'=]f'{
l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. EAGvP&~P
l A xx model represents an xx by its xx. ny5P*yWEh
l A process decision model captures the logic essential to 9|1msg4
l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx cag 5w~Px
times the ... 79v +ze
l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. tOiz tYu
l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... _O`p (6
l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the P R
%)3
system. MJXnAIG?2
l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for MXaFqK<Y
l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that ,|A^ <R`
l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine ]<;7ZNG"Y5
l Euler's formula states the following:
msBoInhI
l The completed model should agree with the formula. EN!C5/M{&
l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the qVC+q8
object is necessary 5whW>T
l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, sgfqIe1
l To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide GW,EyOE+~
enough to {rc3`<%
be useful. hIe .Mv-I)
g0B] ;Y>(
Point of View ip-X r|
Bq
l from an implementation standpoint, COh#/-`\1
l From the point of view of this application, 8^UF0>`'
l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named J&A1]T4d
xxx (CRI for short). ZmsYRk~@-
l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of vB7Gx>BQd
some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions. ZNBowZI
l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an ?Lg<)B9
FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm. ojM'8z0Hn
l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, vi##E0,N'^
tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a :r
q~5hK
screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129] 5iA>Z!sP[
Justification wH~A>
4*(
l We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has cGV%=N^BE<
received wide acceptance and can )>ZT{eF
l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible $g>bp<
9v4
environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. clvg5{^q[
l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an H$I~Vz[\yb
estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar b}qfOgd5
value on the estimate. x=DxD&I!J
l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications _lv{ 8vf1B
since it is natural and easy to implement. ZXnacc~s
l A function definition expresses the membership function of a al[^pPKZ
fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell-shaped function, etc. [icD*N<Gc
Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to Qder8I
manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic. SJiQg-+<Uf
l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on Ze0qRLuH!
which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in _mm(W=KiL
nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural 6:8s,a3&[k
framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions FAM{p=t]HT
analysis. Htgo=7!?\3
l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a UBL{3s^"
()aCE^C
convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains e=&~6bs1U
why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which PMsb"=D
s
are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if-the" rule. Z
)c\B
Chapter 4. Examples fTj@/"a
Example/ Data d[
6 'w ?
l The data used in the following example was taken from an Tx}Nr^
experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx XZ%[;[
technique. |:C0_`M9
l The data consists of over xx measurements. ~\am%r>
l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are V0^{Ss1M
compared with a xx ^}P94( oz
l Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be nXn@|J&z~U
applied are xx, xx, etc. qWH^/o
l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of 1
*'
/B
illustrating the computational procedure discussed. bll[E}E|3
l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual >N#Nz
0|(
xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied B .y}S
statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic #QFz /6
methods. pFH.beY
l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but L;0
NR(b!
deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed tU?BR<q
references for those wishing this level of detail. ]EHsRd
l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the 4~Qnhv7
paper. ;i[JCNiS\
Comparisons Z5xQ
-T`
l As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process ZbC$Fk,,I&
planning point of view will be discussed. <}lah%4F
l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh #HV5M1mb
(1973) appeared more suitable r[(;J0=
l As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously], Tz
)Ku
LF7 }gQs
^
Relation =6U5^+|d
l We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one oJD]h/fQs
mapping. 9}QIqH\p
l The relationships appear very complicate UJ,vE}=_{
l Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between (eF[nfM
the task variables and the human operator's characteristics. -Kg.w*\H7/
l These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ... f_)#
l The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can 6hj[/O)E
establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low, +ZbNSN=
and then modify these relationships. pnuo;r s
l This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former. $e+4Kt
,
l The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product. CmXLD} L_x
Importance ^.:&ZsqV
l The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to &Y^4>y%
rule based decision making. Je|:\Qk
Consideration / Attention 1qR$ Yr\
l Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure =COQv= GT
l Such a formulation does not change further considerations. d-b<_k{p
l Considerable attention has been paid to 2 T} >9X
l Attention should be paid to an important finding of this 0rL.~2)V
investigation. JkN*hm?
l Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ... ' Z#_"s#L
l Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others O[= L#wi
can be accommodated H
~3.F
l After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried `Kg!aN
out/performed to determine $gnrd~v4e
l A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration :[+8(~| za
before making the appropriate decision. kSiyMDY-
l It should be noted that |=ph&9
l It is important to point out that ... 6O,k! y>
l These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of V|@bITJ?7
providing ... L4B/
g)K
bvJ@H
Z$
l We should stress the fundamental importance of the xx zWU]4;,"
Chapter 5. Results. eI"pRH*f
Advantages / Disadvantage h STcL:b
l One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it N$Ad9W?T
can be applied to the experimental study of QY4;qA
l One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it. X+sKG5nS
l The xx system is versatile ?;v\wx
l It has a very fast decision making process oh:9v+
l All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations. _BA; H+M
l It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a ?7V~>i8[
microprocessor-based environment. hFm^Fy[R
l It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch. #<==7X#
l The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following: O$r/{{I.
