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主题 : 该错题常考要点
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 #Q1}h  
一、代词 7yQw$zG,Iz  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 k}0b7er=R  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 C7Fx V2  
  主格、宾格、所有格 ^Lv )){t  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ]j0/.pG  
=2@ V}  
(二) 反身代词 )&j@={0  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 UM<!bNz`  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) G!+Mu2  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) K\FLA_J  
E[cH/Rm  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  jG{OLF6 !  
    A                 B    bTt1yO  
  a series of indicators that could help Ab6R ?mUM  
             C      55FRPNx-x  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. uUb`Fy9  
    D ; !A=YXB  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 (K_{a+$[  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Lg~ll$ U  
5 ^K\<+{~B  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 wXtp(YwlH  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 < 0YoZSNGj  
zdm2`D;~p  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies e/&^~ $h  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the /+1(,S  
     A   B      C          D [+_>g4M~%  
  Pacific. g^^pPV K_  
!hFhw1  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 D^gS.X^  
wh)F&@6 R!  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 ia(`3r  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: qtmKX  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 rzs-c ?  
+~~2OUL  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 2$ &B@\WY  
                       A   skBD2V4  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and j wUX?`6jX  
             B KK6n"&TVa  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. p!5'#\^f  
   C       D LM+d3|gSV  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 a9UXg< 4  
!JyY&D~`  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important -i1 f ]Bd  
        A     #y[U2s Se  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John #qh ,  
   B        C      O=;jDWE  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  dt^h9I2O  
      D ?^M,Mt  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. :W5W @8Y  
Dz Q  
xDGS`o_w_  
(四) Who和which的区别 vbVOWX6  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 DU0/if9.  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 993f6  
FY ms]bv  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ZZ7qSyBs?  
              A            B MUAs(M;  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. ?oFd%|I  
   C                  D W*t] d  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 TI8r/P? ]V  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 X!p`|i  
nuXL{tg6  
(五) that和which的区别 sl `jovT[Y  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 0z8?6~M;<  
68Gywk3]=u  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it l2qvYNMw  
              A        B viG,z4Zf  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. +yp:douERi  
      C              D P"8Ix  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Y @p<f5[c  
I I+y  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 0RT8N=B83  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, [mA-sl]  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 3R3H+W0{  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. G aV&y  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which Dz(\ ?  
x9vSekV  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly n^Ca?|} ,  
              A         B   nt#9j',6Rn  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. d+ jX49Vt  
         C      D a%T`c/C  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 *Jd "3Si/  
GtVT^u_   
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  P>V oA  
  affected the way people in the United States----. 1f`De`zXzr  
   (A) living and working %_ibe  
   (B) they live and work \8`7E1d  
   (C) live and work H<(F$7Q!\  
   (D) to live and to work \c< oVF'  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 l88=  
/jG?PZ=m  
二、介词 #ibwD:{  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。  g2vm]j  
yQ$irS?  
(一) 介词搭配 rwRZGd *p  
--K) 7  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those IT| h;NUG  
    A         B   C      ^kKLi  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. KD kGQh#9  
                D ~}.C*;J  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 ZcN0:xU  
_:r8UVAT.  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. T}&A-V$  
A       B     C  D uY]';Ot G  
分析:B错改为be rich in &}"kF\  
w2s`9  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the aTvyz r1  
    A         B      C _Xf1FzF+a  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. {7:1F)Pj  
             D w <r*&  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 >z<L60S  
xWxHi6U(  
3H#,qug$  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 ]46h!@~aC  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 V IzIl\<aM  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. 8-;.Ejz!\A  
          A      B  C     D mI&3y9; (  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 fbApE  
O60T.MM`  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has #wyceEa  
                 A  B     (%^C}`|EA  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on ozOc6  
      C AF:_&gF  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. K3zY-yIco  
      D [Q T ;~5  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 l"J#Pvi  
Mc?_2<u-  
2、介词by Ku'a,\7z  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by }0&Fu?sP  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing tar/no  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ;1~n |IY  
    A         B       <SE-:T]sBz  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. @.L#u#   
   C     D J{4=:feIC?  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 K-'uE)  
3uw3 [ SR1  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils OsOfo({I_  
   A                      H0b{`!'Fs:  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to :"y2u   
     B    C       D J[}j8x?r  
   supply moccasins and field rations. 5Y;&L!T  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 [#!Y7Ede  
E|-oUz t  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with U^}7DJ  
        A                |7 K>`  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements kh}h(z^  
        B          C   ,OrrGwp&  
