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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 i1S cXKO  
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第一章 名词 wjfq"7Q  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 5 ^K\<+{~B  
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第一节 可数名词 < 0YoZSNGj  
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考点一 单复数 e/&^~ $h  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 MdN0 Y@Ll  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 0Py*%}r1  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) g^^pPV K_  
!hFhw1  
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 G\o9mEzQ  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: _N=f&~ T  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ,OERDWW|6  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories q}!h(-y}5n  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives w2 r  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs }V[ORGzox  
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例题: C T\@>!'f  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. >ZW|wpO  
   A         B           C       D i4]oE&G  
答案:A U E$Ix  
应改为:Flowers <# RVA{  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 Kk*8   
tJ 2GSZ`  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic u88wSe<\X  
   A               B   C          D D$7#&2y  
pain. J/O{x  
答案:A 8XG';K_  
应改为:Doctors 7Y R|6{@  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 &!OEd ]  
考点二 复数形式特例 ,2^4"gIl  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 N0.|Mb"?t  
1.单复数词形相同 ?3p7MjvZ  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 TS#[[^!S  
/("7*W2  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: ]"lB!O~  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises LP=j/qf|  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula An$2='=/  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena xEp?|Q$  
KWZhCS?[(  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: % /"n(?$ W  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), ~/]]H;;^u  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), 8.[F3Tk=  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: B* ,)@h  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) pL5cw=  
*y!O\-\S#>  
5 不规则的名词复数 !: ^q_q4  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice I70c,4_G  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet !g9k9 l  
MQQm3VaKS  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 `o JQA$UD  
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例题: @"-\e|[N  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading )1uiY f&k  
       A            B           C 4,e'B-.  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. AJbCC  
            D ?vFy3  
~v+kO~  
(2) Uj):}xgi'  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed "`$,qvNN  
  A      B           C           -B *W^-;*  
feet. @-'a{hBR  
 D mGjB{Q+  
答案:D BDB*>y7(  
应改为:foot s-$ Wc) l  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 n m-  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 2 DQVl  
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第二节 限定词 X 0G,tl  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: (/e&m=~  
1.之后肯定接单数: b/M/)o!C  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. S&_0 3  
例句: Each of them has two books. /)ZjI W"|  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) (Q*q# U  
)|~& (+Q?]  
2.之后肯定接复数: n-Iz!;q  
these, those, many, such, other, j3Od7bBS]  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), hX.cdt_?  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several =Z\q``RBy  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of Dvg'  
%xkuW]xk  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc !j6 k ]BgZ  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 yKML{N1D  
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考点一 否定限定词no 5U2%X pO   
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: G*=HjLmZg  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. b] 5dBZ(  
No one is here. lQIg0G/3  
.\b.l@O<Z  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: &lzY"Y*hA0  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; XRPJPwes]  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 ]3v)3Wp  
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例题: ;~F* 2)  
(1) |j+JLB  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. upMs yLp(  
(A) none 4-bM90&1t  
(B) no [r2V+b.C  
(C) not fHaF9o+/b  
(D) nor iZ]^JPU}  
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答案: C ?8753{wk  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 X!hzpg(`hR  
s(X\7Hz_nC  
(2) UR^r>  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when pauO_'j_1p  
A                B           C 56Lxr{+X  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. 5B%KiE&p  
        D UK 6x]tE  
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答案: A X[/7vSqZ@w  
应改为: No /Igz[P^\9  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 blomB2vQ  
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考点二 their等物主代词  qbc=kP  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars e>_a (  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 _gH$ ,.j/  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. _rSwQ<38>  
这里用their 而不用 the _*z ^PkH  
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例题: 3ylSO73R  
(1) jjrE8[  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten Ca5LLG  
              A      B        C sMLXn]m  
the lives. k "=*'  
 D JS03B Itt  
pq_U?_5Z'r  
答案: D 'Jek< 5  
应改为: their s3sD7 @  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 60n>FQ<  
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(2) Q e/XEW  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any 'pUJREb  
      A        B              C xVYa-I[Z  
specific way. #" "T>+  
    D ?x 0gI   
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答案: B q77qdm q7  
应改为: its ]H{* Z3S  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 uF[*@N  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 a >-qHX-l  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 i`<L#6RBT  
IMM+g]#e  
例题: J"S(GL  
(1) o7Z 8O,;  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or 6WIs*$T2*  
        A        B        C gm-9 oA X  
relating those objects. Al@. KTK  
 D Z5F#r>>`  
3 G<4rH]  
答案: B 8sBT&A6&j  
应改为: is a set /:{4,aX2  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 KXl!VD,#`=  
9iM%kY#)W  
(2) IoK/2Gp  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. djw\%00&#  
A       B     C           D v2:i'j6  
1iLU{m9  
答案: D `]@=Hx(  
应改为: responses z5~W >r  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few q TN)2G  
:{lP9%J-  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 v*dw'i  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) ~7*2 Jp'  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) Qr7v^H~E4.  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 K5XW&|tY!  
