该错题常考要点 =Z/'|;Vd_x
一、代词 FVG|5'V^
代词中主要讲解六个问题 aVuan&]*=
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 5:|5NX[.b
主格、宾格、所有格 DS>s_3V
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) SrK;b .
_KmpC>J+
(二) 反身代词 \,
n'D
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 _' n;rZ +
He killed himself. (他自杀了) O,qR$#l
He killed him. (他杀了他) !dhZs?/UI
%9mB4Fc6b)
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating IvIBf2D;Q
A B l[
G,sq"
a series of indicators that could help 1:Y
DN.*
C 9[T#uh!DC
themselves to predict earthquakes. \<lV),
D $6!`
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 V<4)'UI?k9
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 7C2/^x P
}sJ%
InL
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 DA@
{ d-A
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 #s
yP=
-m'a%aog
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies 6w1:3~a
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the [c86b
A B C D 3'/wRK l
Pacific. %< j=&
v?LJ_>hw*T
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 !uO|T'u0a
;'o>6I7Ph
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 @XIwp2A{+
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: :cC`wX$
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 !h4 So4p
um8ZhXq
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined ;QEGr|(
A D1g1"^~g
the word“normalcy”to express social and \'p7,F{:>5
B k2+Z7#2n
economic conditions they promised the nation. ?1412Tq5
C D rW6w1
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 15s?QSKj
V&}Z# 9Dx
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 3<`h/`ku
A l{pF^?K
work is not poetry, but his biography, John dl;A'/(t
B C (f.A5~e
Keats, published the year of her death. VI+Y 4T@
D eb8_guZ
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. )eG&"3kFe!
}`g*pp*
:m~lgb<
(四) Who和which的区别 T(}da**X
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 4C[gW
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 pKJ[e@E
^
EXi+pm
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who gI%n(eY
A B c~C W-%wN
account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. .5z|g@
6
C D h}d7M55#|
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 }v!6BU6<Q
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 >@|<1Fx|
0jS/U|0
(五) that和which的区别 sd6Wmmo
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 i0!F
O*PHo_&G
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it RAxz+1JT
A B `sXx,sV?B
would affect society could not have been foreseen. 2n=;"33%a
C D = V , _
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 IY:O? M
!RD,:\5V
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 h.^DRR^S
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, buFtLPe
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when pSP_cYa#(#
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ?uN(" I
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which a8 1%M
i=D,T[|>a
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly LA+MX0*
A B cn0F
z"d
reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. Y Pc<
C D Zy%Z]dF
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 57>ne)51
h"ylpv+
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has {+:XVT_+
affected the way people in the United States----. A] 9JbNV
(A) living and working O
m
(B) they live and work {1%ZyY
(C) live and work pxx(BE
(D) to live and to work clw91yrQn
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 p'qH [<s
Z L</
二、介词 W<VHv"?V
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 @E2nF|N
~PnpYd<2
(一) 介词搭配 dO,05?q|
hH}/v0_ jb
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 6sl<Z=E#
A B C HW726K*
in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. l|A8AuO*?
D (dF;Gcw+
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 I;-5]/,
z|*6fFE
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. %E"/]!}3
A B C D PV6*-[
分析:B错改为be rich in K=TW}ZO
N>%KV8>{L
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the [;?{BB
A B C D{c>i`\G
alternation of periods of light and darkness. &W+G{W{3
D !a(qqZ|s
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 ;n{j,HB
f^sb0
nU
YCBML!L
(二) 最重要的两个介词 6XL9
qb~X
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 B9)qv>m
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. OXX(OCG>
A B C D a~>0JmM+N
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 soQzIx
q\y#
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has k;AiG8jb
A B Qn)[1v
starred in stage, television, and film productions on "jJdUFN
C b;`#Sea
both sides the Atlantic Ocean. &R FM
d=
D K[a<
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 UFAMbI
27YLg c
2、介词by dms:i)L2
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by h:Mn$VR,
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing lyH X#]
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ,iv%^C",)
A B (=tF2YBV
can be performed from a justice of the peace. Z=Y_;dS9
C D A"<)(M+kG
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 ny_ kr`$42
nh&J3b}B!
