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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 kjQW9QJ<  
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第一章 名词 }72\Aw5  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 {1=|H$wKg  
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第一节 可数名词 mUl0D0#  
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考点一 单复数 kE6/d,  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 ;d>n2  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 Bi9Q8#lh  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) XXm7rn  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 yQ^,>eh  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: Y(aUB$"  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes iM7 ^  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories 22y SMtxn  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives rF}Q(<Y86  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs gP|-A`y  
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例题: u,:hT] ~+  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. |_g7k2oLY  
   A         B           C       D z.(DDj  
答案:A k(7Q\JKE  
应改为:Flowers Y|wjt\M  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数  /s^42  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic %=*|: v  
   A               B   C          D )w<Z4_!N4s  
pain. B1FJAKI);  
答案:A Odw'Ua  
应改为:Doctors CvZ\Z472.j  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 Tc"J(GWG  
考点二 复数形式特例 a-S tOO5s  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 !U}2YM J  
1.单复数词形相同 y]PuY \+  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 |ssl0/ nk  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: w oIZFus  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises V'>Plb.A  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula 4 X/UyBk  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena 6jBi?>[I  
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: =#p Yd~  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), )qMbk7:v\  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), W 2[]m>;  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: _()1 "5{  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) / yBrlf  
J;^PM:6  
5 不规则的名词复数 -n[(0n3c  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice 7$g$p&,VX  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet eC%Skw  
_A!Fp0}`  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 EZjtZMnj  
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例题: Q 318a0  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading ?$ )5NQB%  
       A            B           C a,S;JF)v  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. d,l?{ Ln  
            D ,G}i:7  
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(2) &*7KQd  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed 'n-y*f  
  A      B           C           vaP`'  
feet. ^5Lk}<utw  
 D <nqv)g"u0  
答案:D (oX!D(OI  
应改为:foot }kr?+)wB  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 HW~-GcU-o  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 Ws`ndR  
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第二节 限定词 kq5X<'MM9N  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: JJtx `@Bc  
1.之后肯定接单数: '-RacNY  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. m?<E >-bI  
例句: Each of them has two books. Px=@Tw N,  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) }H\I[5*  
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2.之后肯定接复数: \/Mx|7<  
these, those, many, such, other, esn q/  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), _i+@HXR &  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several [MFnS",7c  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of &R%'s1]o  
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc BtC*]WB"_'  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 DaQl ip  
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考点一 否定限定词no )?$[iu7 s  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: V9<`?[Usv  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. @m#OhERv  
No one is here. 3OZPy|".ax  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: IA@>'O  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; m$W >~  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 g |>LT_  
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例题: -^xbd_'  
(1) 3#>W\_FY*D  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. 43PLURay  
(A) none cs+3&T: ,*  
(B) no %y6(+I #P  
(C) not hO=L|BJ?I  
(D) nor  K& #il  
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答案: C <.6rl  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 S(zp_  
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(2) 1!<t8,W4  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Muo E~K2  
A                B           C ?b;2 PH"  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. F8f}PV]b  
        D cS;3,#$  
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答案: A vI{aF- #  
应改为: No !T{+s T  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 jRJG .hcB5  
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考点二 their等物主代词 8xPt1Sotq[  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars 0:$ }~T9T  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 w% %q/![uy  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. x4MmBVqp  
这里用their 而不用 the 0*gvHVd/l  
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例题: 8q^}AT<C  
(1) (` *BZ_  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten 5\Q Tm;  
              A      B        C b] 5weS-<  
the lives. U,Z\)+-R  
 D 6'^_ *n  
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答案: D Coi[cfg0  
应改为: their m TZ/C#ir(  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 Ku(YTXtK  
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(2) bb6x} jR  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any l6  G6H$  
      A        B              C F%w! I 9  
specific way. eh86-tQI~(  
    D 4agW<c#  
B)0/kY7c  
答案: B q0.!T0i  
应改为: its I\l&'Q^0@  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 on_h'?2  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 )lG}B U.  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 %2QGbnt_*  
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例题: [JOa^U=  
(1) };Q}C0E  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or ;K<VT\  
        A        B        C "n%j2"TYJj  
relating those objects. 25X|N=}   
 D S?688  
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答案: B ]#o;`5'  
应改为: is a set &^`Wtd~g  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 9g6$"',H  