l However, xx is not without its shortcomings. E,tdn#_|
l In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing q++\<\2
xxx. $.C-_L
l Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally aL[6}U0 (}
reduced by 5% to 9%. Lu
6g`O:['
l The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%. wdP(MkaV
l Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only ~IW{^u
recognize a xx . "G%</G8M
l Most of the above methods are computational expansive and aOd#f:{y
limited to xx. .Ja].hP
l Some other advantages of xx are the following: X-nC2[tu'W
l The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of 6 /YJA*
parts. >Y8\f:KQ
l It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in xE@/8h
system modeling that was impossible in practice. 2`riI*fQ
l There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and V6P-?Nd
benefits, the use of xx, 04dz?`HuB
l The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of YhV<.2^k
conventional xx approaches. `K5*Fjx
tgG*k$8z
l This combines the best features of both techniques M\4`S&
l Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for pml33^*<U
developing a xx platform, and helping the administration, marketing, Sp X;nH-D
and knowledge management activities in virtual communities. ~5&4s
Results tjFX(;^[
l An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based gm)Uyr$
on the data provided <7Pp98si,u
l Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this review !
\4B.
l Based on the information contained in this ?Q-Tyf$3
l The result can be categorized into nine classes mF\!~ag|
l The results are illustrated by an example 4{F1GW
l The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2. Oq.ss!/z
l From the results obtained so far, it seem that *KvD$(ny
l Because of the inaccuracy of the ..., a conclusion cannot be drawn e9[72V
as dW4jkjap
l Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from a,vS{434J
completion. +v;z^+
l The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the &t9V
total costs. '?9zL*
l Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, 6"Fn$ :l?
less fuzzy and more detailed. :Mu
*E5
Chapter 6. Conclusion
bOj)Wu
l From the discussion, one may conclude that ... x>[]Qk^?q
l Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that Z71m(//*}
l The conclusions drawn are also valid Y}c/wF7o
l In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx N;|^C{uz
lies not only in... } jj)
l We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a w2nReB z
theory of [Iks8ZWr_
xx based on fuzzy sets. *XTd9E^tXq
l Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area |EE1S{!24m
l A fuzzy set procedure is proposed to solve xx selection problems &|>~7(
_!',%+
interwoven with imprecise data 4 ThFC
l Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of ;>?h/tS6
the xx compatibility in achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any nQc#AFg
level of the hierarchy is made possible. O]u'7nO{{
l This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of R_PF*q2 '
the xx process and xx concept. [%.v;+L
l The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful T0w_d_aS
feedback information for improvements for xx work. x z_sejKB
l The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method. n[ B~C
l In general, fuzzy sets theory provides an alternative foundation B ?VTIq>
for xx analysis in a fuzzy environment. T`EV
uRJ
Future Research +"?+B
e
l Thus, first extension of the approach could be, 7PY$=L48A
l Present some cues for a further approach from Fuzzy Sets Theory <sH
}X$/
application to #V!a<w4_
l Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may ntW@Fm:bw>
be brought through additional levels in the hierarchy for more P=94
detailed representation of the scheduling activity. .9jKD*U|
Tables and Figures s*izhjjX
l Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships. ukWn@q*
l The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure LIZB!S@V \
1. ix3LB!k<
l The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1. )%7P?^>
l Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the
qyH-Z@
l Figure 1 though 2 provide a ... that vQMBJ
&
l the architecture of this expert system for .... is illustrated in Figure }E
'r?N
2. 8%[pno
|0I
l Figure 2 gives the outline of an ... system _;
1{feR_
l Table shows the Y %
JQ
l as shown in Table 1 and 2 "z~ba>,-\
l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 [^5\Ww
l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. V0nQmsP1U
QU).q65p
l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as O*EV~{
K
row-headings, *%j$i_
xx through xx as column-headings. %Y^J''
l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are u!_l
/'\
made. ,erw(7}'.
CONJUGATION 8H!QekQZ]\
To Indicate Addition `9~
%6N?7#
l additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, }Z!D?(
besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, d1j9{
first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, dr
q3=2
second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly )pnyVTKt
speaking FfoOJzf~o
To Indicate Cause and Effect ;XKe$fsa~?
l accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in 6
63o
short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, truly MY&Jdmga
To indicate Comparison d$dy6{/YD
l in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively x]~TGzS
To Indicate Concession $XBK_ 5
l after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, dAo;y.3
even so , I admit, naturally, of course P]_d;\
!"v
To Indicate Contrast K1B9t{T
l and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in k
B\{1;
contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, x(_[D08/TT
normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, p?@ %/!S
rather, unfortunately, je4l3Hl
To Indicate Time Relationships: "q@m6fs
after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon okNo-\Dh!