ybJwFZ80  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 B {:a,V7  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an qnj'*]ysBC  
c>^(=52Q  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: nQ_{IO8/6W  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university -rm[.  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour kC 6*An_f  
kV5)3%?  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). Q1?*+]  
rZaO^}u]  
例题: ]SRpMZ  
(1)       (uDd_@a9t  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever !%('8-x%  
   A                 B           C A!x &,<  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. +?m.uY(  
                 D F!0iM)1o  
答案: B有错 }F_c0zM  
应改为: puzzle. eJHh}  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle ZDR@VYi+~  
(2) %6 0 OS3  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a oYStf5  
   A        B       C          D lYQ|NL():  
question of physiology and of culture. U"p</ Q  
答案: D有错 CYW@Km{e  
应改为: day ?[NC }LC  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day f=R+]XPzz  
(3) f;zNNx< ;  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the tZ9i/=S  
  A      B       C UGhEaKH~R  
nonprofessional metal worker. 0^-1d2Z~  
    D Kg$RT?q-C6  
答案: C /;Tc ]  
应改为: still a practical &P|[YP37_  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 RQx8Du<  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 {G:y?q'z  
例题: `NsjtT'_  
(1) &&X,1/  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. G:1'}RC :  
   A     B    C           D S }`sp[6  
答案: A MePD:;mm^  
应改为: An emotion =#b@7Yw:  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an aKbmj  
(2) v~P,OP("c  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine \c}(rqT  
   A    B                       C l]R0r{{  
chemically with other atoms. Zh<;r;2  
         D 6Dq4Q|C  
答案: A Z',!LK!  
应改为: an atom _/s"VYFZ  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an 9oWU]A\k>  
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考点二 定冠词the |^pev2g  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: @X2*O9  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: } { o !  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 6[> lzEZ  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: Ey46JO"  
the first woman, the nineteenth century xP9(J 0y  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby ~Iu!B Y  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: -4a9BE".  
the largest city, the most advanced technology WNjwv/  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: ~GaGDS\V  
the development of the watch, 4q$~3C[  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: D6sw"V#  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun C_.9qo]DT7  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: ie}O ZM  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: 2ej7Ql _@c  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) BT$p~XB  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the s[1ao"sZ^  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) '=\}dav!  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: qt GJJ#^,  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) $Gn.G_"v  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: EP;/[O  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… QFyL2Xes/  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: h`fVQN.3  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed +8=$-E=  
乘车的词组: "q4tvcK.  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), s:`i~hjq  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) GN.O a$  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), 5/48w-fnZ  
打球的词组: ]-PzN'5\'  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball Z5{a7U4z_  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. aD/Rr3v>  
例题: ijI/z 5  
(D)       o3ZN0j69|  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. h\m35'v!  
(A) it was the yu?5t?vf  
(B) that the vL/ 3(Bo7  
(C) there was a I8F +Z  
(D) the A'qe2]  
答案:D -"(*'hD  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 BEZ~<E&0H  
(2) _iwG'a[`  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of jA? #!lx_  
           A            B T.q2tC[bR  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. fV:15!S[  
     C      D pA7-B>Y  
答案:D <+8'H:wz  
应改为:of :,BAw ,  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 337.' |ZE  
(3) Z\$Hg G  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to N_t,n^i9>*  
  A      B              C    570Xk\R@M  
nineteenth century. 9rB3h`AVF  
  D 6)HmE[[F  
答案:D !}*N';  
应改为:to the nineteenth OY*y<>  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the ,CE/o7.FG  
第四节 不可数名词 LPs%^*8(2  
Iil2R}1  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 }"Y<<e<z:  
ktu?-?#0,  
抽象名词如: whI{?NP  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: 2j\_svw'  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), l9p  6I  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), iAd&o `C  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) W 4{ T<  
还有表达学科类的名词如: fif;n[<  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, ?pL|eS7  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) K5>3  
 31n" w;  
物质名词如: 8)B {x[?|  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), H`[FC|RYyE  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) z:'m50'  
WC_.j^sW  
b1xE;0uR  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 f/\!=sa:  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, g pciv  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), N2h5@*1Y  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) 3Vu}D(PJ  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 zK0M WyXO  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice +V=<vT  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, u5CSx' h]  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 Kq7r+ A  
例题: +o+f\!  
