该错题常考要点 #Q1}h
一、代词 7yQw$zG,Iz
代词中主要讲解六个问题 k}0b7er=R
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 C7FxV2
主格、宾格、所有格 ^Lv)){t
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ]j0/.pG
=2@V}
(二) 反身代词 )&j@ ={0
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 UM<!bNz`
He killed himself. (他自杀了) G!+Mu2
He killed him. (他杀了他) K\FLA_J
E[cH/Rm
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating jG{OLF6 !
A B bTt1y O
a series of indicators that could help Ab6R ?mUM
C 55FRPNx-x
themselves to predict earthquakes. uUb`Fy9
D ;
!A=YXB
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 (K_{a+$[
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Lg~ll$
U
5
^K\<+{~B
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 wXtp(YwlH
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 < 0YoZSNGj
zdm2`D;~p
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies e/&^~ $h
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the /+1(,S
A B C D [+_>g4M~%
Pacific. g^^pPVK_
!hFhw1
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 D^gS.X ^
wh)F&@6 R!
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 ia(`3r
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: qtmKX
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 rzs-c ?
+~~2OU L
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 2$ &B@\WY
A skBD2V4
the word“normalcy”to express social and j
wUX?`6jX
B KK6n"&TVa
economic conditions they promised the nation. p!5'#\^f
C D LM+d3|gSV
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 a9UXg<4
!JyY&D~`
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important -i1 f
]Bd
A #y[U2s Se
work is not poetry, but his biography, John #q h
,
B C O =;jDWE
Keats, published the year of her death. dt^h9I2O
D ?^M,Mt
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. :W5W
@8Y
Dz
Q
xDGS`o_w_
(四) Who和which的区别 vbVOWX6
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 DU0/if9.
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 993f6
FY ms]bv
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ZZ7qSyBs?
A B MUAs(M;
account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. ?oFd%|I
C D W*t]
d
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 TI8r/P?
]V
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 X!p`|i
nuXL{tg6
(五) that和which的区别 sl `jovT[Y
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 0z8?6~M;<
68Gywk3]=u
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it l2qvYNMw
A B viG,z4Zf
would affect society could not have been foreseen. +yp:douERi
C D P"8Ix
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Y @p<f5[c
I I+y
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 0RT 8N=B83
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, [mA-sl]
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 3R3H+W0{
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. G
aV&y
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which Dz(\ ?
x9vSekV
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly n^Ca?|}
,
A B nt#9j',6Rn
reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. d+
jX49Vt
C D a%T`c/C
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 *Jd
"3Si/
GtVT^u_
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has P>VoA
affected the way people in the United States----. 1f`De`zXzr
(A) living and working %_ibe
(B) they live and work \8 `7E1d
(C) live and work H<(F$7Q!\
(D) to live and to work \c<
oVF'
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 l 88=
/jG?PZ=m
二、介词 #ibwD:{
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 g2vm]j
yQ$irS?
(一) 介词搭配 rwRZGd *p
--K)7
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those IT| h;NUG
A B C ^kKLi
in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. KD kGQh#9
D ~}.C*;J
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 ZcN0:xU
_:r8UVAT.
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. T}&A-V$
A B C D uY]';OtG
分析:B错改为be rich in &}"kF\
w2s`9
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the aTvyzr1
A B C _Xf1FzF+a
alternation of periods of light and darkness. {7:1F)Pj
D w
<r*&
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 >z<L 60S
xWxHi6U(
3H#,qug$
(二) 最重要的两个介词 ]46h!@~aC
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 V IzIl\<aM
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. 8-;.Ejz!\A
A B C D mI&3y9; (
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 fbApE
O60T.MM`
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has #wyceEa
A B (%^C}`|EA
starred in stage, television, and film productions on ozOc6
C AF:_&gF
both sides the Atlantic Ocean.
K3zY-yIco
D [Q T ;~5
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 l"J#Pvi
Mc?_2<u-
2、介词by Ku'a,\7z
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by }0&Fu?sP
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing tar/n o
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ;1~ n
|IY
A B <SE-:T]sBz
can be performed from a justice of the peace. @.L#u#
C D J{4=:feIC?
