该错题常考要点 HcDyD0;L.
一、代词 lbG}noqb
代词中主要讲解六个问题 @>gD1Q7v b
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 )fy<P;g
主格、宾格、所有格 HUD7{6}4
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books)
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(二) 反身代词 '?z9,oW{
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 p9k4w%
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He killed himself. (他自杀了) nq),VPJi
He killed him. (他杀了他) p"g1V7B
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating \}U[}5Pk&
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a series of indicators that could help ze*&*csO
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themselves to predict earthquakes. :P j W:]
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 wBg<Q{J
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 782[yLyv
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 9k714bnMLX
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 ?"5~Wwp.T
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies |LX rGyk^
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the M"k3zK,
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Pacific. >cGh| _9
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 [Ihp\!xqI
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 s_S<gR
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: N#<zEAB
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 &:!ZT=
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined { r<(t#
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the word“normalcy”to express social and <3i4NXnL2
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economic conditions they promised the nation. ,7n;|1`
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 2uJNc!&
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important ;~'cIT
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John VuX>
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Keats, published the year of her death. 1_33;gP
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. +q`rz
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(四) Who和which的区别 5vUz
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ^LEmi1L
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ZuFVtW@
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who DJD ]aI
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. !ho5VAt
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 AihL>a%
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 c5wkzY h
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(五) that和which的区别 #pDGaqeX
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 U&]p!DV&;
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it w
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would affect society could not have been foreseen.
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 +/~\b/
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 [oU+b(
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 0r$hPmvv8
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when @aiLGw
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I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. \9|
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way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which *a4b`HRT
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly <zDw&s2
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. 6JFDRsX>)?
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 L(1,W<kYg
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has n0_Az2
affected the way people in the United States----. H;t8(-F@'
(A) living and working J_wz'eIb0
(B) they live and work dX
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(C) live and work mN'9|`>V>
(D) to live and to work -SY:qG3?
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 kN9sug^
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二、介词 ?n9$,-^v
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 ,^IZ[D>u)
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(一) 介词搭配 vBn=bb'W
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those "0
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. 645C]l
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 pnA]@FW
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. }.$B1%2
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分析:B错改为be rich in DF[b?
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the Nt^&YE7d:
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. K
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 [<fLPa
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 R"t$N@ZFb
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 e&4wwP"`<
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. h
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ,L:)ZZgN
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 8=o(nFJw
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on * !Y3N<>!
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Kcdd=2 [T
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 eRy'N|'
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2、介词by iC+H;s5<
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by P1 >X5:
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing y"-{6{3
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States )tch>.EQ_
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. 3i}B\
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 FN`kSTm*0!
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 2`U&,,-Mf
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to OBSJbDqT
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supply moccasins and field rations. 9cj-v}5j
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ]qHO{b4k
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with PW4Wn`u
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements 6&0a?Xu
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that are often represented at symbols. Hv*O9!cC
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 4344PBj
三、谓语动词 8!>pFVNJf
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 L-$g& -
①、主谓分割原则 O_Q,!&*6
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, oU? X"B9
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. >@uYleD(
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 L1i> %5:g
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②、与后者一致原则 ,_zt?o\
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, R"([Y#>m
not only…but also O9)8a]
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③、与前者一致原则 RUu'9#fq
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, >,vuC4v-
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 R FiR)G ,
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 0
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. DlI|~
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is w"|c;E1;_
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④、就近原则 VuW19-G
or, either…or, neither…nor, B#yyO>0k]
单数名词+or+复数名词+are jtwO\6 t&
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is )j'b7)W\
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 }I]q$3.
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 x;Q2/YZ#
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are w=$_',5#Z
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. T9
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 Fz% n!d
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 yS""*8/
There are five apples that are red. .^23qCs
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 M*N8p]3Cq
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets T$e_ao|
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds.
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 ]nh)FMo
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 7o<RvM
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 0Ju{6x(|
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 cW
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 kL-+V)Kl
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: *uIHa"
a. there be 句型 bpzA '
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there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 Vk"QcW
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 LYX+/@OU2
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. &}]Wbk4:
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is D"MNlm
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific w*+rB p,f
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 *M="k 1P1
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miles in width. 8wBns)wy @
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分析:倒装句,are改为is 43eGfp'
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and qG;WX n
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film yY1&hop
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. ,Zdc
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 HJ2]xe09
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 A%9"7]:
fifty percent of + 名词 n_aKciF
one percent of + 名词 k8h$#@^
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: ?znSA
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one percent of my students + are $,
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fifty percent of my time is spent on working. bC&_OU:
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这里要强调两个结构 bNqjjg
half of =fifty percent pdE=9l'
most of + 可数名词 + are 0n1y$*I4
most of + 不可数名词+ is {&/q
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been Jl}$)'
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found in central and eastern Canada. )9Jt550(
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 W$,c]/u|
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized bj7v <G|Y
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. hMi[MB7~
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 \p.ku%{
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 ]{dg"J
①、主要考察时间状语 V7 c7(G
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. >?I[dYzut
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was 'kPShZS$b
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②、For和since的区别 NfKi,^O
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 O']-<E`1k
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 )mJl-u[0+
I has been a teacher for three years. 7 zK%CJ
I has been a teacher since 1996. I%;xMtY1o
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 K5'@$Km
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became r0}Z&>]66N
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the primary responsibility of the president. h9RG?r1
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 (+(YO\ng6
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of h)fi
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. P$4G2>D8dg
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 %5NfF65'
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. he;&KzEu
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live M9[Fx=
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(三) 谓语的语态 $RfM}!7?
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 %c*azo.
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: '!I^Lfz-Z
①、prove )#N)w5DU
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 eR4%4gW)
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; _p"
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming |X,T>{V?y
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be Py3Xvudv
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. n[H3b}
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 (,#Rj$W
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②、Locate,Situate s-!Bpr16o0
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 &=oW=g 2
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 H|T!}M>
这两个词也可以用作被动 rnz9TmN:*1
My school was located near the river. ^AS*X2y
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 &^KmfT5C
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. x2(!r3a
(A)locates !*_5 B'
(B)locating @5+ JXD
(C)to locate eY^;L_7}p
(D)is located :SjTkfU
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 ?9hw]Q6r}
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③、表示需要概念的动词 zY6{ OP!#
need, want, require等 *&]x-p1m
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My watch needed repairing H-$ )@
My watch needed to be repaired. Cg[]y1Ne
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④、表示人的情感的动词 q{I,i(%m8
move, annoy, surprise, please等 jkw:h0hX
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 R
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He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 rV.04m,
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主动和被动技巧总结: [!9dA.tF
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 qd\5S*
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the U%oh?g
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, .R5[bXxe7
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power structures, and flood-control works along $t.i)wg
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. nk.m Gny
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Bc%A aZ0x
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四、非谓语动词 xszGao'
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(一) 分词 U^jxKBq^
现在分词和过去分词的区别 D4
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①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 0 5eth
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then |GPR3%9
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. E({+2}=1
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning yKE[,"
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 rGb7p`J
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ?v-Y1j
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. ftBbO8e
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living ]y&w