  that are often represented at symbols. Lt~&K$t7~  
              D xm=Gt$>.o  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 fNda&  
三、谓语动词 |A68+(3u  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 :/gHqEC24  
①、主谓分割原则 Kf? :dF  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, B3yTN6-  
     A     vMY!Z1.*  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ;[4=?GL*  
        B      C      D x ;SY80D  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 #t2N=3dOj  
GfSD% "  
②、与后者一致原则 -F(luRBS(W  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, "([gN:   
not only…but also 0`V=x+*,  
(:]+IjnE  
DBGU:V,85  
③、与前者一致原则 - G7)Y:  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, CL`+\ .  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 <l!:#u  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and c om4@NK  
     A      B  C     Z{t `f[  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. OVxg9  
         D { 2Ew^Li  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is >\~Er@  
XgXXBKf$  
④、就近原则 ]1zud  
or, either…or, neither…nor, <_k A+&T  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are G$KQgUN~[  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is | Vlx :  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 /kw;q{>?o  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 gH,Pz  
Gj%q:[r  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are h {zb)'R  
        A      B        S[hyN7sI  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 8QL=%Pv  
    C              D {jwLVKT$  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 aO(iKlZ$  
N(yd<M w  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 dIh+h|:  
There are five apples that are red. IsJx5GO  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 Z]tQmV8e  
g)ZMU^1  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 01&E.A  
      A            ? * ,  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. E`@Z9k1 `  
   B   C    D ]jiVe_ OS<  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 Ndb7>"W  
%\|{_]h}y  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 KZcmNli&A  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. { J/Fp#  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 9iM%kY#)W  
Q (q&(/  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 #pK" ^O*!  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: rev*G:  
a. there be 句型 v[8+fd)}S  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 u PYH3<  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 u,d5/`E  
6@8z3JW.A  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 7m]J7 +4  
   A     B      C    D    nP*%N|0  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is Yc_(g0NK  
)i[Vq|n  
wD{c$TJ?{F  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific <m1v+cnqo  
             A     B    ^eO/?D8~h  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 V?wV*]c  
     C         %+Z*-iX  
  miles in width. p)?6#~9$  
     D  Myiv#rQ)  
分析:倒装句,are改为is E0&d*BI2  
2ag8?#  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 0('ec60u  
   A    B       C         { $yju_[  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film C}Kl!  
                    D [?KGLUmTAI  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen.  +)e|>  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 6b'.WB]-  
7>F{.\Z  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 NId.TaX h  
fifty percent of + 名词 0.n[_?<(  
one percent of + 名词 m Jk\$/Kh  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如:  NzP71t+  
  one percent of my students + are y5m2u8+  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. zN|k*}j1J  
X V;j6g  
这里要强调两个结构 C=r2fc~w   
half of =fifty percent er)I".|  
most of + 可数名词 + are 0x!&>  
most of + 不可数名词+ is HRDpFMA/~  
AO|9H`6U6F  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been {.{Wl,|7  
   A       B         C   vb6EO[e% I  
  found in central and eastern Canada. {a:05Y  
           D 6,3o_"J!  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 >dt*^}*  
_2 hLc\#  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized eNAxVF0  
                 A   B  YoKyiO!   
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. _q27 3QG/"  
              C     D hb5K"9Y  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 P) =.D u)  
S v>6:y9?G  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 -o6rY9\_!  
①、主要考察时间状语 !-f Bw  
:/;/mHG]  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. NFs5XpZ~  
   A        B  C     D :;7I_tb  
!SQcV'  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was 'kZ,:.v  
/8h=6"  
KT(Z #$  
②、For和since的区别 ~t`s&t'c|  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 +tqErh?Al  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 /9w>:i81  
  I has been a teacher for three years.  Z.6dL  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. \c}(rqT  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 az(<<2=  
>M,oyM" s  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 2d ! '9mA  
   A      B              ~U9K<_U  
  the primary responsibility of the president. c3A\~tHW  
     C    D jVj5; }  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。  T~TP  
Jg6Lr~!i  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of }]?Si6_ZZ  
             A  B  C   j2Zp#E!  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. *Z5^WHwg  
            D tZrc4$D-  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 D6sw"V#  
I2ek`t]  
Y ::0v@&(  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  5,RUPaE  
   A       B        C     D I5$P9UE+^9  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live BT$p~XB  
f^WTsh]  
(三) 谓语的语态 kX 1}/l  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 NWB YpGZx  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: c8qr-x1HG  
①、prove h6 \P&Z  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 fCl}eXg6w  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; |D3u"Y!:^  
T5BZD +Ta  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming E_HB[ 9  
                      A   KaGUpHw  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be =lXj%V^8N  
    B                  C BxY t*b%  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. g|=_@ pL  
                  D eE;tiX/  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 zd?@xno  
q^@*{H  
1C[9}}  
②、Locate,Situate  s>rR\`  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 R{hX--|j  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 o3ZN0j69|  
这两个词也可以用作被动 h\m35'v!  
