独立主格特征
[2ax>Yk$ 1. 充当句子的状语。
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bI 2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。
JFgoN,xn 3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词
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Hf-{[[Z 4. With + 名词 （代词） + 分词 (形容词）
=A Vg Iv 例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.
R<i38/ ~G b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.
\A `hj~ c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).
j3q~E[Mz\ 真题剖析
rF\ "w0J_ (1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them.
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W) 45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because
0A{/B/r 练习：Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.
UpXz&k 8. A. is B. having C. being D. be
y7KzW*>g : 虚拟语气
DO7W}WU 虚拟语气（2）
a zjEq$<M 1. （should）+动词原形
Q-#$Aa It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句
kt4d; 4n It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句
VF&Z%O3n It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句
^\B :R, 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句
yT{8d. Rh 2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式
~x{.j n would rather +动词过去式
E,n}HiAz7V 真题剖析
$8l({:*q0 (1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . …
~.%K/=wK @ 47. A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t
7 FN<iI&7\ (1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home.
g n5)SP 8 53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded
X0{/ydG F8 练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.
nN$Y(2ZN 15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take
Ax o D8| (2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.
@DW[Z`X (even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)
HE<1v@jW 54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should
+.RKi ! 非谓语动词
9;yn}\N ` 动名词、分词、不定式。
9;F bnp' 主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done)
-st7_3 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)
zF4 [}* To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。
`P Xz 真题剖析
reo{*) % (2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.
z9W `FBg 60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops
5q@ LxDy,b (2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.
`ovtHl3Q 59. A. destructive B. dissatisfied C. damaged D. derivative
4Ij-Ilg)% 主谓一致
hO{cvHy` 1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。
93[DAs How you got there doesn’t concern me.
H1!iP$1#V Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
>]'yK!a? 2. 表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。
ck#"*] , Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on.
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T8 3. 以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。
# N~,F@t 4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。
F#xa`*AP Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water).
Y}6n]n;uR 5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。
%}2@rLP Everyone knows that you’ve come here.
zr76_~B1u If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情况例外)
+@X5!S6 6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）
- ~O'vLG He no less than John is interested in literature.
_eLWQ|6Fx 7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)
http://www.free kaobo.com
iq?#rb P#I Either my father or my brothers are coming.
#s5 pz8v 8. each,every,many a, no …+主语，谓语用单数。
89o)M5KQ Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.
h%d^Gq~ 真题剖析
N p)3+!^1" (2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of urbanization ever recorded.
8:ggECD 53. A. none B. few C. any D. some
;??ohA"{5 倒装
;D ~L| 全部倒装
rl:KJ\*D 1. “There (Here) +be+主语”
=fc: 6JR There stand big buildings in this district.
Vu0 KtG9 Here on the desk lies a pile of books.
]^"k8v/ 2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.)
>L((2wfiN In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.
KB{RU'?f| 3. 介词短语作状语位于句首
Ex@`O+ In the middle of the room stood the naughty boy.
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yTZk 4. 表语位于句首
Y5A~E#zw Especially remarkable was his flat nose.
~QG ?k Not far from here is a famous university.
> AD =31lq 5. so,nor, neither, no more 位于句首,代表前文
1`r| op}, She wasn’t angry, and neither was I.
^<V9'Ut Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.
~JZ3a0$^ 6. 分词短语位于句首（分词+be +主语）
XOr fs sj Gone forever were the days that we depended on foreign oil.
Qb^q+C)o] 部分倒装
(4~WWU (iT 1. 疑问句
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<A 2. 否定副词(seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, never, few, not until, not only) 位于句首（作形容词时例外）
=7 [)' Never did John speak rudely to his parents.
.e[Tu|qo 3. “only+状语”位于句首
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~bU7QLr 4. “hardly…when”, “scarcely…when”, “no sooner…than”, “not only…(but also)” 位于句首
yM$J52#d# No sooner had he got into the classroom than the class began.
\4~AI=aw,T 5. not,no组成的词组位于句首(in no way, under no circumstances, on no account…)
+!>L Y By no means should you break the rules.
