中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题 bn`1JI@S4
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II. Vocabulary (10 points) u&)+~X
PartA (5 points) IipG?v0z~
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices sFNB rL
marked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes the 7CfHL;+m<4
sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across c(@V
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the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1. U
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Example: 5mNd5IM
She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ )bc0 t]Fs
A. previously B. vLrtually C. primarily D. domestically C3|(XChqC
The sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce ><odBM-
domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D. ZJev_mj
Sample Answer _8$arjx=
[A] [B] [C] [D] qaK9E@l
1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the ?#|Y'%a"
present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__ qsnZ?hXPp
patriotism. >;Er[Rywr
A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable >"qnuv G
Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and <uXZ*E
fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts. 6 /8?:
A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions W
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3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it w i,}sEoM
sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. $Z
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A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere N%Gb
4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife
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for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set
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up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. RY=B>398:
A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve ?1\rf$l8
5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking &)?ECj0`
15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years. EHBy
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A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated 3z$9jN/<u
6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and &S/@i|_
frustrated thousands of users around the world. QXTl'.SfF
A. genius B. vires C. disease D. bacteria Wr.G9zq.+
7. The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the. worst form of 6?an._ C
competition in schools. *c<=IcA
A. negligent B. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate [=dK%7v
8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his N?]HWP^pg
grandparents lived. $n |)M+d
A. reconciled B. consolidated X
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C. deteriorated D. attributed V/C":!;
9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to
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practice his Chinese.
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A. passed on B. passed up C. passed by D. passed out koQ\]t'*As
10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be y8jwfO3
distributed. luNEgCq
A. paradoxes B. legacies C. platitudes D. analogin mUFg(;ya
Part B (5 points) :m~R<BQ"
Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase -\ {.]KL
underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and Tf[o'=2
D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underiined part. @3T)J,f
Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square !% ' dyj
bracket on ANSWER SHEET I. i7N|p9O.
Example: z"[}Sk
The secretary is Very competent; she can finish all these letters within one jIpc^iu`,
.. ;.,ca, ODe $^[^]Q
bour. i@Vi.oc4[
A. careful B. industrious C. clever D. capable >x/;'Y.
In this sentence, "competent" is closest -;n m e:zting to "capable". Therefore FVi7gg.?
you should choose D. 'JA<q-Gn
Sample Answer t|/{oAj
[A] [B] [C] [DD] (c^ZFh2]
11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional tv,Z>&OM
roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby. 6S`J7[
A. depict B. advocate D; criticize D. analyze J0%e6{C1
12,. They achieved more than they had eyer dreamed, lending a magic tO their Ze?(N~
family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival. _VvXE572
A.confirm B. achieve C.match D exaggerate =Fu~ 0Wc
13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump. for those toxic____ industrial wastes. w-2?|XvDmf
A. imminent B. recyclable C. smelly D. poisonous Y/|wOm;|
i4. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would 5;:P^[cH9
nor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.sanction. P&3Z,f0
A. allies B. delegates C. voters D. juries g`NJ
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15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college and !:zWhu,
our own retirement security is ,chilling. 9/LnO'&-
A. frightening B. promising C. freezing D. revealing JZc"4qf@OT
16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British KUR9vo
Crown. &@dMIJK"(
A. secret plan B. bold attack C. clever design D. joint effort "}91wfG9
17. Evidence, reference, and foomotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous #YEOY#
researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different E:!qncL:
beorefical and political positions. #RN"Ul-B|
A. trustworthy B. intelligent C. diligent D. meticulous `fL81)!jI#
18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women 1I^uq>r
being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region. @U)k~z2Hk
A. intriguing B. exasperating: C. demonstrative D. unprovoked q>n0'`q
19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up v&#=1Zb
faces for .nocturnal raids in the forest. h3udS{9'8
A. illegal B. night-time C, brutal D. abusive +f+#W
20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a Iz^l
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more avid fondness for the limelight, FxK2 1
A. mercurial B, gallant C. ardent D. frugal ,xhB
III. Cloze (10 points) df'xx)kW
Directions : Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each vwc)d{ND
numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the *
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square bracket on Answer Sheet I. M8,_E\*
Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, >^U$2
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___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Iately has ____22 ____ into a full- time passion. The u` j9m@`
two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates bAd$
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___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in p%?VW
April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Intemet. kr=&x)Wy!