  My school was located near the river. yu?5t?vf  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 Iw1Y?Qia  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. a(Y'C`x  
   (A)locates N&8TG  
   (B)locating O-- p)\   
   (C)to locate x_PO;  
   (D)is located WlL(NrVA@@  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 c,UJ uCZ  
r4.6W[| d  
③、表示需要概念的动词 eK8H5YE  
need, want, require等 "SF0b jG9C  
AXfU $~  
My watch needed repairing  >DL  
My watch needed to be repaired.  CB7dr&>  
w+o5iPLX  
④、表示人的情感的动词 Tw~R-SiS`s  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 8K8u|]i  
~C-Sr@ a?/  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 [|\6AIoS  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 [%IOB/{N  
yUoR6w  
主动和被动技巧总结: lR(9;3  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 D(cD8fn,J  
HKN|pO3v  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the Wzq W1<*`  
                 A      {9IRW\kn  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 0Q3U\cDr  
                 B ~$!,-r  
  power structures, and flood-control works along UG1<Xfu|  
                    C l;F"m+B!$  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. tldT(E6  
                D "tEp8m  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 "+DA)K  
ITPE2x  
四、非谓语动词 Zy0M\-Mn  
)1<0c@g=  
(一) 分词 DJ ru|2  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 X[z;P!U  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 gI:g/ R  
*h^->+0n  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then gx\V)8Zr  
   A e9acI>^w  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. -]%EX:bm  
     B      C            D ^!['\  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning Kq7r+ A  
+o+f\!  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 v]JET9hY  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in eDd& vf  
      A               B   T*p7[}#  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. [[T7s(3  
               C         D g}9 ,U&$]y  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living .+7n@Sc  
y)r`<B  
rpk8  
一些动词后面必须用doing ;5X6`GlS#5  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 [_ N1 .}e  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, w+m7jn!$  
 advocate, suggest Fd8nR9A  
 delay, quit {[uhIJD3g6  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, (~|)Gmq2  
 avoid, escape(逃避) \^1^|a"  
 spend+名词+doing; |E13W  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing N\|B06X  
^|/<e?~I  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their _d!sSyk`  
   A     B    C              D R/u0 ,  
  crops. Q_ T,=y  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 ]n=z(2Z9lD  
azZ|T{S  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, (R=ZI  
               A        B 7$7| ~k  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. =Vh]{ y~$  
        C          D *wAX&+);  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing  7]@M  
}[%F  
(二) 不定式 +R?E @S  
A. 动词不定式的省略 N+V#=U y  
①、help后面可以省略to ,T;sWl  
  help do M5[#YG'FlQ  
  help sb. to do i<&z'A6&]*  
yI=nu53BV  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 6oKlr,.  