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 K-'uE)
3uw3[
SR1
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils OsOfo({I_
A H0b{`!'Fs:
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to :"y2u
B C D J[}j8x?r
supply moccasins and field rations. 5Y;&L!T
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 [#!Y7Ede
E|-oUzt
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with U^}7DJ
A |7K>`
operations on sets of numbers or other elements kh}h(z^
B C ,OrrGwp&
that are often represented at symbols. Lt~&K$t7~
D xm=Gt$>.o
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 fNda&
三、谓语动词 |A68+(3u
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 :/gHqEC24
①、主谓分割原则 Kf?
:dF
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, B3yTN6-
A vMY!Z1.*
America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ;[4=?GL*
B C D x;SY80D
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 #t2N=3dOj
GfSD%"
②、与后者一致原则 -F(luRBS(W
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, "([gN:
not only…but also 0`V=x+*,
(:]+IjnE
DBGU:V,85
③、与前者一致原则 -
G7)Y:
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, CL`+\
.
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 <l!:#u
例:The athlete, together with his coach and com4@NK
A B C Z{t `f[
several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. OVxg9
D {2Ew^Li
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is >\~Er@
XgXXBKf$
④、就近原则 ]1zud
or, either…or, neither…nor, <_kA+&T
单数名词+or+复数名词+are G$KQgUN~[
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is |Vlx
:
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 /kw;q{>?o
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 gH,Pz
Gj%q:[r
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are h{zb)'R
A B S[hyN7sI
amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 8QL=%Pv
C D {jwLVKT$
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 aO(iKlZ$
N(yd<Mw
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 dIh+h|:
There are five apples that are red. IsJx5GO
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 Z]tQmV8e
g)ZMU^1
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 01&E.A
A ?*
,
carry a supply that last just a few seconds. E`@Z9k1 `
B C D ]jiVe_ OS<
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 Ndb7>"W
%\|{_]h}y
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 KZcmNli&A
The rich are not always happier than the poor. {J/Fp#
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 9iM%kY#)W
Q
(q&(/
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 #pK"
^O*!
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: rev*G:
a. there be 句型 v[8+fd)}S
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 u
PYH3<
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 u,d5/`E
6@8z3JW.A
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 7m]J7 +4
A B C D nP*% N|0
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is Yc_(g0NK
)i[Vq|n
wD{c$TJ?{F
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific <m1v+cnqo
A B ^eO/?D8~h
Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 V?wV*]c
C %+Z*-iX
miles in width. p)?6#~9$
D Myiv#rQ)
分析:倒装句,are改为is E0&d*BI2
2ag8?#
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 0('ec60u
A B C {$yju _[
Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film C}Kl!
D [?KGLUmTAI
presented on the five-story-tall screen. +)e|>
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 6b'.WB]-
7>F{.\Z
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 NId.TaX
h
fifty percent of + 名词 0.n[_?<(
one percent of + 名词 mJ k\$/Kh
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: NzP71t+
one percent of my students + are y5m2u8+
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. zN|k*}j1J
X
V;j6g
这里要强调两个结构 C=r2fc~w
half of =fifty percent er)I ".|
most of + 可数名词 + are 0x!&>
most of + 不可数名词+ is HRDpFMA/~
AO|9H`6U6F
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been {.{Wl,|7
A B C vb6EO[e%I
found in central and eastern Canada. {a:05Y
D 6,3o_"J!
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 >dt*^}*
_2
hLc\#
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized eNAxVF0
A B YoKyiO!
in the United States are for foods and beverages. _q27
3QG/"
C D hb5K"9Y
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 P)
=.Du)
S v>6:y9?G
(二) 谓语动词的时态 -o6rY9\_!
