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2021年考博英语语法讲解之名词性从句用法

 名词性从句相当于名词,可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有:连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which,有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等;连接副词:when, where, why, how,有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语;连接词:that, whether, if, as if,if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分;that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 d&n&_>  
  今后对名词性从句的考查仍将集中在关联词的选用上,特别石堆what引导的名词性从句的考查。名词性从句与其他从句的混合考查将在今后高考中占据一席之地。易混句型的辨析,比如it作形式主语,主语从句后置的句型与强调句型的辨析将仍作为高考考查的重点。 m\~{l=jIS  
  【知识点归纳】 |,c\R"8xS  
  名词性从句的用法 vzVXRX  
  在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 c?;~ Z  
  一、引导名词性从句的连接词 *C*n( the  
  引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连词:that(无任何词意);whether, if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性);as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)。 cx?t C#t  
  以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 B>, O@og  
  连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever 1Ao YG_  
  连接副词:when, where, how, why JAM4 R_  
  不可省略的连词: _MfXN$I?}  
  1. 介词后的连词 ng $`<~=)\  
  2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 L1;IXCc=  
  That she was chosen made us very happy. o.-rdP0 P>  
  We heard the news that our team had won. lI HSy  
  比较: cTf/B=yMi  
  Whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代: J0@ ^h  
  1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首; ajFSbi)l  
  2. 引导表语从句 vCE1R]^A.]  
  3. Whether从句作介词宾语; ~Y^ UP  
  4. 从句后有"or not" l n}2   
  Whether he will come is not clear. {bB;TO<b`  
  大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。 i}mvKV?!|1  
  It is not important who will go. 0mj^Tms  
  It is still unknown which team will win the match. i6F`KF'i&  
  二、具体分类 .<8kDyi m  
  1.主语从句 595P04  
  作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如: ^b-o  
  What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 }$-;P=k  
  Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 {L 7O{:J  
  It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 !o A,^4(  
  Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 @ %LrpD  
  【典例1】It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over. v{7Jzjd  
  A. since B. what C. when D. whether <0!/7*;#ZT  
  【答案】D (h;4irfX  
  【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。 [43:E*\$  
  【典例2】_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. <C0~7]XO  
  A. It B. This C. What D. As vMOI&_[\z  
  【答案】C I@x^`^+l  
  【解析】she told me是插入语,可删除。what引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语。 fz H$`X'M  
  有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: XI#1)  
  (1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 :sD/IM",},  
  (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 wGfU@!m  
  (3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 w#EP`aM2$=  
  (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 ` /en&l  
  另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: .6I*=qv)NA  
  It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … ,r<!30~f  
  It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… 1an?/j,  
  It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… %W!C  
  【典例】It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. nSWW^ ;  
  A. as B. which C. whether D. that M~ =Bln5  
  【答案】D NE Br) ~  
  【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词,因该主语从句不缺成分,且句意完整,故应用不作任何成分的连词that。 h*J=F0KM  
  2.宾语从句 >0yx!Iao  
  名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 |TCHPKN  
  (1) 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 \nQV{J  
  由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: [se J'Io  
  He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 m:EO}ws=  
  We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 [~cb&6|M  
  注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: e C\;n  
  I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 5r#0/1ym!  
  The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 O5^!\j.WR  
  (2)用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: j<+Q Gd%  
  I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 RRGo$  
  She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 Hggp*(AQK  
  She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 KMFvi_8  
  【典例1】The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. ZH]n&%@j  
  A. which B. that C. what D. who ^Fmp"[q  
  【答案】C MfzSoxCb  
  【解析】create后为宾语从句,从句中they hope是插入语,可删除。因为从句中缺少主语,所以用what引导该从句。 l/|bU9o /u  
  【典例2】Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? Yvky=RM  
  A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever ~zEBJgeyh  
  【答案】C LQy`,-&  
  【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此填whoever。 J!l/!Z>!cF  
  (3)用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: xiv1y4(%  
  a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: Q>`|{m  
  Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 /5@4}m>Z@  
  The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? !3Xu#^Xxj  
  Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 ) `u)#@x  
  I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 XJ\ j0  
  Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? $9_yD&&  
  (4)注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 tvh)N{j  
  不同时态。例如: Q]9g  
  he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) f@:.bp8VB8  
  he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) $@H]0<3,  
  I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) 7 (}gs?&w  
  he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) 1y/_D$~ZO  
  当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: [QC|Kd^#  
  The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. 5 iz(R:P<  
  (5)think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: EfTuHg$pe  
  We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 =D1%-ym  
  I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 t-, =sV  
  3.表语从句 _z`g@[m :t  
  在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如: . fZ*N/  