              A      B   | {zka.sJ  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. 0gyvRM@ x[  
         C     D j %M Y6"  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 /&?ei*z  
~#EXb?#uS  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 D _\HX9  
  make, K[SzE{5=P  
  let, zCq6k7u  
  have sb. do sth 7d{xXJ-  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. =PU@'OG  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians yyPj!<.MGP  
        A               B h1)+QLI  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. q89yW)XG  
   C     D ?h7[^sxJ  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know L7II>^"B  
WUDXx %  
③、感官动词 J_ h\tM  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe {YzpYc1  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 oOQan  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 { F0"U=  
EU5(s*A  
rI:]''PR  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 >03JQe_#*L  
(1)表示第一人 jaTCRn3|<  
the first woman to do sth. .bMU$O1  
Mf:x9#  
(2)表示迫使的动词 wRWKem=  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ~fA H6FdZ\  
z Hj_q%A  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 87V XVI  
     A                 B    z :$TW{%M  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. qr/N?,  
       C           D 8j%lM/ v  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 RA62Z&W3  
7w"YCRKh  
XN' X&J  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 r(=3yd/G$  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 j@s,5:;[  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 1<9m^9_ro  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 p&\x*~6u  
  be apt to do b+}*@xhl  
~Urj:l  
(4)表示目的的名词, ;,&1  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 4~r=[|(aY  
固定的句式: i`:r2kU:*W  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. QPa&kl  
the objective 目标 1z(y>`ZBq  
aim {=d\t<p*n  
goal \oGZM0j  
reason理由 l>9ZAI\^  
function功能 WaWx5Fx+  
intension意图 0?j+d8*  
oM-@B'TK  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing Im_`q\i  
                       A  CLD*\)QD\  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. $NWI_F4  
           B          C     D Hca)5$yL  
分析:the function to provide, A错 I|$_[Sw  
cj<j *(ZZ  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure ni]gS0/  
                  A       *$_<| g)9  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds W~QZ (:IK  
     B  HWGlC <  
  that make up various components of a living cell. _W*3FH  
    C    D Wm.SLr,o0  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 p2 y h  
*Qg/W? "m  
(5) 其他同根名词 ?P`]^#  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 QkzPzbF"  
 attempt to do 企图 w >rglm&  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 ")(1z@  
 ambition, M>_S%V4 a  
 be ambitious to do  \"PlM!0du  
 effort L1"X`Pz[}  
P[ KJuc  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation : ZU  
  A                    B   bU:"dqRm<  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. })bTQj7  
          C       D ;Z.}~d6>!  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 WE`Y!  
0/(YH  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great sOLo[5y'  
  A                   B   }(TZ}* d  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. xb_35'$M  
       C            D Pd^ilRB  
分析:efforts to register, C错 /2?GRwU~P  
0VsrAV0  
NY1olnI  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 %t%+;(M9  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 &&(sZG w  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. tM ]qR+  
U4zyhj  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 WRFzb0;01  
I am glad to see you. &Cdk%@Tj]B  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. P7"g/j""  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. P*R`3Y,  
V!3O 1  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 \nPa>2r  
It is difficult to decide. H-0A&oG  
0rA&_K[#-<  
S1;#5 8  
五、句子的结构 1|n,s-  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 RNp3lXf O  
d^WVWk K  
(一) 主语的重复 e [3sWv  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 8KT|ixs  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any )iluu1,o  
          A      B      ;VYL7Xu](  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the @+:S'mAQC  
          C          D JTQ$p*2]  
  League of Nations. 8GV$L~i  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 N 0& h5  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson  ]6W#P7  
X]tjT   
*ukugg.  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are {SbA(a?B  
        A        B  |wKZ-6  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. /H^=`[Mr  
    C         D 3 =KfNz_  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 <hkg~4EKc  
e$45OL  
(二)谓语的重复 IE+$ET> t  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 $A9!} `V  
;KWR/? ec  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  [58xT>5 `m  
    A            B    q<>LK  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. 8tK8|t5+  
         C   D h3h2 KqM'  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 ~Wm`SIV  
|)} F}~&  
(三)谓语的缺少 5^t68 WOl  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body &G@(f=  
          A     B    x;# OM  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. M3Q#=yy$D$  
         C               D @`t)ly#N  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 muwXzN(KX  
5][Rvu0  
(四)主句的重复 JR<#el  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 \O/EY&  
R0(Nw7!d/[  
&n|#jo(gS  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite zU:zzT}|TZ  
      A         B        C   9t(B{S  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. `zAV#   
     D jJg9M'@2!  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 )NGBA."t  
;'{:}K=h  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow >G92k76G  
        A   B       K2$mz  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. LyhLPU0^q  
      C    D wh l)^D  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 !!E_WDZ#9  
AMA :hQ  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided pMM-LY7%{  
   A                     B  6C9KT;6  
  names for towns, only George Washington  ,G S8Gu  
      C p+@Wh3  
  is remembered in the name of a state. J\b,rOIf  
          D 1 h|cr_  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 X0^gj>GI|  
六、比较级和最高级 B3@   
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 EC&t+"=R  
YiB]}/  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ,WR$xi.j  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which .%+'Ts#ie  
      A               8)ZWR3)+W  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. \ v44Vmfz  
     B       C           D " E72j.  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 HAEgR  
MB" uJUk  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ( t#w@<  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. oF, XSd  
     A      B     C  D p18-yt; 1  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 OYzt>hdH  
QG?7L_I  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 7s; <5xc  
     A       B     C   D fO[X<|9  
  is the grizzly bear. bYQ h{q  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 *yKsgH  
0 lXV+lj  
k(C?6Gfj  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 E:V&:9aQ@  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 EJjTf:  
=rl/ l8|P  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with }oYR.UH  
   A           B  >s1FTB-$W  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. bR?-B>EB  