①、主要考察时间状语 !-f Bw
:/;/mHG]
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. NFs 5XpZ~
A B C D :;7I_tb
!SQcV'
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was 'kZ,:.v
/8h=6"
KT(Z
#$
②、For和since的区别 ~t`s&t'c|
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 +tqErh?Al
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 /9w>:i81
I has been a teacher for three years. Z .6dL
I has been a teacher since 1996. \c}(rqT
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 az(<<2=
>M,oyM"s
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 2d !'9mA
A B ~U9K<_U
the primary responsibility of the president. c3A\~tHW
C D jVj5 ; }
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。
T~TP
Jg6Lr~!i
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of }]?Si6_ZZ
A B C j2Zp#E!
the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. *Z5^WHwg
D tZrc4$D-
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 D6sw"V#
I2ek`t]
Y
::0v@&(
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. 5,RUPaE
A B C D I5$P9UE+^9
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live BT$p~XB
f^WTsh]
(三) 谓语的语态 kX 1}/l
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 NWB
YpGZx
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: c8qr-x1HG
①、prove h6
\P&Z
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 fCl}eXg6w
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; |D3u"Y!:^
T5BZD
+Ta
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming E_HB[9
A KaGUpHw
to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be =lXj%V^8N
B C BxY t*b%
mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. g|=_@
pL
D eE;tiX/
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 zd?@xno
q^@*{H
1C[9}}
②、Locate,Situate s>rR\`
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 R{hX--|j
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 o3ZN0j69|
这两个词也可以用作被动 h\m35'v!
My school was located near the river. yu?5t?vf
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 Iw1Y?Qia
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. a(Y'C`x
(A)locates N&8TG
(B)locating O--p)\
(C)to locate x_PO;
(D)is located WlL(NrVA@@
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 c,UJ uCZ
r4.6W[|d
③、表示需要概念的动词 eK8H5YE
need, want, require等 "SF0b jG9C
AXfU
$~
My watch needed repairing >DL
My watch needed to be repaired. CB7dr&>
w+o5iPLX
④、表示人的情感的动词 Tw~R-SiS`s
move, annoy, surprise, please等 8K8u|]i
~C-Sr@ a?/
He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 [|\6AIoS
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 [%IOB/{N
yUoR6w
主动和被动技巧总结: lR(9;3
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 D(cD8fn,J
HKN|pO3v
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the Wzq
W1<*`
A {9IRW\kn
United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 0Q3U\cDr
B ~$!,-r
power structures, and flood-control works along UG1<Xfu|
C l;F"m+B!$
the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. tldT(E6
D "tEp8m
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 "+DA)K
ITPE2x
四、非谓语动词 Zy0M\-Mn
)1 <0c@g=
(一) 分词 DJ ru|2
现在分词和过去分词的区别 X[z;P!U
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 gI:g/ R
*h^->+0n
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then gx\V)8Zr
A e9acI>^w
struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. -]%EX:bm
B C D ^!['\
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning Kq7r+A
+o+f\!
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 v]JET9hY
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in eDd&vf
A B T*p7[}#
the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. [[T7s(3
C D g}9,U&$]y
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living .+7n@Sc
y)r`<B
rpk8
一些动词后面必须用doing ;5X6`GlS#5
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 [_
N1
.}e
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, w+m7jn!$
advocate, suggest Fd8nR9A
delay, quit {[uhIJD3g6
forgive(原谅),tolerate, (~|)Gmq2
avoid, escape(逃避)
\^1^|a"
spend+名词+doing; |E13W
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing N\|B06X
^|/<e?~I
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their _d!sSyk`
A B C D R/u0
,
crops. Q_T,=y
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 ]n=z(2Z9lD
azZ|T{S
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, (R=ZI
A B 7$7|
~k
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. =Vh]{y~$
C D *wAX&+);
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 7]@M
}[%F
(二) 不定式 +R?E @S
A. 动词不定式的省略 N+V#=Uy
①、help后面可以省略to ,T;sWl
help do M5[#YG'FlQ
help sb. to do i<&z'A6&]*
yI=nu53BV
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 6oKlr,.