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils O$u
mu_
A %=mwOoMk0L
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to g*r{!:,t
B C D B/9<b{6
supply moccasins and field rations. C(1A
8
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 -2jBs-z
;$tv8%_L[
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with Jyz$&jqyr'
A QOh w
operations on sets of numbers or other elements Fb{`a[&
B C hKzBq*cV
that are often represented at symbols. w{zJE]7
D K'{W9~9Lq
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ~q]|pD"\K|
三、谓语动词 U ygw*+
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 2) /k`Na
①、主谓分割原则 leb^,1/D6
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 8NAWA3^B
A X\3,NR,
America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. il>x!)?o
B C D i^s`6:rNu
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 9?l?G GmQ
X4P}aC
②、与后者一致原则 f?>-yMR|
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, %+7T
9>+
not only…but also ZXsY-5$#d-
mOz&6T<|
~*PK080N}
③、与前者一致原则 &8X
.!r`f
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, hk5E=t~&
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 6L:trLuQ
例:The athlete, together with his coach and =mi:<q
A B C x'=3&vc4
several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. /mMAwx
D +C'TW^
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is bQ^DX `o6P
f- k|w%R@
④、就近原则 Mf;|z0UX
or, either…or, neither…nor, }:RT,<
单数名词+or+复数名词+are
pT3X/ra
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ##EB; Y
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 nL":0!DTRD
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 jIx8k8
cD'HQ3+
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are (<bm4MPf
A B m?D
<{BQ;
amazingly complex for single-celled animals. *]}CSZ[>
C D 9lZAa8Rx i
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 fr}1_0DDz
VxkCK02k
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 M#
\ <
There are five apples that are red. &dhcKO<4
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 99l>CYXd
F`Dg*O
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets >63)z I
A Q0zW ]a
carry a supply that last just a few seconds. jd%Len&p
B C D
0dgP
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 !
dU9sB2
O1GDugZ
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 R)0N0gH
The rich are not always happier than the poor. +h0PR?
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 uh]"(h(>
+hE',i.
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 a}:A, t<6
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: 2
;JQX!
a. there be 句型 T vrk^!
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 &4,WG
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 :.*HQt9N
>[ eW">:>K
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. >T<6fpXuk2
A B C D 6cM<>&e
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is I*EJHBsQ5
RFw(]o,9cR
\ht ?Gn
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific Vy__b=ti?
A B et=7}K]l
Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 $@_{p*q
C (a[.vw
^g
miles in width. PgMbMH
D 2
P=[
分析:倒装句,are改为is 2d*
_Qq1
4'' ,6KJ@
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and $.pTB(tO
A B C @Mm/C?#*O
Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film *i^`Dw^~y
D w5
`#q&?
presented on the five-story-tall screen. (89Ji'dc
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 'BY-OA#xJ
l<(cd,
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 B{C_hy-fw
fifty percent of + 名词 Zb(E:~h\
one percent of + 名词 q/NY72tj0
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: ^"9*
'vTtc
one percent of my students + are `0{ S3v
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. "xe=N
+`B'r
'
这里要强调两个结构 d H?
ScXM=
half of =fifty percent 9'nH2,_
most of + 可数名词 + are ](#&.q%5!
most of + 不可数名词+ is P`S@n/}
<xo-Fv
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 06 i;T~Y
A B C im]g(#GnKh
found in central and eastern Canada. d;7uFh|o
D WA6!+G
y
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 KL [ek
t9^A(Vh"-
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized =WG=C1Z
A B I7n3xN&4"
in the United States are for foods and beverages. #Yuvbb[
C D kM/Te{<
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 @F~LW6K
jZpa0g rA
(二) 谓语动词的时态 +9XQ[57
①、主要考察时间状语 T6#CK
47r&8C+&\
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 445o DkG
A B C D ;sPoUn
s'
$HJTj29/
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was @+LfQY
_[K"gu
3;[DJ5
②、For和since的区别 Q`%R[#
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 )$Mmn
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 BvD5SBa}"
I has been a teacher for three years. CZ<~3bEF
I has been a teacher since 1996. V 9wI\0
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 -
r7]S
h#r^teui)
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became kq=V4-a[
A B GoM
ip8'u
the primary responsibility of the president. @|}BXQNd
C D }x0- V8
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 N2'qpxOLI
nl aM
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of #]?bLm<!