   C                 D 7U:,:=  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 WGN[`D"  
H. uflO  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 cE 8vSQ%  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as &FHE(7}/#  
O}NR{B0B3&  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 l<PGUm:_  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 6R%c+ok8i  
the taller boy |.=Ee+HZ  
$ 1H?k  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 XtT;UBE  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed `=uCp^ +v  
          A            B vxUJ4|Qz  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is aBr%"&Z.MG  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. /AJ ^wY  
    C          D LoOyqJ,  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 0MMY{@n  
dS0G+3J&+E  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 4I"QT(;  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, & ?/h5<  
  A  B         C     }n 6BI}n  
  the Navajos form largest group. jt"p Js'  
         D vH# US  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 A&$!s)8z  
1kio.9NIp  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, da\K>An>  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language oVoTnGNM6  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the i.cSD%*  
 Xe=@I*  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many :b=`sUn<X+  
            A      B         C {aGQ[MH\9  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. z9h`sY~  
            D '9auQ(2  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 *Ei~2O}  
k49CS*I  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the cJ!wZT`  
例如:my best friends }xLwv=Ia  
X?>S24I"9  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial m|24)%Vj;=  
            A    B     C "~]9}KM}3W  
  and banking center. e{=7,DRH<  
        D J'@ I!Jc  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 hH"3Y}U@  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 (y~da~  
O(&EnNm[2  
C!qW:H  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary gl]{mUZz}  
                 A         M_9|YjwS  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. aEZl ICpU7  
    B   C     D *ArzXhs[  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 H D=WHT&  
ReSP)%oW  
七、平行结构 2jx""{  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 lV]l`$ XI  
w?Q@"^IL  
rzqCQZHL5  
(一) 对等连接词 OY[N%wr!  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 {_k 6t  
单一式: and, or ,but rTmcP23]  
相关式: both…and, not … but, F+hsIsQ  
     either …or, neither…nor pM X7Rl  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as @ Chj0wWZ>  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, yGS ._;#R  
没有so...as... _II;$_N  
between…and, , / 4}CM  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also J3q}DDnEo  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, t`F%$q  
=3 -G  
短语式: as well as jriliEz;f  
     rather than (而不是) 3!Bekn]  
     other than (除…之外) ;Vp&f%u+v  
     instead of (代替) u!g<y  
0 'L+9T5  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 V2.MZ9  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  t3bN P K^  
       A     B   66z1_ lA  
  but he is now living in Detroit. vLkZC  
       C   D lW>bX C  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 Qz/=+A/4  
uV%7|/fD  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics D$ `yxc  
       A         B 1}V_:~7  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford $vc:u6I[  
  remained active in city and regional planning. \idg[&}l}  
          C    D  K3\U'bRO  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 6'*?zZrz  
(二)平行的内容 nk6xavQji  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 &LYU#$sj  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of vH7"tz&RIp  
             A         B   x2K.5q>  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, !xa,[$w(^  
         C            D w3yI;P  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. Ym!Ia&n  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 w"A'uFXLc  
<$7*yV  
 !@bN  
第二、名词单复数的平行 h4.ZR={E  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 Q=w\)qJ  
.eJ4F -V  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, WXXLD:gxI  
  A     B          C   j7O7P+DmS  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. &a-:ZA@  
                 D   |QxDjL<&t4  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 PsLuyGR.<  
AA yzT*^  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, #9p{Y}2#  
                   A         B _RjM .  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. %:((S]vAi  
      C          D #CV D:p  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have 9j9A'Y9(  
30[?XVI&  
第三、时态的平行 m",$M>  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated Yc\;`C  
                A     (~/D*<A  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops lusINILc  
                   B O/l|\n  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. 1<fEz  
          C    D E jBEZL|_  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 &|Z:8]'P  
ugucq},[  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- >^> \y8on  
  spread from its home in Central America and !^G+@~U  
  now grows throughout the tropics. ToDN^qE+  
   (A) to be    (B) it   3}n=od=  
   (C) the     (D) its $ShL^g@  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? $7M64K{  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow In= 3#u ,M  
I+8m1 *  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 42t D$S5^  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. h Sr#/dw&  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised <k/'mBDk  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised %^gT.DsX-  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 ~SP.&>Q>  
`Z]a6@w~  
第四、排列位置的平行 @wZ`;J%  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. @5Ril9J[b  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode rm(<?w%'?  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  GAtK1%nPD  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes ,LWM}L  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes -5kq9Dy\,  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 2P@>H_JFF  
c*MjBAq  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: _(J- MCY\  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Y5cUOfYT  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 RAXqRP,iw  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 }+i ZY\t  
#B)/d?aa'  
八、词序的颠倒 ldanM>5  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 ^7F!>!9Ca  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 SECL(@0(^  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage _Vj O [hx  
              A    B        r"Pj ,}$A  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. wL5IAkq  
      C       D    Q3wD6!'&m  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 {5^ 'u^E  
m$pXe<  
%jKR\f G  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 <s]K~ Vo  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ^X[Kr=:Jp  
          A      B     =lr*zeHLC  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. Ml+.\'r  
    C         D MvL%*("4b  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 V:QfI  
>`'#4!}G5j  
pc:K5 -Os  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 @bfaAh~   
yY[[)  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were +CX2W('  
          A   B     C   SO]x^+ [  
  in what is now the United States. f ,K1a9.  
