高分语法讲解 i1ScXKO
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第一章 名词 wjfq"7Q
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 5
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第一节 可数名词 < 0YoZSNGj
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考点一 单复数 e/&^~ $h
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 MdN0 Y@Ll
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 0Py*%}r1
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) g^^pPVK_
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 G\o9mEzQ
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: _N=f&~
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1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ,OERDWW|6
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories q}!h(-y}5n
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives w2 r
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs }V[ORGzox
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例题: C T\@>!'f
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. >ZW|wpO
A B C D i4]oE&G
答案:A U
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应改为:Flowers <#RVA{
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 Kk*8
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic u88wSe<\X
A B C D D$7#&2y
pain.
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答案:A 8XG';K_
应改为:Doctors 7YR|6{@
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 &!OEd]
考点二 复数形式特例 ,2^4"gIl
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 N0.|Mb"?t
1.单复数词形相同 ?3p7MjvZ
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 TS#[[^!S
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: ]"lB!O~
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises LP=j/qf|
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula An$2='=/
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena xEp?|Q$
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: %/"n(?$W
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), ~/]]H;;^u
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), 8.[F3Tk=
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: B*
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goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) pL5cw=
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5 不规则的名词复数 !:^q_q4
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice I70c,4_G
tooth - teeth foot - feet !g9k9 l
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 `oJQA$UD
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例题: @"-\e|[N
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading )1uiY
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. AJ bCC
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(2) Uj):}xgi'
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed "`$,qvNN
A B C -B
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feet. @-'a{hBR
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答案:D BDB*>y7(
应改为:foot s-$Wc)l
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 nm-
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 2DQVl
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第二节 限定词 X0G,tl
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: (/e&m=~
1.之后肯定接单数: b/M/)o!C
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. S&_0
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例句: Each of them has two books. /)ZjI
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You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) (Q*q#U
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2.之后肯定接复数: n-Iz!;q
these, those, many, such, other, j3Od7bBS]
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), hX.cdt_?
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several =Z\q``RBy
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of Dvg'
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc !j6k
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注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 yKML{N1D
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考点一 否定限定词no 5U2%X
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: G*=HjLmZg
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.
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No one is here. lQIg0G/3
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: &lzY"Y*hA0
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; XRPJPwes]
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 ]3v)3Wp
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例题: ;~F*2)
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The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. upMs yLp(
(A) none 4-bM90&1t
(B) no [r2V+b.C
(C) not fHaF9o+/b
(D) nor iZ]^JPU}
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答案: C ?8753{wk
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 X!hzpg(`hR
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(2) U R^r>
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when pauO_'j_1p
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. 5B%KiE&p
D UK
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答案: A X[/7vSqZ@w
应改为: No /Igz[P^\9
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 blomB2vQ
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考点二 their等物主代词
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars e>_a
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 _gH$
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例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. _rSwQ<38>
这里用their 而不用 the _*z^PkH
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例题: 3ylSO73R
(1) jjrE8[
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten Ca5LLG
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the lives. k
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答案: D 'Jek<
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应改为: their s3sD7 @
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 60n>FQ<
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(2) Q e/XEW
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any 'pUJREb
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specific way. #""T>+
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答案: B q77qdmq7
应改为: its ]H{*Z3S
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 uF[*@N
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 a>-qHX-l
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 i`<L#6RBT
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例题: J"S(GL
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or 6WIs*$T2*
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relating those objects. Al@. KTK
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答案: B 8sBT&A6&j
应改为: is a set /:{4,aX2
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 KXl!VD,#`=
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(2) IoK/ 2Gp
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. djw\%00
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答案: D `]@=Hx(
应改为: responses z5~W
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解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few q TN)2G
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 v*dw'i
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) ~7*2
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A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) Qr7v^H~E4.
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第三节 冠词作限定词 K5XW&|tY!
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 B{:a,V7
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考点一 不定冠词a / an qnj'*]ysBC
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: nQ_{IO8/6W
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university -rm[.
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour kC
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). Q1?*+]
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例题: ]SRpMZ
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How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever !%('8-x%
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. +?m.uY(
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答案: B有错 }F _c0zM
应改为: puzzle. eJHh }
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle ZDR@VYi+~
(2) %6
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Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a oYStf5
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question of physiology and of culture. U"p</
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答案: D有错 CYW@Km{e
应改为: day ?[NC
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解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day f=R+]XPzz
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Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the tZ9i/ =S
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nonprofessional metal worker. 0^-1d2Z~
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答案: C /;Tc
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应改为: still a practical &P|[YP37_
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 RQx8Du<
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 {G:y?q'z
例题: `NsjtT'_
(1) &&X,1/
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. G:1'}RC :
A B C D S }`sp[6
答案: A MePD:;mm^
应改为: An emotion =#b@7Yw:
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an aKbmj
(2) v~P,OP("c
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine \c}(rqT
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chemically with other atoms. Zh<;r;2
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答案: A Z',!LK!
应改为: an atom _/s"VYFZ
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an 9oWU]A\k>
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考点二 定冠词the |^pev2g
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: @X2*O9
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: }
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the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 6[> lzEZ
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: Ey46JO"
the first woman, the nineteenth century xP9(J
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但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby ~Iu! B
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(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: -4a9 BE".
the largest city, the most advanced technology WNjwv/
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: ~GaGDS\V
the development of the watch, 4q$~3C[
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: D6sw"V#
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun C_.9qo]DT7
在下列情况下,一般不用the: ie}O
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(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: 2ej7Ql
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Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) BT$p~XB
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the s[1ao"sZ^
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) '=\}dav!
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: qtGJJ#^,
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) $Gn.G_"v
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: EP;/[O
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… QFyL2Xes/
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: h`fVQN.3
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed +8=$-E=
乘车的词组: "q4tvcK.
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), s:`i~hjq
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) GN.Oa$
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), 5/48w-fnZ
打球的词组: ]-PzN'5\'
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball Z5{a7U4z_
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. aD/Rr3v>
例题: i jI/z
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. h\m35'v!
(A) it was the yu?5t?vf
(B) that the vL/ 3(Bo7
(C) there was a I8F
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(D) the A 'qe2]
答案:D -"(*'hD
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 BEZ~<E&0H
(2) _iwG'a[`
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of jA? #!lx_
A B T.q2tC[bR
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. fV:15!S[
C D pA7-B>Y
答案:D <+8'H:wz
应改为:of :,BAw ,
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 337.' |ZE
(3) Z\$HgG
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to N_t,n^i9>*
A B C 570Xk\R@M
nineteenth century. 9rB3h`AVF
D 6)HmE[[F
答案:D !}*N';
应改为:to the nineteenth OY*y<