Before long they ___25 ___ that their home,brewed lists were becoming too |IgH0
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long and ____ 26____ Gradually they began to spend more andmore time on yn;sd+:z
Yahoo. ~"t33U6
During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database designed (:TZ~"VY
to____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to use the 'x{E#4A
service through the closely ___ 30____ Intemet community. They developed i#RT4}l"a
customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit material p2\mPFxEP
___32___ on the Intemet. The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for "Yet -$Ad#Eu]M
Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle". but Filo and Yang insist they selected SFaG`
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the ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo? itself first 4uSC>
___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, "akebono", while the search engine was hG8!aJo
___ 36 ___ on Filo's computer, "Konishiki".
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In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication e; #"t
in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files [!Jd
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___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's SZ*Nr=X
computer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefiasc. Today, P_:~!+W,
Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computers #+<"`}]N
linked to the web. }5I+VY7a
1. A. became B. grew C. mm D. intend 3EHn}#+U
2. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned -*QxZiKD
3. A. in B. on C. about D. fer 4,yS7l
4. A. touch ?. contact C. n-ack D. record .dM|J'`g
5. A. founded E. found C. argued D. reported W
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6. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D invaluable
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7. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted :hA=(i
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8. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate ];n3H~2
9. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly 1J
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10. A. relative B. interactive C.bound D. contacted (/oHj^>3N`
11. A. fluently B. efficiently C.exactly D. actually [RqL0EP
12. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. .ZzxW
13. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed ;]/emw=a
I4. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand 2yt)"DnFk
15. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched ?df*Y5I2
16. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked :zWI"
17. A. over B, away C. inside D. beneath =jWcD{;1I}
18. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. bidden 5,;>b^gXY`
19. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal AxbQN.E
20. A. attains B.detains C. maintains D. contains .*3.47O
IV. Reading Comprehension (20 points) aT[qJbp1
Directions: Read the following passages, decideon the best one of the choices I>(3\z4s
marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark LrL
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the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the _(R1En1
ANSWER SHEET. L93PDp4v
Passage 1 WlJ$p$I`
Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break 5Q9nJC{'NN
babies. |v'_Co0ki
One application of the thrcshoM method involves the time young children p,)~w1|
spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the )C@O7m*.4
length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities 9Ez>srH(
are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of A$H;2T5N
the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often HVq02 Z
result. To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit Rfk8trD B
activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could \Y4>_Mk
gredually increase the time students spend working on a single activity. b `7vWyp
The threshold methoci also can be applied to teaching printing abd 4=Wtv/
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handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements ,bLHkBK
awkward and they lack free motor coordination. The distances between lines on ;aY.CgX
a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper doERBg`Jh
with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' letters would spill over the x$6`k
borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters Q7~9~
within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them N 9.$--X}D
refine their skills. _N-.=86*
The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students gc
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who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can t=K;/1
remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, and #TXN\YNP
tell them to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several O]XdPH20
airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for D^[}:O{
not building airplanes. |UGmIm%
Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their w6-A-M6hD
physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, theteacher might tm"9`
decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has /9K,W)h_
begun. [\Ks+S
The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and pZYcCc>6&
misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The <3 b|Sk:T
media center teacher might ask the students'to find interesting books and read THQd`Lj
them while in the center. Assuming that the studentS find the books enjoyable, [YGPcGw
the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books o|tq&&! <
rather than for talking with other students. eplz5%<
In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher e d=pRb
realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very J$]-)`[G&
boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, S,=#b
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such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involvs students f>*D@TrU
and raise their interest in the course. 0`LR!X
41. The purpose of this passage is to___ zq:+e5YT?T
A. inform B. persuade C. debate D. narrate jGeil
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42. Guthrie identified three methods for__ 3U_-sMOB|
A. educating students B. altering bad habits
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C. avoiding undesired action D. forming good hobbies :RxWHh3O
43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold B7*^rbI:X
method? k\ 2.\Lwb
A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than the _SW_I{fjr
child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it. hS( )OY
B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young F+c4v A})
children and gradually increase session length but not to where students Z4"SKsJT/>
become frustrated or bored. _3;vir%)
C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is o_(
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introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting. $ykujyngS4
D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his LU7ia[T
parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys. + YjK#
44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands bzl-|+!yB
busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over <{z*6FM!'
time. watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than w;p:4`
snac 'king. What method is used in this example? ; qQ* p
A. The threshold method. B. The fatigue method. |5;:
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C. The incompatible response method. D. The punishment method. Y`U[Y Hx
45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that /qKO9M5A
A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted "8NhrUX
response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes -;i vBR
exhausted <%SG
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B. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a ^z _m<&r
response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be 'Avp16zg
performed simultaneously S5,y!K]C~
C. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformde zFFip/z\
into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes Os5Xejh`I
a cue for not performing it L]syDn
D. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child %xJ6t5.-
make response incompatible with unwanted response wH<'*>/
Passage 2 k>'c4ay290
The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot ##+f/Fxym
afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive. fbjT"jSzw
Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign ]9 ArT$
countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many "Q[rM1R
companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing CZ~%qPwDw
wralts . 1B5]1&M
Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international
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advertising. `
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General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it F.DRGi.i
introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market. "Nova" is Latin for /&eF,4
new (star)" and means "star" in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can vz*'1ugaA
sound like "no va", meaning "it doesn't go". Few people wanted to buy a car %"C%pA
with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales Ibbpy++d[
picked up" dramatically. .Jvy0B} B
Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. 6%^9`|3
3ne American food company's friendly "Jolly Green Giant" (for advertising Pi
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,egetables) became something quite different when it was translated into f-'$tMs
Arabic as "Intimidating Green Ogre". 03$lg DQ
When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, "Come Alive with h
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Pepsi" came out implying "Come Alive from the Grave". No wonder customers _ft)e3Gf
in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi. vp_$Ft-R
Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good (UGmbRf&
ranslafions--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood ff jWX^h^n7K
aarketers are to avoid blunders. Ev)aXP
When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, l(fStpP
geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to <8?jn*$;\
capture their target market. MF}}o0P
For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentare ihto 'C")X
the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The mail 'y<<ce*
reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in Kd%>:E*
many South American countries. .%3qzOrN
Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies G#(+p|n
are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive )tB1jcI;
to cultural distinctions. 28jm*Cl8
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The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who xdV $dDCT
understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique Jemb0Qv
called "back translation" to reduce the possibility of blunders. ~p'DPg4
The process uses one person to translate a message into the target e|~s'{3
language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture Dj$W?dC"^
the, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication TXDb5ZCzM
of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes \NN5'DBx
misunderstandings. `J}-U\4F{
In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shot G1`H
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and simple. UN"U#Si)
They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part 7lJs{$
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of the world may not be so humorous in another. KDmzKOl
46. The best title of this passage might be __ . i)[8dv
A. Culture Is Very Important ia Advertishag oP 0ZJK&;
B. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations G'\x9%
C. Overcome Cultural Shock in Different Countries iO?Sf8yJ:
D. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles 7Hm/g
47. What does the word "blunder" mean in this passage? k"V@9q;*
A. hesitation B. mistake C. stutter D. default *G,'V,?
48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from ncy? w
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Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6? Z%uDz3I\Q"
A. Cultural shocks B. Faulty translations ly)b=ph&
C. Avoid cultural oversights D. Prevent blunders V,W":&!x
49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word "ca " most ,7{}}l
probably mean____ XJ.ER
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A. an animal used in perfume for its smell \XUG-\$p
B. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals 5Tt%<#4
C. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals ONkHHyT
D. an nrnament used in prefume and at funerals
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50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___ nU6WT |
A.fire the translators who don't know the target language. f/VrenZ_
B.use the technique called "literal translation" to reduce the possibility of O [81nlhS0
blunders KC`~\sYRN]
C. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes r,` 5 9
D. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries L< gp "e
Passage 3
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It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in J3$Ce%<
pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive &>Ko}?w
remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires =:!$'q:
are now commonplace. #n[1%8l,
Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a 9b0M'x'W5
number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the $2M dxw5
boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man %Ny`d49&
with many enemies wi!! be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the ?B&@
company he worries about . His business savvy is supposed to be based on PUdJ>U
intimate knowledge of .his company and the industry .so he goes home nightly P0En&g+~
with a full briefcase. At the very top - and on the way up - executives are J01Y%W
exceedingly dedicated. 0V:DeX$bZ
The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him ;bZIj`D(
through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured 'Gw;@[
individual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the ;,8bb(j
symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading UI*^$7z1 +
may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields. ?`nF"u>
Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful 6G<t1?_yD
socializing. ;Ly(O'9
These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to "keep M#sDPT
the old heart in shape" and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, b Hr2LhQCN
and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of ~9:ILCfX
the running. But his doctor's admonition to "take it easy" falls on deaf eyes. He _Gf.1Bsf@S
likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels. Rv)!p~V8
Corporate head-hunting, carried on by "executive search fares," is a da[u@eNrnX
growing industry. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and yW$ja|^E
aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each fC_dSM[{c
other's managerial ranks. 93Yo}6>
51. We can infer from the second paragraph that___ [I;5V= bKW
A. promotion depends on amiability &AMW?vO
B. chief executives do not work hard enough at the top level 0.}Um
C. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his ICD(#m
subordinates \}ujSr#<