;JW_4;-
as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, NFK`,
before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent APQq F/
years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, G#M)5'Q]U
soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, bF)G+IH
while d[
N1zQW
To Indicate Special Features or Examples: nla6QlFYn*
for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, Z:;}
in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this 6_LeP9s )
respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / above DSGcx
M+
To Indicate Summary: ^)VwxH:s
in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to aQkOQy
conclude 3r\8v`^>
, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately, v*;d
VERB PHASE xNP_>Qa~
l build a .. model '6KvB
l build up the key link "L~(%Nx3
l began a new era in ... b}J%4Lx%m
l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained dWqn7+:
through #;!&8iH
l can result in S63Zk0(25
l carries out ... tasks BFLef3~.0
l production information in order to simultaneously yNTd_XPL
l contains all information necessary to describe .
,7bGY 1$
l do not make use of production information n|`3d~9$&
l deals with XtF
m5\U
l end with failure b7Y g~Lw
l fetch the information from the model directly |<%!9Z
l has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the {]vD@ )k
development of / ?ukw6
T
been recognized as S_}`'Z )
l BE aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned Lu.zc='\
K^-1M?
with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each `:/'")+@v
feature of a compo P
rt}
01$
site component / cable of / currently implemented for / :
t
?B)
demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / ZWs
equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / &H(yLd[
pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / Et>#&Nw8
shown in / used to effectively guide the search OLw]BJXYaE
l makes use of @sXFu[!U
l make up XTol|a=
l meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands *MF9_V)8V
placed upon it "> uN=
{Iy
l must be justified H`EhsYYK
l point out gesbt
l play an important role _0/unJl`
l relates to %&ejO=r
l rely on nD
wh
l satisfy the needs j50vPV8m
l determine the total requirements for the ... 5'%I4@Qn+
l uses ... as a key to search for... r924!zdbR
l without relying on U,<m%C"
l will be available/ performed/ overlooked fHt \KP
NOUN PHASE bQ<qdGa
l a basic technical function of }\4yU=JPK
l a critical need *X5)9dq
l a key / principle feature of "k zKQ~
l a substantial impact on I16FVdUun4
l an intensive review was conducted tr<~:&H4T
l an increasing need for expanding the application of ....
j,n:%5P\v
l an important component / function / aspect / issue ]HKt7 %,
l each rule is numbered in sequence {QG.> lB
l each of these involves o|$D|E
l for this calculation, it is necessary to define -FeXG#{
)
l in the physical environment / integration of K:Z$V
A U~DbU0O
l in the reality of situations where … \"P{8<h.3
l many aspects of >hunV'vu'
l most past efforts have been spent on ... D(b01EQ;d
l common sense to a well studied and documented technical field. E@}F^0c
l sources of additional information on ... are listed $5nMD=
l systematic and rationally structured format IZVP-
l the basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is ?sfqg gi
shown &raqrY|V
l THE basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general |Xt G9A>
hypothesis / candidate list of / concept of ... has attracted wide S^O9}<2g
interest / function is concerned with / heart / impact / nature / role %m&6'Rpfk
/ task of / kernel functions qxZ
IH
l the number of parts needed to ?v^NimcZ
l the above statement means that <q63?Ms'
l the output data is passed to ~^wSwd[
l the proposed method / underlying principle Dfs^W{YA
l the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should I}f`iBG
l this information resides in <Iw{fj|
l this process is composed of ... different ... operation X[
tt'5
l along with the use of HxI6_ >n^I
l concerning general aspects of !GOaBs
l due to +\!.X_Ij
l for later use in generating..., {FIzoR"
l in turn,
rPH7
]]
l IT IS believed / noted / assumed / suggested / shown / quite aZ@pfWwa:
evident / appears / implies that / intended for / of no important to "vGh/sXW
l it can be claimed/concluded that i/:L^SQAq
l it demonstrates the decisions required of G,C`+1$*
l it also provides information to .. d4o
^+\
l it becomes essential to J[lC$X[
l let ... be the probability that eV7;#w<]
l once... is written, it is compiled into... a4:GGzt
l suppose it is observed that n;Bb/Z!~
l this is because C?qRZB+W#
6_mi9_w
l this results in a w/@ZPBRo]
l upon completion of the ... analysis, }s,NM%oI
l when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will ~5
6&!4
also be t/|0"\ p
recorded in books and papers aM5]cc%
l selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation @$
7 GrT
plans, ky2]%cw
is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly. 21TR_0g&<
l for the sake of convenience ('x]@
l correct decision to be reach x3n9|Uud
l keeping the number of rules to a minimum. >0HH#JW
l a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics: T"xJY#)}
l practical solutions XFWpHe_ L
l because of rather small job lot sizes tW/k
l Backward reasoning can be used to answer the question "should V$ZclV2:Ih
milling tool be select" different level of knowledge in the realm of Kq[4I[+R
process planning