A B C /iC;%r1L
the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. H5CR'Rp
D OLGBt
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 2T@GA1G
OO dSKf8
w%AcG~`j!B
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. C?ib
_K*
A B C D xkNyvqcw
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live Zn=T#o
Wz4&7KY
Y
(三) 谓语的语态 =gfI!w
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 n79QJl/
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: @vL20O.
①、prove -9
!.m
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 /+*#pDx/zW
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; a,F&`Wg
]<(]u#g_d
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 2sNK
A N
NhL*C[_7
to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be D jk C
B C F' U 50usV
mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. NK|? y
D DRqZ,[!+
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 I;5R2" 3
)jWOP,|
.=m,hu~
②、Locate,Situate +3s%E{
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 qq)0yyL r
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 5@*'2rO&!
这两个词也可以用作被动 D7Y)?Z5A;
My school was located near the river. e%8|<g+n6
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 1/p*tZP8i
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. eh1Q7~
(A)locates E_KCNn-f
(B)locating ycFio ,
(C)to locate + OV')oE
(D)is located zF5uN:-s
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 y
_xnai
ARcv;H 5
③、表示需要概念的动词 .jy]8S8[|%
need, want, require等 *yl>T^DjTC
0$7.g!h?
My watch needed repairing {3N'D2N
My watch needed to be repaired. cRX~z
L[5=h
④、表示人的情感的动词 O;7)Hjw t
move, annoy, surprise, please等 e#/E~r&
1-.~7yC
He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 29XL$v],
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 wP"dZagpj
"UwH\T4I
主动和被动技巧总结: E^U0f/5
m
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 g/13~UM\
(k np#
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the `K,1K
A )
}9rwZ
United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ?W
E
B =)|-?\[w
power structures, and flood-control works along wgd /(8d
C MQin"\
the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. eW|^tH
D Z4IgBn(Z_}
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 %,ngRYxT#
[
Bl c^C{f
四、非谓语动词 svXR<7)#
RoAlf+&Qb
(一) 分词 )&
u5IA(
现在分词和过去分词的区别 ~)(\6^&=|
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ``E/m<r:$
Ks}Xgc\
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then KF4PJi;*
A >ooZj9:'
struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. d|4}obCt
B C D 4V~?.
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning ;qBu4'C)T
MX+Z ?
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ;t+ub8
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in E\C9|1)
A B [k-+AA>:
the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. >|;aIa@9
C D |<O9Sb_
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living ;V<fB/S.=+
-ig6w.%lk
g(4xC7xK6
一些动词后面必须用doing H@l}WihW
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 B,{K*-7)MX
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, M}!2H*
advocate, suggest y{N-+10z
delay, quit 6&/T@LQYrh
forgive(原谅),tolerate, -{ZWo:,r~q
avoid, escape(逃避) QV\eMuNy
spend+名词+doing; v,ju!I0.
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing ,{c?ym w?
Phke`3tth
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their #t+d iR
A B C D L`24?Y{
crops. ? YG)I;(
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 C9t4#"
h2D>;k
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, k5T,990
A B `*shF9.\C
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. $ ,
u+4h
C D #{\%rWnCm
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing VX1-JxY
L+i(TM=
(二) 不定式 j*vYBGD
A. 动词不定式的省略 -(=eM3o-9m
①、help后面可以省略to yYfsy?3
help do z5YWt*nm
help sb. to do <.? jc%
>m$ 1+30X
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid ZEx}$<)_
A B 0i
k7v<:
the habits that might shorten the lives. |/)${*a4n
C D tw9f%p
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 T]c%!&^_
b"{'T]"*j
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 k-^mIJo}
make, #%h-[/
let, 1waTTT?"Ho
have sb. do sth W@I|Q -
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. z.;ez}6%V
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians #iHs*
/85
A B Fkd+pS\9g~
to know when to play various parts of a composition. ^0\
C D @/ohg0
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know }*S `qW;B
#6HA\dE
③、感官动词 NdD`Hn-
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe oV|4V:G q
see sb do sth. 强调过程 \=ux atw
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 CU@Rob} s
67G?K;)e
b((M)Gz
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 @v)p<r^M">
(1)表示第一人 7>))D'l57
the first woman to do sth. O
@j} K4
xg;+<iW
(2)表示迫使的动词 lJ}_G>GJ
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do xRzFlay8
Tz8PS k1[
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis #mCL) [
A B 1AM!8VR2
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. UU;(rS/
C D mpU$+
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 _u5#v0Y
>_-s8t=|
^6MU
0Q2
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 G\Cp7:j}
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 t\~P:"
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ~=6xyc/c
be lieable to do 易于…的 aW)-?(6>
be apt to do \IV1j)I"u
jjw`Dto&
(4)表示目的的名词, ]
6(N@RC
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 Wz49i9e+d
固定的句式:
-:Da&V
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. -Ta9 pxZk
the objective 目标 G'Q-An%z
aim *'.|9W
goal xW)2<m6C&
reason理由 _~IR6dKE
function功能 ~:kZgUP_f
intension意图 %GjM(;Tk
z&#SPH*
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing W>Y@^U&x`
A c}Ft^Il
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. LSa,1{
B C D jSh5!6O
分析:the function to provide, A错 xu/cq9
q>_/u"
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure ck ]Do
!h
A dA@]!