A B |
{zka.sJ
the habits that might shorten the lives. 0gyvRM@ x[
C D j % M
Y6"
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 /&?ei*z
~#EXb?#uS
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 D _\HX9
make, K[SzE{5=P
let,
zCq6k7u
have sb. do sth 7d{xXJ-
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. =PU@'OG
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians yyPj!<.MGP
A B h1)+QLI
to know when to play various parts of a composition. q89yW)XG
C D ?h7[^sxJ
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know L7II>^"B
WUDXx %
③、感官动词 J_
h\tM
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe {YzpYc1
see sb do sth. 强调过程 oOQan
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 { F0"U=
EU5(s*A
rI:]''PR
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 >03JQe_#*L
(1)表示第一人 jaTCRn3|<
the first woman to do sth. .bMU$ O1
Mf:x9#
(2)表示迫使的动词 wRWKem=
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ~fA H6FdZ\
zHj_q%A
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 87VXVI
A B z
:$TW{%M
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. qr/N ?,
C D 8j%lM/ v
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 RA62Z&W3
7w"YCRKh
XN'X&J
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 r(=3yd/G$
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 j@s,5:;[
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 1<9m^9_ro
be lieable to do 易于…的 p&\x*~6u
be apt to do b+}*@xhl
~Urj:l
(4)表示目的的名词, ;,&1
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 4~r=[|(aY
固定的句式: i`:r2kU:*W
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. QPa&kl
the objective 目标 1z(y>`ZBq
aim {=d\t<p*n
goal \oGZM0j
reason理由 l>9ZAI\^
function功能 WaWx5Fx+
intension意图 0?j+d8*
oM-@B'TK
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing Im_`q\i
A CLD*\)QD\
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. $NWI_F4
B C D Hca)5$yL
分析:the function to provide, A错 I|$_[Sw
cj<j*(ZZ
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure ni]gS0/
A *$_<|
g)9
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds W~QZ
(:IK
B HWGlC <
that make up various components of a living cell. _W*3FH
C D Wm.SLr,o0
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 p2y
h
*Qg/W?"m
(5) 其他同根名词 ? P`]^#
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 QkzPzbF"
attempt to do 企图 w
>rglm&
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 ")(1z@
ambition, M>_S%V4
a
be ambitious to do \"PlM!0du
effort L1"X`Pz[}
P[ KJuc
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation :ZU
A B bU:"dqRm<
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. })bTQj7
C D ;Z.}~d6>!
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 WE`Y!
0/(YH
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great sOLo[5y'
A B }(TZ}* d
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. xb_35'$M
C D Pd^ilRB
分析:efforts to register, C错 /2?GRwU~P
0V srAV0
NY1olnI
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 %t%+;(M9
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 &&(sZGw
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. tM]qR+
U4zyhj
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 WRFzb0;01
I am glad to see you. &Cdk%@Tj]B
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. P7"g/j" "
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. P*R`3Y,
V!3O
1
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 \nPa>2r
It is difficult to decide. H-0A&oG
0rA&_K[#-<
S1;#58
五、句子的结构 1|n,s-
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 RNp3lXf O
d^WVWk K
(一) 主语的重复 e [3sWv
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 8KT|ixs
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any )iluu1,o
A B ;VYL7Xu](
compromises concerning the establishment of the @+:S'mAQC
C D
JTQ$p*2]
League of Nations. 8GV$L~i
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 N
0&
h5
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson ]6W#P7
X]tjT
*ukugg.
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are {SbA(a?B
A B | wKZ-6
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. /H^=`[Mr
C D 3 =KfNz_
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 <hkg~4EKc
e$4 5 OL
(二)谓语的重复 IE+$ET>t
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 $A9!} `V
;KWR/?
ec
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of [58xT>5
`m
A B q<>LK
one or more sentences related to the same idea. 8tK 8|t5+
C D h3h2 KqM'
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 ~Wm`SIV
|)}F}~&
(三)谓语的缺少 5^t68
WOl
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body & G@(f=
A B x;#
OM
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. M3Q#=yy$D$
C D @`t)ly#N
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 muwXzN(KX
5][Rvu0
(四)主句的重复 JR<#el
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 \O/EY&
R0(Nw7!d/[
&n|#jo(gS
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite zU:zzT}|TZ
A B C 9t(B{S
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. `zAV#
D jJg9M'@2!
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 )NGBA."t
;'{:}K=h
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow >G92k76G
A B K 2$mz
sweeps across the face of the Earth. LyhLPU0^q
C D wh
l)^D
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 !!E_WDZ#9
AMA:hQ
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided pMM-LY7%{
A B 6C9KT;6
names for towns, only George Washington
,GS8Gu
C p+@Wh3
is remembered in the name of a state. J\b,rOI f
D 1 h|cr_
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 X0^gj>GI|
六、比较级和最高级 B3@
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 EC&t+"=R
YiB]}/
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ,WR$xi.j
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which .%+'Ts#ie
A 8)Z WR3)+W
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. \v44 Vmfz
B C D
"
E72j.
