该错题常考要点 ?<!|
一、代词 w)f#V s
代词中主要讲解六个问题 O.? JmE
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 _BufO7`.
主格、宾格、所有格 )~>YH*g
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) x}4q {P5$
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(二) 反身代词 hrk r'3lv
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 c<~H(k'+c
He killed himself. (他自杀了) zLQx%Yg!
He killed him. (他杀了他) w0.
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating UKGPtKE<
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a series of indicators that could help jXJyc'm7
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themselves to predict earthquakes. BT$_@%ea&
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 :RYTL'hes
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 }V>T M{
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ]~-r}`]
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 !-bB559Nv
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies AA_%<zK
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the \e_O4
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Pacific. zs;JJk^
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 u2I
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 1M-pr 8:6s
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: G3]4A&h9v~
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 zDp 2g)
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined }G=M2V<L
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the word“normalcy”to express social and [lAp62i5
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economic conditions they promised the nation.
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ;jPXs
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important Y7nvHU|+o
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John \jA~9
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Keats, published the year of her death. yVc(`,tZ(
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ^.G$Q# y,
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(四) Who和which的区别 &~!Wym
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 IB<d
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 fh{`Mz,o
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 3F0 N^)
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. l@\FWWQ
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 `kr?j:g
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 6Iw\c
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(五) that和which的区别 {|\.i
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 KF/-wZ"
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 7?t6UPf
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. 3~\[7I/
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 \?N2=jsu$
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 p:%loDk
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 'RRE|L,
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when go"Hf_
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. :Yks|VJ1
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which qw8Rlws%
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly E P+J
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. :@)>r9N
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 _y>~
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has Z<4AL\l 98
affected the way people in the United States----. f9\X>zzB2|
(A) living and working \15nSB
(B) they live and work V!dtF,tH
(C) live and work rt|7h>RQ
(D) to live and to work yA>nli=
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 4{l,
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二、介词 OC:T
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介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 VQ{fne<
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(一) 介词搭配 2"S}bfrX
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 3Le{\}-$.
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Ib0ZjX6
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 )];K .zP
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. gl_^V&c
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分析:B错改为be rich in 8'r[te4,
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the C{XmVc.
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. BI}Cg{^km
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 c:u5\&~{
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 19KQlMO.G
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 BIWWMg
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. )D82N`c2\i
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 a+T.^koY
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has Mzw X>3x
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on m<qJcZk
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. `P;s8~
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 gy9U2Wgf|
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2、介词by Ziu]'#
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by :+|Z@KB
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing A4<Uu~
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States df #$9-
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. u4%Pca9(=
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 ;<2G
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils l.bYE/F0&
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to Jh[UtYb
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supply moccasins and field rations. oVe|Mss6
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 K_ ~"}
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with >R!jB]5
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements G&V/Gj8
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that are often represented at symbols. Om@C
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 :Ab%g-
三、谓语动词 wN-d'-z/rd
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 GV69eG3bX#
①、主谓分割原则 =i*;VFc
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle,
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. tL)
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 =~H<Z LE+
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②、与后者一致原则 'JfdV%M
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, 78# v
not only…but also ;n=.>s*XL'
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③、与前者一致原则 a\E:sPM'>
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, _EMwm&!
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 .=;3d~.]
例:The athlete, together with his coach and /1Q(b
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. E}p&2P+MR
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 4?7W+/~<&
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④、就近原则 <|
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or, either…or, neither…nor, n3Z5t
单数名词+or+复数名词+are V'T ,4
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is (>GK\=:<
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 7Kal"Ew
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 !~&R"2/
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are [[Fx[
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. CS-uNG6
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 I'iGt~4$
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 &8_gRP
There are five apples that are red. b7tOo7a H)
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 U1RpLkibQ
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets `~;rblo;
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. &2zq%((r
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 }S$@ Ez6
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 Z%Zd2
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The rich are not always happier than the poor. nMvKTH
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 5~WGZc
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 [$"n^5_~
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: R&';Oro
a. there be 句型 ez!C?
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 09kt[
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 s nnbb0J
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. /'DsB%7g
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is (S`2[.j
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific S^<g_ q
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 @L:>!
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miles in width. 0Ir<y
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分析:倒装句,are改为is +@K09ge
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and u@%
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film -+em!g'
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. i^!ez5z
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 Q;J`Q wkH
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 "AhTH.ZP
fifty percent of + 名词 ~|AwN [
one percent of + 名词 a9?y`{%L
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: I;?X f
one percent of my students + are VCcr3Dx()F
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. `[YngYw
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这里要强调两个结构 oo$MWN8a>r
half of =fifty percent ?P7]
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most of + 可数名词 + are |J~eLh[d
most of + 不可数名词+ is :ECi+DxBK
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been GBC*>Y
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found in central and eastern Canada. .\qj;20W
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 nB ". '=
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized $Vv}XMxw
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. ^5
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 D["MUB4l
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 qYp$fmj
①、主要考察时间状语 s2v(=
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. m$$?icA
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ]wuy_+$
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②、For和since的区别 P l{QOR
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 1:= `Y@.S
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 X^@[G8v%
I has been a teacher for three years. }1%r%TikY
I has been a teacher since 1996. S9Yt 1qb
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 $~'T
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became uiBTnG"
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the primary responsibility of the president. X$wehMBX
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 g<[rH%\6fg
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of <4D%v"zRP
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. ~/`X*n&
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 vg5NY =O
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. \mXqak,y
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 9
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(三) 谓语的语态 E8tD)=1
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 /{G/|a
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: d1NE% hg3
①、prove VBx,iuaw
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 Y(GW0\<
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; #Si|!