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds PWaw]*dFmy
B 8'r2D+Vwm
that make up various components of a living cell. AF;)#T
<
C D ]
bM)t<
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 6]V4muz#c
\f]k CB
(5) 其他同根名词 C]O(T2l{l
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 3c#BKHNC
attempt to do 企图 `YFtL
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响
~bM4[*Q7
ambition, ;,C)!c&
be ambitious to do PlU*X8
effort %q/62f
7?
Eza`Z`
^el
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation '-r).Xk
A B N|8P
)
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. K,Ef9c/+K
C D I?h)OvWd
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 6_J$UBT
8UXjm_B^'
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great 3AHlSX
A B ZOft.P O
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. ]mo-rhDsM
C D ]9YJ,d@J
分析:efforts to register, C错 ^`*9QjY
|XT)QK1
R}G4rO-J
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 T_i:}ul
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 AJf4_+H
e
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. D N'3QQn
931bA&SL=/
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 H2&@shOOQJ
I am glad to see you. I(]}XZq
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. f1`gdQ)H
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. :V1W/c
#D
<C )Q
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 *?Lv3}E
It is difficult to decide. $Wjww-mx
'= _/ 1F*q
;'?l$
._
五、句子的结构 8
BY j
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 O}tZ - 'T
RS"H8P4W
(一) 主语的重复 u}>#Eb
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 c]$i\i#
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any k>F'ypm
A B @PN#p"KaT
compromises concerning the establishment of the +1Vjw'P
C D iocI:b<
League of Nations. H9KKed47d/
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 {kp-h2I,
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson
J1/?JfF
8;z6=.4xtg
@En^wN
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are sC27FVwo
A B TK5K_V*7
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. oE<`VY|
C D IN4=YrM^
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ` BDLW%aL
#%`|~%`{:
(二)谓语的重复 1)9sf0LyU
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 2]I4M[|&z
8j Mk
)-
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of P6E3-?4j
A B <!L>Exh&r
one or more sentences related to the same idea. k xP-,MD
C D [!!o-9b
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 `o<'
x.
I
_= +V/=
(三)谓语的缺少 =6woWlf b
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body W^fuScG)c
A B ;ToKJ6hN|*
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. :r%P.60H X
C D Tg!i%v(-t
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 Fp@TCP
e#
T^:UBjK6t{
(四)主句的重复 D-8O+.@
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 Uh7v@YMC
MG[o%I96
ElS 9?Q+
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ]GN7+8l
A B C ld3-C55
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. `jzTmt
D vLR~'"`F
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 @.G[s)x
f>aEkh6u9
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow ;FBUwR}
A B 3BB%Z
6F
sweeps across the face of the Earth. G:<`moKgL
C D hJwC~HG5
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 +6UVn\9Q
/V8}eZ97
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided !6s"]WvF
A B t=_J9|
names for towns, only George Washington QA2borfy
C oo.! .Kv
is remembered in the name of a state. {z(xFrY
D ZQ)>s>-
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 Y]{
>^`G
六、比较级和最高级 |A
cRIq
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 ]4h92\\965
HHq_
P/'
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 (4'$y`Z
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which rFaF
Bd
A <Ard7UT
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. pX&pLaF
B C D BZud)l24
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 IX*idcxR
xEf'Bmebk
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 sXi=70o
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 2
Yp7
A B C D G
16!eDMt
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 /%0<p,T
Bn61AFy`
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere X@k`3X
A B C D mN!lo;m5
is the grizzly bear. HPb]Zj
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 Hir Fl
EI_
TjQvAkT
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 <$ F\Nk|x
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 (FJ9-K0b{n
C?i >.t
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with wk6NG/<
A B +)j1.X
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. VQ0fS!5'
C D NPd%M
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 qf=1?=l291
,Z{d.[$
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 C4hx@abA
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as lW(px^&IN
~v'3"k6
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 vfl5Mx4
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 GrTulN?