  The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 8SJi~gV  
  That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 b+Ly%&  
  This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 g\Ck!KJ/y  
  That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 ]!v:xjzT  
  It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 z?9vbx  
  需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: u0Nag=cU  
  The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . // [zUn  
  【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 6*!R'  
  【典例1】The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother. epWTZV(1x  
  A. where B. what C. how D. who s>A!Egmo  
  【答案】A QX1rnVzg0  
  【解析】remain是系动词,后加表语从句,由句意可知,从句缺地点状语,所以选A。 5)IJ|"]y  
  【典例2】The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park. G-5 4D_ 4  
  A. where B. how C. when D. why G4VdJ(_  
  【答案】C |H!kU.f]  
  【解析】was后为表语从句,此处when与the last time相呼应,根据句意可排除其他选项。 @raw8w\Zj+  
  4. 同位语从句 QT!! KT f  
  同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。例如: J\WUBt-M  
  The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 qUZm6)p6[a  
  I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 Sr9)i8x{  
  The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 r)9&'m.:  
  【典例】We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. ]8Eci^i  
  A. that B. when C. which D. where QA=G+1x  
  【答案】A FEdWe\E  
  【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知,空格处是同位语从句的引导词,修饰中心名词request,且在句子中不充当成分,故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求,即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。 {~Q9jg(A  
  三、对比与用法 ?Aewp$Bj  
  1.同位语从句和定语从句的区别: s,tZi6Z=%E  
  that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 l phELPh  
  试比较下面两个例句: 2 /rDi  
  I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略) "*ot:;I  
  Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略) "0,d)L0,"  
  2.that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末。 5W T^;J9V  
  用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: 3@d{C^\  
  a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 c*5y8k  
  It is necessary that… 有必要…… d G}.T_l  
  It is important that… 重要的是…… "agc*o~!F  
  It is obvious that… 很明显…… :9_N Y"P  
  b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 UL46%MFQ \  
  It is believed that… 人们相信…… BIFuQ?j3  
  It is known to all that… 从所周知…… _cWz9 ;  
  It has been decided that… 已决定…… ;yc|=I ^  
  c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 RR%[]M#_T  
  It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 E(0(q#n  
  It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… !hBzT7CO  
  It is a fact that… 事实是…… SM<kR1bo  
  d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 :3FJe  
  It appears that… 似乎…… x vi&d1  
  It happens that… 碰巧…… JOR ? xCc  
  It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… nDdF(|Qt  
  It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. liYR8D |  
  很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 % d%KH9u  
  It's a pity that you should have to leave. U?MKZL7  
  你非走不可真是件憾事。 oic}Go  
  3.否定转移 hhS]wM?B  
  (1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 LPg1G+e  
  I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 NwK(<dzG  
  I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 pB3dx#l  
  注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 "S">#.L  
  I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 HuX{8nl a  
  (2)将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 bt$+l[U^J  
  It doesn't seem that they know where to go. rA*"22v=  
  看来他们不知道往哪去。 {kLL&`ii  
  It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. oEqt7l[I{  
  看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 n ..9F$a  
  【备考策略】 *mqoyOa  
  考生对于名词性从句的复习和应试关键要把握每个引导词的意义,因为在对于名词性从句的考查中,引导词在句子中都起作用,有意义,因此在分析句子结构,对比辨别名词性从句、状语从句、强调句式后,最后还是要选择引导词;另外还要注意以下几点: iNTw;ov  
  1.what 引导词的考查,尤其位于介词后引导的宾语从句以及引导名词性从句时的双重作用。 G1Qc\mp  
  2.Whether和if 的区别,尤其注意他们的不同之处。 o'W[v0> L-  
  3.名词性从句和其它从句的兼容结构测试。 uW.)(l  
  4.句子语序和时态。 ]-6=+\]   
  具体说: t=`bXBX1  
  1.掌握名词性从句的分类功能 !wws9   
  名词性从句根据其在主句的功能作用又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 va(ZGGS]N  
  (1) 若从句在句中作主语为主语从句 oSb,)k@  
  (2) 若从句在句中作宾语为宾语从句 h Rn[ 9B  
  (3)若从句在句中作表语为表语从句 x5Sc+5?*  
  (4) 若从句在句中作同位语为同位语从句 erG;M!9\  
  2.掌握连词的含义及分类 {9 >jWNx  
  绝大多数名词性从句的连词都有其实在意义,称为有义连词,如what表“……的内容”,when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地点”,why表“……的原因”,how表“如何;怎样”,who表“谁”,if, whether表“是否”;没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词,无义连词只有that一个。 ^ fo2sN"   
  3.掌握名词性从句的语序 >*TFM[((Y)  
  名词性从句用陈述语序。 e ;4y5i  
  4.掌握名词性从句和其它从句之间的关系 "z ` &xB  
  有些连词除引导名词性从句外还可引导其它从句,应掌握它们之间的关系。 ]jUxL=]r  
  (1) if ,whether表"是否"时引导名词性从句;if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句;whether表“无论是否;不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。 oG! S(95  
  (2) when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地方”时引导名词从句;when表“当……的时候”引导时间状语从句,where表“……的地方”,且修饰行为动词时,引导地点状语从句;when, where从句作定语修饰先行词时引导定语从句。 rYnjQr2a  
  【专题巩固】 '_z#}P<  
  1. A warm thought suddenly came to me _______I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday . V 0<>Xo%  
  A. if B. when C. that D. which L< MIl[z7  
  2. See the flag on top of the building ? That was _______ we did this morning. :y)'_p *l/  
  A when B. which C. where D. what :les 3T}2  
  3. The government has announced that a modern city will be set up in _______is still a wasteland now. O87Ptr8  
  A. what B. which C. that D. where :/HfMJ  
  4.Many people wrote articles on _______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event . iJg3`1@j  
  A. why B. what C. who D. that +jcg[|-' /  
  5.The couple are spending their holiday on _______is described as one of the most beautiful islands. `P&L. m]|  
  A. that B. what C. which D. where $ ]/ a/!d  
  6.The book is meant to _______needs it . tqY)   
  A. who B. whoever C. whomever D. whom ni#!Gxw  
  7. In his speech, Premier Wen Jiabao points out that creativity is_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive. /J8'mCuC.  