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(2) a\P:jgF  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. q{w|`vIb  
A       B     C           D +hRy{Ps/  
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答案: D R27'00(Z0  
应改为: responses oCT,v0+4O  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few +`d92Tz  
t0 e6iof^o  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 B^2r4 9vC  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) ]]|#+$ ~  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) "51/,D  
B- @bU@H  
第三节 冠词作限定词 klKUX/ g  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 CR [>5/:M  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an g4+K"Q /M  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: ;1&"]N%  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university kn:hxdZ  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour 'xS@cF o(  
nmpc<&<<  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). "G%S m")  
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例题: / =9Y(v  
(1)       (Z<@dkO?)  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever JWHsTnB  
   A                 B           C K~#?Y,}O  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. 7c\W&ZEmb-  
                 D [pU(z'caS  
答案: B有错 KTYjC\\G  
应改为: puzzle. @PM<pEve  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle ;BuMzG:tmZ  
(2) $'l<2h>4  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a G^{~'TZv%  
   A        B       C          D IhzY7U)}T  
question of physiology and of culture. <Y6Vfee,&  
答案: D有错 G+#bO5  
应改为: day wfO -bzdw  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day {ccc[G?>.Q  
(3) rOOo42Y W`  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the MR|A_e^x  
  A      B       C Lu^uY7 ?}  
nonprofessional metal worker. X.{xH D&_  
    D )xf(4  
答案: C ajkV"~w',|  
应改为: still a practical [? "hmSJ  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 Lea4-Gc  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 wmV=GV8 d  
例题: psvc, V_*  
(1) @|;[ ;:h@  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. q5Zu'-Cx@  
   A     B    C           D xY)eU;*  
答案: A rmB zLZ}  
应改为: An emotion UxMy8} w!y  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an  =oXlJ[)h  
(2) hgYFR6VH  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine D(Z#um8n  
   A    B                       C }+lK'6  
chemically with other atoms. xBc$qjV  
         D %@(+`CCA  
答案: A iLQO .'{U  
应改为: an atom Jv 5l   
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an >=rniHs=?7  
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考点二 定冠词the j/O9LygB  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: nzxHd7NIZ  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: us5Zi#}  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower *fd:(dN|  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: )w}'kih  
the first woman, the nineteenth century - A}$5/  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby UCmJQJc  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: aA*h*  
the largest city, the most advanced technology ?l[#d7IB  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: ;=%cA#}_0  
the development of the watch, FME,W&_d  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: ZQR)k:k7  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun 9]chv>dO)=  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: <b4} B   
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: R))4J  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) O d6'bO;G  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the U/HF6=Wot  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) 4 y.' O  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: d]_].D$  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) j$u  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: 4*n1Xu 7^x  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… ~y 2joStx  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: ,o `tRh<  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed K^/.v<w  
乘车的词组: 0ly6  |:  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), I_Gm2 Dd  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) 8;UkZN"hy5  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), 8BY`~TZO$q  
打球的词组: 2:[<E2z  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball j9%vw.3b  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. C3<_0eI  
例题:  j)mS3#cH  
(D)       ~2NT Xp  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. Py9:(fdS  
(A) it was the 2C_I3S ~U  
(B) that the MqWM!v-M  
(C) there was a >G0ihhVt  
(D) the =*?XZA)c  
答案:D Nw1 .x  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 t/]za4w/  
(2) "LZv\c~v,%  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of LKud'  
           A            B ,+5 !1>\  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. {X\FS   
     C      D MLmk=&d  
答案:D 2Aq+:ud)P  
应改为:of :r_/mzR#  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 \7(OFT\u:  
(3) ${U H!n{  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to p!(]`N   
  A      B              C    DC$x}1  
nineteenth century. ;p( Doy)i  
  D _lOyT$DN  
答案:D `]2y=f<{X  
应改为:to the nineteenth j+3=&PkA.]  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the )]JQlm:H  
第四节 不可数名词 $I3}% '`+  
V#-8[G6Ra  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 ,xC@@>f  
3{- 8n/4 k  
抽象名词如: 4V5h1/JPm  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: _ Av_jw`m  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), MJ@PAwv"  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), :LR>U;2  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) H[iR8<rhQ  
还有表达学科类的名词如: /. @"wAw:  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, @yn1#E,  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) :W1B"T<  
.u9,w  
物质名词如: V)Y#m/$`  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), wEb10t,  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) ,fD#)_\g2  
Mvlqx J$  
B P0*`TY  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 'di(5  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, 'W J3q|o/  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), 0\yA6`}!  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) N/N~>7f  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 A#Jx6T`a  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice i~EFRI@  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, &qae+p?  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 &^^V*O  
例题: p6W|4_a?  
(1) _air'XQ&!  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and ]F*fQ Ncjy  
       A      B    C          D a}/ A]mu  
trade. 8~8VoU&  
答案:C Ex}hk!  