    D R:0Fv9bwS  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 e0(loWq]  
Rk2ZdNc\  
所有的系动词分为三大类: ehO F@IA_  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, zu*0uL  
    is, remain, keep, stay, Q(oWaG  
    lie, exit(表示位于) fG0rUi(8  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 cV&(L]k>`  
    become, turn, grow, :*1|ERGoay  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) x%vt$dy*8  
^^3 >R`  
第三种,感官动词 `@")R-  
    seem(好像是) YPf&y"E&H  
    look(看起来好像是) l OI(+74  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste <4rF3 aB-  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 3M+hjc.  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe Ga N4In[d  
    A               B     7I(Sa?D:  
   to cause numerous deaths. |Wi$@sWO  
        C   D  o+/x8:   
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 X<,sc;"b`k  
/LPSI^l!m  
九、词性的混用 UMx>n18;f9  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 qJ5Y}/r  
)-2OraUm<  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 c .KpXY  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; #E{OOcM  
Gob1V  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high WASs'Gx  
          A        B      Hd2Sou4-j  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and NrNbNFfo  
              C -]W AB9  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. [M Z'i/  
          D !;zacw  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) =WFMqBh<`  
H.|FEV@  
-'5:Cq   
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 42ttmN1F  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 }y x'U 3  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds Vyu0OiGcR  
         A       B      I$9 t^82j  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to nFX8:fZ$>  
          C        EAj2uV  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. w# ,:L)  
            D 3oE *86  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 X<# Q~"  
|XLx6E2F  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, >m44U 9   
            A       q 1Rk'k4+  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of 'fy1'^VPAV  
      B      C jF_K*:gQ  
   urban Black people in the United States. K /g\x0  
   D e~i ?E  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 hg]\~#&-  
Y3mATw 3Wh  
5ok3q@1_]{  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 _;G"{e.=  
表示时间有两种可能, UqsVqi h(  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 )o SFHf  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, V\r 5  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 BN|+2D+S  
5A>W;Q\ 4  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence V`l.F"<L  
       A     B     Q|"{<2"]U0  
  were made while the American Civil War. 13'tsM&  
   C    D cr27q6_  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 =L 7scv%i  
KNic$:i  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the : N>5{  
   A      B           C    TMhUo#`I|  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. sc@v\J;k  
          D xzyV| (  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 EZ8Ih,j9  
Ki,]*-XO  
DQ?'f@I& *  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 vh"zYl`  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 JrQd7  
$"!"=v%B  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social 17a'C  
                   A     :K#'?tH  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. '&I.w p`^  
     B   C    D ?}D@{%O3T  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 N32!*TsWs  
HC@E&t  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples q=M!YWz  
   A        B   C      ~gNa<tg"1  
  easily under the stress of compression. s_N?Y)lS+(  
   D .RxH-]xk  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 I8d#AVF2  
U!r2`2LY  
:EJ+#  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 @MWrUx  
3fgVvt-2  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine y/Fv4<X  
    A         B ykrb/j|rK  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. (]n^_G#-$  
          C            D y*0bHzJ  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 =B@ow x  
-/*-e /+b  
7%) F]  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, :@a8>i1&  
         A ?x u5/r<  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. -. ~Dhk  
   B      C      D ln-+=jk  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 FGo{6'K(:  
bx`s;r=  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 }ac0}  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; -\O%f)R  
two hundred diligent students
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