  A. how B. what C. which D. that eMf+b;~R  
  8.The experience of the Chinese nation attests to a truth_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress. VWoxi$3v  
  A. that what B. what C. that D. what that #D"fCVIS  
  9._______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people ,a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem . 'kW'e  
  A. That B. What C. In spite of what D. Though what h' OLj#H  
  10. _______is certain is _______prevention is more important than treatment. dU]>  
  A. It; that B. What; that C. As; what D. What; what A*I mruV  
  11. Nobody would stand out admitting the fact, for some reason, _______they lost the game. {0fQ"))"  
  A. that B. which C. what D. why gk+$CyjJ  
  12.—The patient looks much better. _______is it that has made him_______he is today? K (yuL[p`  
  —Perhaps the special medicine and his family’s patient care. ZbJUOa?WF  
  A.What; that B.That; that C.What; what D.What; which _DChNX   
  13. After three hours’ climbing , they reached _______ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of . ,*fvA?  
  A.what B.which C.where D.that "M*Pt  
  14. A plan has been put forward _______more graduates should go to work in the country ^Bihm] Aq  
  A. when B. that C. whether D. how S8+Xk= x  
  15.It is pretty well understood _______controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. ;b:Ct<  
  A. that B. when C. what D. how NQ$tQ#chd  
  【参考答案及解析】 ;8UHnhk_O  
  1. C 句意:我脑海中突然出现一个温情的念头,用我的零花钱给妈妈买些鲜花作为她的生日礼物。本题考察名词性从句用法。I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .做A warm thought 的同位语从句。中间被suddenly came to me隔开,增加了试题难度。此外,部分考生由于对同位语从句和定语从句不分,故错选D为答案。 ;ti{ #(Ux  
  2. D 表语从句中缺did的宾语。 O$B]#]L+  
  3. A “_______is still a wasteland now .”做介词in的宾语从句,从句中缺主语句意为:政府已经宣布一座现代化的城市将在这片现在仍是废墟的地方建成。 apk06"/  
  4. A“_______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event.”做介词on的宾语,宾语从句中不缺主干,故排除B和C。另外that不引导介词的宾语从句(固定搭配除外),所以排除D。 pmA ir:  
  5. B “_______is described as one of the most beautiful islands .”宾语从句,从句中缺少主语, 2 @g'3M  
  6. B whoever在宾语从句中做主语,部分学生,因为只看到介词to,误认为要添whomever做介词的宾语。 7 \aLK#  
  7. B “_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive.”做表语从句,从句中缺少takes的宾语,构成 it takes sth to do sth 结构。 u]P0:)tS.  
  8. A本题句子结构比较复杂,“_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress”做a truth的同位语从句,同位语从句中_______ a nation loses in times of disaster为主语从句。本句共有两个从句,故有两个引导词。句意为“中华民族的经验证明了一个真理,即,一个民族在灾难中失去的,必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。 UO}Kk*  
  9. C “_______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people”在句中做让步状语,而D. Though what错误, 因为, 一个单一的从句不能用两个连词引导.句意: 尽管在为人们提供更多公交车这件事上, 投入了很多, 但是公交工具的缺乏, 仍然是个问题. H".~@,-}  
  10.B “_______is certain”在句中做主语,主语从句缺少一个主语,需要用What; “_______prevention is more important than treatment .”系表语从句,句意与结构完整,只有that,可以这样用。 w/s{{X<bF  
  11.A“_______ they lost the game.”在句子中做the fact 的同位语从句,从句意思结构完整,结构完整。 ?\:ysTVu  
  12. C先将句子结构理清楚,it is _______that has made him _______he is today 就可以判断,第一个空是考察强调句型的特殊疑问形式;第二个空则是表语从句,表语从句中缺少he is的表语。句意:病人好多了,是什么使得他成为现在这个样子。 T"-HBwl  
  13. A考生误以为是地点状语从句,误选C.where。而reached是及物动词,后边接的是宾语从句,宾语从句除去插入语they thought,应该缺主语。 xKz^J SF  
  14.B 考察同位语从句,表达A plan的具体内容,has been put forward将名词与从句隔开,加大了难度。 6.|f iQs ]  
  15.C 主要测试主语从句。分析句子结构可知:句子属于形式主语格式;另外主句中缺少主语。双重作用的引导词只能是what。例如:It is still doubtful what he said at the meeting yesterday。昨天他在会上说的话仍然值得怀疑。 Y;>0)eP  
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