(1) ?Ld),A/c  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and a-5UG#o  
       A      B    C          D T*p7[}#  
trade. lw=kTYbq  
答案:C / fQcrd7h  
应改为:advertising l,n_G/\  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 'O%*:'5k  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 XT0-"-q  
{\Pk;M{Y&  
考点二 限定词 [_ N1 .}e  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: w+m7jn!$  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) Fd8nR9A  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 {[uhIJD3g6  
例题: (~|)Gmq2  
(1) za>%hZf\  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear 4lo7yx  
        A              B         C CI+)0=`<1B  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. _d!sSyk`  
                     D mmQC9nZ  
答案:D H Qj,0#J)  
应改为:little. ->#wDL!6  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little _9oKW;7f7  
(2) =u0=)\0@r  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge R14&V1 tZ  
      A                    B 58?WO}  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. \Vv)(/q{  
           C         D M_O$]^I3w  
答案:B f*@ :,4@  
应改为:much evidence `+=Zq :0  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 6l|L/Z_6  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 )^UqB0C6^  
例如: 9X[378f+(  
a lot of students , a lot of money W}F~vx.  
the rest of the students, the rest of money 02 FLe*zQ  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. tL&_@PD) 3  
DKo6lP`  
第五节 所有格及of结构 )~P<ruk>,C  
[YQtX_;w  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 w2$ L;q  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, 2S C'Z>A  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office UB] tKn  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , "= s dn  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room 0$XrtnM  
例题: ;[zZI~wh  
(1) 7ey|~u2  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. }+ W5Snx  
(A) of the drop ,:.8s>+ i  
(B) the drop's NgGpLdaC2v  
(C) drop of q q^[(n  
(D) drops their F0m[ls$  
答案: (B) ?h7[^sxJ  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 4P2p|Gc3  
(2) (1,4egMpR  
Over a very lar PVKq&Q?  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 4J[bh  
(A) occurs  wMH13i3  
(B) will occur xAsy07J?  
(C) can occur Mi!ak  
(D) occurring (_q&QI0{  
答案:D < Lrd(b;  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 +c'I7bBr  
bF@iO316H  
考点二 of结构 Z${@;lgP  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) lVb;,C%K  
如: the title of the passage Io;26F""  
例如: iL IKrU+`  
(1) *u<@_Oa  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names \AR3DDm  
          A     B     C \?\q0o<V$  
of some works years after their completion. y /?;s]>b  
       D )\0c2_w>  
答案: C ;/nR[sibN  
应改为: paintings > cJX'U9  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 w*N9p8hb]  
(2)  )2,\Y  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and _bq2h%G=8  
      A         B     C         D 785Y*.p  
spinal cord. 5h(] S[Zf3  
答案: B [+y/qx79  
应改为: stimulation 8>jd2'v{  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 k}Vu!+cz  
4B8{\ "6  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 .!t' &eV  
<tTn$< b  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 v4< x 4  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 *o[*,1Pw  
例题: P3YG:*  
(1) B6Tn8@O  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. M+^+u 1QQ0  
(A) was a major collection {ByT,92  
(B) that a major collection Z,,Wo % )o  
(C) a collection was major [XQoag;!  
(D) a major collection lBTgI"n=eK  
答案: (D) *$_<| g)9  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 EY!aiH6P  
(2) U07n7`2w  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of aX1|&erI  
    A         B        C     D FUm-Fp  
medieval alchemists. A\.M/)Qo  
答案:A W#0pFofXw  
应改为:beginnings. ou-5iH?  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 +Mv0X%(N  
JX/rAnc@  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 G(4:yK0  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 'F[QE9]*  
例题: s6).?oE  
(1) 2&!G@5  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. Ef$xu m{  
(A) new dance, the twist } ho8d+A  
(B) twist, was the new dance "Rs^0iT7>  
(C) twist, the new dance that +V7*vlx-  
(D) new dance is the twist fwxyZBr  
答案: (A) g >-iBxml  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 Q9#$ 4  
(2) {q8V  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep [N#2uo  
     A                B        -F|(Y1OE  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. tp*AA@~  
 C               D ";",r^vr\  
答案: D 0VsrAV0  
应改为: promise. $o1G xz  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 O2Rv^la  
Ty#L%k}-t  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 cKK 1$x  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, tq>QZEg  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. D,1S-<  
例题: 1"~@UcJ  
(1) b^5rV5d  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. 7ktf =Y  
(A) that institutes 01 #a  
(B) while instituted 1c+[S]7rY  
(C) was an institution a{69JY5  
(D) an institute s'fHh G6  
答案: (D) QSEf  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 ShHm7+fV  
(2) AVi w}Y J  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. Ry[VEn>C1  
(A) is the great modern choreographer 8KT|ixs  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers x"5/1b3aq  
(C) that the great modern choreographers SG;]Vr  
(D) the modern choreographers were great KS1Z&~4  
答案:B !2tZ@ p|  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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