the taller boy es>W$QKlo
K]j0_~3s
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 :^Fh!br==
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed zGc:
@z
A B 3/b;7\M
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is WdZ:K,
abundant, and humidity is moderate. E@-KGsdhK
C D 5Q 'i2*j
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they &BtK($
CBDG./
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 @FC"nM
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, FJ %
A B C P%#*-zCCx
the Navajos form largest group. z81esXl
D f)g7
3=
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 H-3Eo#b#
$8
p7 D?Y
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, =7m}yDs6$
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language S a4W`
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the &AlJ "N|
25NTIzI@@
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many R-Z~V
A B C ]$p{I)d&
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. _{Sm k[
D R(-<BtM!-
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 Wd0
[%`dq
%0 #XPc("
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the (YY~{W$w(
例如:my best friends "+zCS|
n39t}`WIl
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial >XOiu#kC
A B C h?-#9<A
and banking center. Hg9CZMko
D tX!nsm1
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ~+<olss_
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 l<Q>N|1#k%
[xh*"wT#g
$5L0.$Tj
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary N$xtHtz8"
A );*YQmdx'
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. 8?*RIA.a
B C D ?<Y+peu
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 84i_k
v|ox!0:#
七、平行结构 @\w,otT
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构
/%A;mlf{
5'w^@Rs5
5j0{p$'9
(一) 对等连接词 SEl#FWR
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 XhdSFxW}
单一式: and, or ,but 8F)G7
H,
相关式: both…and, not … but, ]APvp.Tw:
either …or, neither…nor -[OXSaf6
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as okq[ o90
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, D;Gq)]O
没有so...as... Dml*T(WM>
between…and, 4yaxl\2
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also k>E`s<3
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well,
s7r9,8$
l{ex?
短语式: as well as 2X-l{n;>
rather than (而不是) 91of~ffh
other than (除…之外) 44\>gI<
instead of (代替) `>D9P_Y"jI
ZyR_6n>L$
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 `\<37E\N}
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, ig 0u^BC
A B iA!7E;o
but he is now living in Detroit. gQ~5M
'#
C D rZ
bEvS
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 OMihXt[
J
NC
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics o@lWBfB*%e
A B }8'&r(cN4
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford }tST)=M`
remained active in city and regional planning. &[?CTZ
C D |'HLz=5\
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 S"snB/
(二)平行的内容 &
h$|j
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 }bB`(B,m
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of q]4pEip
A B Jd
3@cLCe-
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, 9x~-*8aw
C D 3$M3Q]z
or yearly periods of light and darkness. H D/5!d
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 XOb}<y)r~
%4>x!{jwV
83]PA<R
第二、名词单复数的平行 ]]iO- }
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ;Fl<v@9
~waNPjPRG
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, Ef7:y|?
A B C
c5i%(!>
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 'Am- vhpm
D SHdL/1~t
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 (wt+`_6
%l9$a`&
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, 2M6dMvS
A B )3E,D~1e%
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. -$4kBYC l+
C D #V 43=
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have LPE)
delf
]
第三、时态的平行 f{Q p
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated K} x/ BhE+
A tE
hr
with the imagist movement , but later develops cx(2jk}6
B $B _Nc*_e
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. O*7i }\{
C D e@
oWwhpE
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 @FX{M..
