英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: H+3I[`v
倍数增加 @WU_GQas3
lrh6lt)
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①) &bj :,$@
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) !r.}y|t?;
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) VJCh5t*
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. i:kWO7aP
`CK;,>i
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. #s#z@F
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 B;;D(NH
!Y]}&pUP
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 ,0 &lag
\Zf&&
7v
(二)increase to n times(④) \-s) D#Y;r
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) 0dkM72p
increase by n times(⑥) pN0c'COy^
increase by a factor of n(⑦) d<7J)zUm3
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 4rM77Uw>
;mi0Q.
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. fr#lH3
The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986. g=Qga09
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 U*&ZQw
That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. GmL |7 6
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 l IFt/
The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. @5?T]V g
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 "j a0,%3
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 ==XP}w)m
=H,cwSE+%
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧) <go~WpA|r
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: ,\IqKRcYU
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. g
Go
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 xeI ,Kz."
ZM#WdP
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) o`77gkLO
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. N9n1s2;o
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 `>sqP aD
_"sRL}-Z
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: ^mum5j
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) lTB!yF.r|
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 pt4xUu{
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. 6fV)8,F3
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) Un/fP1
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 ^ Wl/
DO\EB6xH>%
倍数减少 ltrSTH,kL
<=inogf
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12) *(`.h\+
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) zOE6;c81
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 A$F;fCV*
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. <kSaSW
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 w3w*"M
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. +wUhB\F
*
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 !p&'so^-W
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 {T.Vu]L80
d*>k
]X@G
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14) ,j nRt%W
decrease by n times(15) S1zw'!O5
decrease by a factor of n(16) .V3Dql@z"
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 .O#lab`:2
2A%T!9J3
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 9AYe,
R
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 12PE{Mut
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。
)M N
yOj
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. YhT1P fl
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 iFCH$!
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. (A'q@-XQ
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 'TrrOq4
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… j$|C/E5?
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) 3Gl]g/
这个句型还有其它一些形式, gyQ
9Z}
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. (1,#=e+
发现迅速减少到1/7。 +@uC:3jM
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. thPH_DW>eb
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 56Y5kxmi
DsW`V~T
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。