MB$a82bY At no time should we give in to difficulties.
c; !g 6. 虚拟倒装(had, were, should放到句首)
4^Qi2[ w 7. “形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”
T nxKR$Hoh Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people.
g,lY ut Search as they would, they could find nothing in the house.
hYt7kq!" 真题剖析
4 \Di,PPu (2000) Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 .
b;vNq 46. A. way B. life C. area D. people
cK}Pf+r> 限定词的用法
'"O&J}s; 1. Both, each, either, neither (只指两个)
V:^H4WvL\W 2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指两个以上)
u^Sv#K X 3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (复数可数或不可数)
XeUp r N 4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可数)
J%P)%yX eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.”
b~w KF0vq eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.”
H`|0-`q 从句为考察重点
E`E'<"{Yd (1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that 51 was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. …
y_%&]/% 51. A. which B. what C. it D. that
gduxA/aT (1998) They learned to 51 their farming habits to the climate and soil. 52 they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving 53 , they invited their neighbors, …
E Vz9WY 52. A. While B. When C. So D. If
9eSRCLhgD (1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that 45 Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”, 46 a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.
rgR?wXW]jE 46. A. though B. when C. while D. and that
g~R/3cm4 D0M!"c>\ omitting the subject
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4O Rather formal use
`QLowna 让步状语从句以 although, though, while, or whilst 开头时通常与主句共享主语, 从句谓语用分词形式。
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K Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house.
%F3}/2 Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house.
Q<'@V@H Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers. 这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.
24|<<Xn Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.
5`yPT>*#m> WHILE
^Ezc y? 1. He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.
o[{&!t 2. I often knit while watching TV.
It\BbG= 3. While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far.
PdjCv+R6? AND
Ys+N,:#R 1. often used to link clauses
m S7E_ A8 I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.
qa;EI ;
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t{A=9 Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.
g\j>qUjs%Q Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.
`E%(pjG WHERE
+DxifXt B 1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.
:7k`R6 2{ 2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
8tC + lc 3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
e18T(g_i 4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
gpsrw>nw 5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
B,:23[v 6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference)
J;"nm3[.q WHICH
.yG8B:7N2 (本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)
i 63?" 1.定语从句引导词 Did you see the letter which came today?
d)9PEtI Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
~|qXt ds$ 2.分割句子，补充说明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.
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87^y5?G He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
k\%,xf; x She may have missed the train, in which case she won't arrive for another hour.
W|~q<},j THAT 多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。
"&| lO| WHAT
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&/0 (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)
J1& A,Gb 1. No one knows exactly what happened.
US"2O!u 2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared.
N.k+AQb 3.I could get you a job here if that's what you want.
{W]bU{%. 4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.
,WzG.3^m 5. What matters is the British people and British jobs.
Ae3,W AS
<[esA9.]t 1.比较
fc [" His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.
ttTI#Fr2 2.作为，正如… We'd better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
6zELe.tq David, as you know, has not been well lately.
{_? T:` 3.看作，看待
5F% h>tqh The result of last week's election will be seen as a victory.
t00\yb^vJ8 4.当…时候= while or when
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%'s I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
7AS.)Q#=x 5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
m*Q[lr= 6.让步= though Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
hg$qb eUl The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand.
m+;B!4 6 I'd be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.
&Bj,.dD/a When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
`%KpTh I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.
hP ,b-R 9\ The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.
+9Xu"OFm The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.
OHx
,*}N The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.
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ho=<|- 过去分词与形容词的语义差：
|iLx $P6 1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
.rt8]% the destructive power of modern weapons
#i}# jMT Damaged: being in a bad state
xl1L4R)6D emotionally damaged children
chvrHvByS 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements
^KaqvG$ed He's one of the most respected managers in the game.
P5yJO97 Respectful: feeling or showing respect
t~+{Hr) #y They listened in respectful silence.
mq|A8>g 3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
U.zRIhA ] Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
,v$2'm)V Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
j`[y o AH 4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
gQ[ ] Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
Fy4 < 5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
(`q6G d Lovable: a sweet lovable child
_rWM] Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
{UV<=R,E 6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
CYT uj>Ww Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