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 HAEgR
MB"uJUk
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ( t#w@<
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. oF,
XSd
A B C D p18-yt;
1
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 OYzt>hdH
QG?7L_I
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 7s;<5xc
A B C D fO[X<|9
is the grizzly bear. bYQ h{q
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 *yKsgH
0 lXV+lj
k(C?6Gfj
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 E:V&:9aQ@
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 EJjTf:
=rl/l8|P
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with }oYR.UH
A B >s1FTB-$W
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. bR?-B>EB
C D 7U:,:=
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 WGN[`D"
H. uflO
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 cE 8vSQ%
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as &FHE(7}/#
O}NR{B0B3&
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 l<PGUm:_
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 6R%c+ok8i
the taller boy |.=Ee+HZ
$1H?k
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 XtT;UBE
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed `=uCp^+v
A B vxUJ4|Qz
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is aBr%"&Z.MG
abundant, and humidity is moderate. /AJ^wY
C D LoOyqJ,
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 0MMY{@n
dS0G+3J&+E
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 4I"QT(;
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States,
&
?/h5<
A B C }n6BI}n
the Navajos form largest group. jt"p Js'
D vH#
US
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 A&$!s)8z
1kio.9NIp
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, da\K>An>
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language oVoTnGNM6
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the i.cSD%*
Xe=@I*
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many :b=`sUn<X+
A B C {aGQ[MH\9
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. z9h`sY~
D '9auQ(2
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 *Ei~2O}
k49CS*I
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the cJ!wZT`
例如:my best friends }xLwv=Ia
X?>S24I"9
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial m|24)%Vj;=
A B C "~]9}KM}3W
and banking center. e{=7,DRH<
D J'@I!Jc
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 hH"3Y}U@
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。
(y~da~
O(&EnNm[2
C!qW:H
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary gl]{mUZz}
A M_9|YjwS
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. aEZl ICpU7
B C D *ArzXhs[
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 HD=WHT&
ReSP)%oW
七、平行结构 2jx""{
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 lV]l`$
XI
w?Q@"^IL
rzqCQZHL5
(一) 对等连接词 OY[N%wr!
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 {_k 6 t
单一式: and, or ,but rTmcP23]
相关式: both…and, not … but, F+hsIsQ
either …or, neither…nor pMX7Rl
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as @
Chj0wWZ>
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, yGS
._;#R
没有so...as... _II;$_N
between…and, ,
/ 4}CM
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also J3q}DDnEo
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, t`F%$q
=3 -G
短语式: as well as jriliEz;f
rather than (而不是) 3!Be kn]
other than (除…之外) ;Vp&f%u+v
instead of (代替) u!g<y
0'L+9T5
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 V2.MZ9
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, t3bN
PK^
A B 66z1_lA
but he is now living in Detroit. vLkZC
C D lW>bXC
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 Qz/=+A/4
uV%7|/fD
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics D $ `yxc
A B 1}V_:~7
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford $vc:u6I[
remained active in city and regional planning. \idg[&}l}
C D K3\U'bRO
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 6'*?zZrz
(二)平行的内容 nk6xavQji
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 &LYU#$sj
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of vH7"tz&RIp
A B x2K.5q>
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, !xa,[$w(^
C D w3yI;P
or yearly periods of light and darkness. Ym!Ia&n
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 w"A'uFXLc
<$7*yV
!@ bN
第二、名词单复数的平行 h4.ZR={E
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 Q=w\)qJ
.eJ4F
-V
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, WXXLD:gxI
A B C j7O7P+DmS
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. &a-:ZA@
D |QxDjL<&t4
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 PsLuyGR.<
AA yzT*^
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, #9p{Y}2#
A B _RjM .