应改为:advertising WBY_%RTx  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 h7F5-~SpD  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 QlK]2r9  
:c`Gh< u  
考点二 限定词 S;I}:F#5  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: QL`Hb p  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) tkKiuh?m  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 {E$smX  
例题: `ehcj G1nY  
(1) :"I!$_E'  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear 6$A>%Jtwe  
        A              B         C 6_kv~`"tZ  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. 9B?-&t  
                     D ;30SnR/  
答案:D 6#(==}Sm+  
应改为:little. jPa"|9A  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little ?]PE!7H  
(2) + Un(VTD  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge .6[7D  
      A                    B \x;`8H  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. ="J *v>  
           C         D z^^)n  
答案:B szC<ht?z  
应改为:much evidence ]-"G:r  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 hU6oWm  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 "kd)dy95H  
例如: ! 8*l U2  
a lot of students , a lot of money <sli!rv  
the rest of the students, the rest of money #%7)a;'  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. M`) /^S9   
@L?KcGD  
第五节 所有格及of结构 RG_.0'5=hc  
< \EJ:  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 {2F@OfuCF  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, gE: ?C2  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office LR#BP}\b'  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , @L$!hTaP  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room L@s_)?x0  
例题: L Iz<fB  
(1) T:Nc^QP|tm  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. S#:l17e3  
(A) of the drop Kf1NMin7  
(B) the drop's )M><09  
(C) drop of 7@ \:l~ {  
(D) drops their ^!fY~(=U4  
答案: (B) Z+=M_{`{  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 h:RP/ 0E  
(2) g%<n9AUl  
Over a very lar dTjDVq&Hz  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. J6Vx7  
(A) occurs F?^L^N^  
(B) will occur ;y_]w6|n  
(C) can occur gxx#<=`  
(D) occurring E>+>!On)b  
答案:D .$@+ / @4  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 Y_K W9T_  
IC?(F]$%>  
考点二 of结构 Q':hmulT!  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) P ^ 4 @  
如: the title of the passage :bm%f%gg  
例如: | kP utB  
(1) zy5F O<->  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names xv&h>GOg  
          A     B     C C~R ?iZ.&U  
of some works years after their completion. ]f0OmUHR5i  
       D ^qnmKA>"F  
答案: C J\P6  
应改为: paintings e[16 7uU  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 JQ 6M,O  
(2) +:"0 %(  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and iGkysU<wcp  
      A         B     C         D :eSsqt9]9  
spinal cord. Fn7OmxfD  
答案: B UKQ"sC  
应改为: stimulation Px&_6}YWy  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 u>n"FL 'e  
6y~F'/ww  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 'It8h$^j  
e"52'zAV-  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 U(9_&sL  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 y?3.W  
例题: (v%24bv  
(1) H=Ilum06  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. Be=rBrI>  
(A) was a major collection 0=#>w_B  
(B) that a major collection > a,D8M?  
(C) a collection was major s0^(yEcq  
(D) a major collection k%sH09   
答案: (D) BUJ\[/  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 lOk8VlH<h  
(2) yjg&/6  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of n+Kv^Y`qxO  
    A         B        C     D ylKK!vRHT  
medieval alchemists. . \"k49M`  
答案:A :Iv;%a0 -  
应改为:beginnings. |4Q*4s  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 hPDKxYD]f  
:x)H !z P  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 t>I.1AS  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 &0Yg :{k$  
例题: DAB9-[y+  
(1) sQvRupYRO  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. HYmC3  
(A) new dance, the twist lmvp,BzC  
(B) twist, was the new dance kI^* '=:  
(C) twist, the new dance that l@4_D;b3o"  
(D) new dance is the twist GiV %Hcx  
答案: (A) 0 =j }`  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 QPJ \Iu@D$  
(2) .$qa?$@  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep cz>,sz~i  
     A                B        E-bswUVaEE  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. l_vGp  
 C               D }TmOoi(X@  
答案: D t4WB^dHYp  
应改为: promise. b(H{i}{]  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 VY0.]t  
Z/#_Swv  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 kQ`tY`3F  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, BU O5g8m{  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. ,fkvvM{mq  
例题: 9u B?-.  
(1) RgJ@J/p"  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. 3Vb4z Zsl  
(A) that institutes )ZG;.j  
(B) while instituted ) r2Y@+.FN  
(C) was an institution i"2OsGT  
(D) an institute V]=22Cxi'~  
答案: (D) SepjF  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 ^|]&"OaB Z  
(2) Hq3|>OqC2Q  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. o>el"0rn.h  
(A) is the great modern choreographer 1|bXIY.J*  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers b+rxin".  
(C) that the great modern choreographers N'Gq9A  
(D) the modern choreographers were great /x<g$!`X  
答案:B ?YhDjQs  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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