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming Ve14rn
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be .S|-4}G(6
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. v>^jy8$
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 v@,XinB[
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②、Locate,Situate S&|VkZR)
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 Vw?P.4
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 'WzUu MCx
这两个词也可以用作被动 $9m5bQcV
My school was located near the river. \I
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区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 w#d} TY
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 2?H@$-x>
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(B)locating )x9]xqoR
(C)to locate Vd[2u
(D)is located \y,;Cfl<
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 |N6mTB2
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③、表示需要概念的动词 Z
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need, want, require等 ?PYNE
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My watch needed repairing XNK
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My watch needed to be repaired. PgqECd)f
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④、表示人的情感的动词 &(WE]ziuO
move, annoy, surprise, please等 4=UI3 2v3
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 Vzk cZK
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 NywB3
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主动和被动技巧总结: Za34/ro/T
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 '>"`)-
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 5
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, EmYO5Whi
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power structures, and flood-control works along rK*hTjVn
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. xAFek;GY?
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 BW+qp3 k\
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四、非谓语动词 6R0D3kW
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(一) 分词 2#,8evH
现在分词和过去分词的区别 M|$H+e }:
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ;:-}z.7Y
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. |p'_k(z}
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning }M;sz
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 2
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例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in WBIQ%XB'
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. (!^N~ =e;
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living Lh8#I&x
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一些动词后面必须用doing +_vm\]4
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 gDUoc*+h
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ]~4}(\u
advocate, suggest $~;6 hnrm
delay, quit ?STI8AdO
forgive(原谅),tolerate, >d1aE)?
avoid, escape(逃避) /9t*CEu\
spend+名词+doing; [qc6Q:
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Lx4H/[$6D
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their \, X?K
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crops. Z=1,<ydKV
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 :Kt mSY
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, <#J<QYF&2
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. [jmAMF<F
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing :7'0:'0$t
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(二) 不定式 hPX2 Bp
A. 动词不定式的省略 ,m_&
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①、help后面可以省略to ,YzC)(-
help do Iclan\q#y
help sb. to do vzgudxG'z
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid kk>0XPk
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the habits that might shorten the lives. 2* cKFv{
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分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 I$sm5oL
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 I.n{ "=$B@
make, ZYp-dlEXq
let,
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have sb. do sth X/C54%T ~
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. iH -x
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians \6PIw-)
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to know when to play various parts of a composition. */@bNT9BgO
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分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know {b8 Y-
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③、感官动词 p9bxhnn|
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe .J!
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see sb do sth. 强调过程
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see sb doing sth 正在做某事 70l;**"4
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 k*+ZLrT
(1)表示第一人 "I1M$^8n
the first woman to do sth. 6je%LHhL
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(2)表示迫使的动词 74N\G1
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do W}i$f -K
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis #]hkQo
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. OX`GN#yl
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分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 m!>'}z
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ^ x#RUv
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 N.cRZm%
be lieable to do 易于…的 EjCs
be apt to do QU;C*}0Zl
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(4)表示目的的名词, `SbX`a0p2
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 @"5u~o')@v
固定的句式: AR2+W^aM3
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. im\Ws./
the objective 目标 7oSuLo=
aim 7!r`DZ"yF
goal mTbPzZ4
reason理由 tH!z7VZ
function功能 bhT]zsBK
intension意图 : \`MrI^
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing jC7XdYp
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. 8=Ht+Br
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分析:the function to provide, A错 Y5pNKL
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure ^ 9E(8D
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds *a@UV%u
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that make up various components of a living cell. zW.sXV,
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 ,
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(5) 其他同根名词 aP gG+tu
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 XCoOs<O:@
attempt to do 企图 <Z[R08 k
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 :r=_\?
ambition, : Tl?yGF
be ambitious to do tDVdl^#
effort 8&bj7w,K
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation `$HO`d@0*R
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catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. Y@eUvz
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分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 4 vphLAm
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great Tc:`TE=2
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efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. cCIEG e6
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分析:efforts to register, C错 *yx:nwmo
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 o\N}?Z,Kk
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 VTU-'q
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. nYH
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 /VQ<}S[k}-
I am glad to see you. P%c<0y"O:>
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. Z)<>d.
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. cl:YN]BK
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 _
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It is difficult to decide. =0Mmxd&o=M
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五、句子的结构 rlq8J/0/+
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 .gB*Y!c7
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(一) 主语的重复 >}iYZ[ V
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 j<[<qU:
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any PF~&!~S>W
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compromises concerning the establishment of the +J2=\YO
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League of Nations. e>[QF+e)y
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 +Fk.B@KT,
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson BkcOsJIz
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are a}yJ$6xi
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lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. .gB#g{5+J
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分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 B|8(}Ciqx
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(二)谓语的重复 +f+\uObi:
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 '+$2<Ys
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of VB Ce=<
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one or more sentences related to the same idea. RAe:$Iv$!v
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分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 CEwG#fZ
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(三)谓语的缺少 c1c0b|B!U
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body oYu5]ry
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temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. Zf|f $1-
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分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 0%vXPlfnY
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(四)主句的重复 Q+S>nL!*#1
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 4rv3D@E
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite OE WIP
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they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. .F&\xa{
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分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 vV,H@WK
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow 2 ES .)pQ
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sweeps across the face of the Earth. ZI-)'
C D 9-I;'
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 !Tr +: SM
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided JEGcZeq)
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names for towns, only George Washington 52,p CyU
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is remembered in the name of a state. 2>_6b>9]
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分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 fOF02WP^
六、比较级和最高级 H@.j@l
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 QB7E:g&