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. %:((S]vAi
C D #CV
D:p
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have 9j9A'Y9(
30[?XVI&
第三、时态的平行 m", $M>
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated Yc\;`C
A (~/D*<A
with the imagist movement , but later develops lusINILc
B O/l|\n
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. 1<fEz
C D E
jBEZL|_
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 &|Z:8]'P
ugucq},[
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- >^>
\y8on
spread from its home in Central America and !^G+@~U
now grows throughout the tropics. ToDN^qE+
(A) to be (B) it 3}n=o d=
(C) the (D) its $ShL^g@
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? $7M64K{
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow In=
3#u
,M
I+8m1*
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 42tD$S5^
commercially for their meat and eggs. hSr#/d w&
(A) raised (B) and are raised
<k/'mBDk
(C) raised as (D) are raised %^gT.DsX-
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 ~SP.&>Q>
`Z]a6@w~
第四、排列位置的平行 @wZ`;J %
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. @5Ril9J[b
(A) Not only does rust corrode rm(<?w%'?
(B) Not only rust corrodes GAtK1%nPD
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes ,LWM}L
(D) Rust not only corrodes -5kq9Dy\,
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 2P@>H_JFF
c*MjBAq
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: _(J- MCY\
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Y5cUOfYT
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 RAXqRP,iw
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 } +i
ZY\t
#B)/d?aa'
八、词序的颠倒 ldanM>5
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 ^7F!>!9Ca
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 SECL(@0(^
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage _Vj O
[hx
A B r"Pj,}$A
that can be given to any individual in the United States. wL5IAkq
C D Q3wD6!'&m
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 {5^'u^E
m$pXe<
%jKR\f G
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 <s]K~ Vo
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ^X[Kr=:Jp
A B =lr*zeHLC
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. Ml+.\'r
C D MvL%*("4b
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 V:QfI
>`'#4!}G5j
pc:K5 -Os
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 @bfaAh~
yY[[)
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were +CX2W('
A B C SO]x^+
[
in what is now the United States. f ,K1 a9.
D R:0Fv9bwS
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 e0(loWq]
Rk2ZdNc\
所有的系动词分为三大类: ehOF@IA_
第一种:表示保持某种状态, zu*0uL
is, remain, keep, stay, Q(oWaG
lie, exit(表示位于) fG0rUi(8
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 cV&(L]k>`
become, turn, grow, :*1|ERGoay
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) x%vt$dy*8
^^3
>R`
第三种,感官动词 `@")R-
seem(好像是) YPf&y"E&H
look(看起来好像是) lOI(+74
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste <4rF3 aB-
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 3M+hjc.
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe Ga N4In[d
A B 7I(Sa?D:
to cause numerous deaths. |Wi$@sWO
C D o+/x8:
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 X<,sc;"b`k
/LPSI^l!m
九、词性的混用 UMx>n18;f9
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 qJ5Y}/r
)-2OraUm<
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用
c.KpXY
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; #E{OOcM
Gob1V
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high WASs'Gx
A B Hd2Sou4-j
mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and NrNbNFfo
C -]W AB9
when they are in captivity they breed poorly. [M
Z'i/
D !;zacw
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) =WFMqBh<`
H.|FEV@
-'5:Cq
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 42ttmN1F
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 }yx'U 3
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds Vyu 0OiGcR
A B I$9t^82j
and keeping the soil in the best condition to nFX8:fZ$>
C EAj2uV
help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. w# ,:L)
D 3oE *86
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 X<#
Q~"
|XLx6E2F
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, >m44U 9
A q 1Rk'k4+
was concerned with the depicting the experience of 'fy1'^VPAV
B C jF_K*:gQ
urban Black people in the United States. K /g\x0
D e~i
?E
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 hg]\~#&-
Y3mATw 3Wh
5ok3q@1_]{
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 _;G"{e.=
表示时间有两种可能, UqsVqi
h(
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 )o
SFHf
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, V\r
5
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 BN|+2D+S
5A>W;Q\
4
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence V`l.F"<L
A B Q|"{<2"]U0
were made while the American Civil War. 13'tsM&
C D cr27q6_
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 =L
7scv%i
KNic$:i
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the : N> 5{
A B C TMhUo#`I|
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. sc@v\J;k
D xzyV|(
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 EZ8Ih,j9
Ki,]*-XO
DQ?'f@I&
*
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 vh"zYl`
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 JrQd7
$"!"=v%B
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social 17a'C
A :K#'?tH
work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations.
'&I.w p`^
B C D ?}D@{%O3T
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 N32!*TsWs
HC@E&t