X8 qIia
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- W);W.:F
spread from its home in Central America and *TnzkNN_,
now grows throughout the tropics. 8M93cyX
(A) to be (B) it /t{=8v~
(C) the (D) its @l
>Xnqx)
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? nPf'ee
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow @36S}5Oa
/2w@K_Px6
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- SfDQ;1?
commercially for their meat and eggs. B)a@fmp"a
(A) raised (B) and are raised _;G=G5r
(C) raised as (D) are raised ~07RFR
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 $c9=mjwH
,>S+-L8
第四、排列位置的平行 "^"'uO$
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. !aeNq82
(A) Not only does rust corrode kH2oK
:lN
(B) Not only rust corrodes hho%~^bn(
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes (6-y+LG
(D) Rust not only corrodes 'z](xG<
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 *H*\gaSh
u_Zm1*'?B
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: uN(b.5y
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 |D(&w+(
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 ^Y<M~K972
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 ^Fvr
f`A'
;_p fwa4
八、词序的颠倒 j`Nh7+qs
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 kYtHX~@
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 gPp(e
j7
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage `{L{wJ:&a
A B L6 kZ2-6
that can be given to any individual in the United States. z.j4tc9F/5
C D >F|qb*Tm7
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 #~*XDWvIS~
|Z!@'YB
V0S6M^\DK
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 K+-z Y[3
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 5Abz5-^KH
A B /khnl9~+
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. >F~ITk5`Oo
C D ]*a@*0=
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 Eq
oASu
_ Q{T ';
9D%qXU
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 L1rAT
)FV6,
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were C~{xL>I
A B C ` %l&zwj>
in what is now the United States. !2#\| NJk
D JR!Q,7S2!N
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 k+f1sV[4}
x<Iy<v7-
所有的系动词分为三大类: 9}.,2JE
第一种:表示保持某种状态, Lb
let
is, remain, keep, stay, L!?v BL
lie, exit(表示位于) `!<x
"xKu
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 KUlB2Fqi
become, turn, grow, {qY3L8b
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) U
7EHBW
.zQ4/
第三种,感官动词 )\RzE[Cb
seem(好像是) -|6V}wHg~
look(看起来好像是) 0&.LBv8
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste ! Zno[R
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 qK{|Q
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe 0W;q!H[G
A B >F,$;y
52
to cause numerous deaths. !}z%#$
C D 7qW.h>%WE
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 37J\i ]
u4go*#
九、词性的混用 [[#xES21F
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 Up_>y>x
;Gjv9:hUn
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 (PRaiE
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; Ti0
(VdY
N;e;4,_ n
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ['/;'NhdlY
A B $ijx#a&O
mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and HR/k{"8W4Q
C , LCH2r
when they are in captivity they breed poorly. $I?=.:<+
D gn-=##fT:i
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ?q+8 /2
~Da
>{zHt
8Uj68Jl?
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 M>`?m
L
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 nEjo,
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds BsoFQw4$9
A B m]+X}|
and keeping the soil in the best condition to T
{5
M1r
C KUl
Zk^a
help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. ` 4s#5g
D Qs#9X=6e@
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 `R4W4h'I
Y{x[N}h
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, |THkS@Br
A ONg<
was concerned with the depicting the experience of \?5[RR
B C FvtM~[Q
urban Black people in the United States.
RU3_Fso
D $=;bccIob
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 W#oEF/G
OI;L9\MJc
<uWJ>sg^6
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 UC?2mdLt^
表示时间有两种可能, 'xu7AKpU)
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 A_X^k|)T
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, uMq\];7I
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 !'6J;Fb#
)nbyV a
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence rsq'6
0
A B NZi'eZ{^`
were made while the American Civil War. Nt,]00
S\w
C D hH|XtQ.n^
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 G%W03c
<iY 9cV|}3
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the [3bwbfHhi
A B C
M\$<g
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 4=#QN
D C9^elcdv
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 N]<~NG:6b
Ov{B-zCA
iR4,$Nn>
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 5Dh&ez`oR'
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 Q=9VuTE
n
B|C-.F
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social 4tN~UMw?
A [$ Xu
work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. I?xhak1)lu
B C D r%?}5"*
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 F\$}8,9
^c:eXoU
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples #xE>]U
A B C %>QSeX
easily under the stress of compression. {N8rZ [Oo
D #on fac- 3
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 ^SES')x
<H(AS'
b9!J}hto,
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 RI].LB
_
FV<^q|K/(]
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine )I1V2k$n
A B Mdq'> <ajL
article that gives personal comments on current events. )}Mt'd
C D Vf* B1Zb
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 Y K 62#
;
$2Tty 7
~8qFM
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, "B{xC}Tw
A fxCPGj
which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. Pxuz {
B C D SOY#, Zu
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 v?iH}7zb%Q
-)c"cgx.
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 eFI9S.6
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; +]2~
@=<@
two hundred diligent students