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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 iXc-_V6  
;SF0}51   
一、主句单一原则 cy)gN g  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 z)'dDM D"  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 R/M:~h~F!  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. gOZ$rv^g  
   (A) They occur where they are *Wv]DV=\  
   (B) Occuring where 4w^B&e%  
   (C) Where they occur :cop0;X:Wm  
   (D) Where do they occur ]`&EB~K&NY  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 n *%<!\gJ  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 b7{)B?n  
.e5GJAW~9  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center GwV2`2  
   (A) Fort Wayne FGBPhH% (8  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne "-kb=fY  
   (C) For wayne is in D{h1"q  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in Rk5 6H  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 &}VGC=F;d  
9]BpP0f\  
4QdY"s( n  
二、谓语动词专一原则 ,:G.V  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 ?UoA'~=  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 zF.rsNY  
M ZZ4  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” S& 8gZ~B  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with  $.(%7[  
   social issues. bqN({p&  
    (A) covers j./3)  
    (B) covers it 1j# ~:=I  
    (C) which covers >5#`j+8=q  
    (D) which it covers AtYe\_9$C  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 [#$-kd ~  
1`r 4  
7gfNe kr~W  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused &OK(6o2m;  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on |8 c3%jve  
   the paper. $SRpFz5y$  
   (A) the impression is f}0(qN/G  
   (B) if the impression is f%` =>l  
   (C) impressions ZK1d3  
   (D) the impression iUFS1SN \  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression >K1)XP  
三、平行结构 @ U' g}K  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 o S0l Tf\  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: fPZt*A__  
A and B, YD H!N l  
A , B, and C iagl^(s  
s]50Y-C  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- 6X~.J4  
   is known as accounting. H<#M)8  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary $wg5q\Rv  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's B>rz<bPT  
     transactions }(A`aB_  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are r/}q=J.  
     summarized ug{@rt/"Z  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an 0uV 3J  
     enterprise z/!LC;(  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 4&X D  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 -} Zck1  
uNCM,J!#~  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed pMB!I9q  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and .7&V@A7  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on ?lq  
   human patients. %]7' 2  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in \c}_!.xj"  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures Ha~F&H|"O  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures g>G+?PY  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull GT.1,E ,Vw  
     fractures -V g(aD  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 3LGX ^J<f  
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四、宾语从句结构 /pY-how%!  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ')N[)&&Q{  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: Hjhgu=  
     state(陈述,表明)+that 'Qdea$o  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that |RjAp.pm  
%xt;&HE  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, 8Q%g<jX*  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite D:] QBA)C  
   units called quanta or photons. ?f}?I`S,  
    (A) energy that mT:NC'b<9  
    (B) that it is energy *+OS;R1<  
    (C) it is energy oyB gF\  
    (D) that energy dGyrzuPJ  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 HQvJ*U4++  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth 1:JwqbZKJ  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is %afN&T  
   placed on them. ,,SV@y;  
   (A) although its crust and mantle qnCjNN  
   (B) its crust and mantle to {d XTj7  
   (C) that its crust and mantle 6P3h955c  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to ,<N{Y[n]e  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 zYrJ Hn#vB  
五、介词+ which结构 Kt](|  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 @DIEENiM  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, eF]8Ar1  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 iciKjXJ :  
ZNne 8  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, P1AC2<H  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 NT0n [o^  
+%v1X&_\  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is 5x%Blkx  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees <}:` Y"  
   for public office. e'>q( B  
    (A) that s;YbZ*oaMe  
    (B)by which -uWV( ,|  
    (C)is that 3:MJKS02OD  
    (D)by those 1cv~_jFh  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 t/Y0e#9,  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 lyX3'0c  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确  *<W8j[?  
xI1{Wo*2C}  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players );':aX j  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called "5Y6.$Cuf!  
   wickers. &:g:7l]g  
   (A) when 6IG?t  
   (B) which {='Bd6_=  
   (C) is when iW^J>aKy  
   (D) in which l@Vv%w9H  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 oDV6[e  
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六、in that结构 ?}Z t&(#  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, =&}_bd/]  
  because of +名词, 8^>c_%e}  
  consequently是副词 )rK2%\Z  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 'ZW(Hjrd  
N! 7}B  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals )pH+ibR  
   ---- it is a liquid. ={ )85N  
   (A) whereas V_gl#e#  
   (B) in that 8x U*j  
   (C) because of P>C'? 'Q7  
   (D) consequently ,r~+ 9i0N  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 +-^>B %/&Z  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 dT|f<E/P  
=0=#M( w  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual "l56?@-x  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. 0 N,<v7PX  
   (A)they @.e X8~3=  
   (B)in they 0SIC=p=J  
   (C)that they vFVUdxPOw  
   (D)in that they Tn}`VW~  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 fwF Je(.  
+ Q-b}  
vA/SrX.  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 i.Rl&t  
] 3{t}qY$A  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ 7ftn gBv?  
   great inspiration for her poems. "6f`hy  
   (A) that she drew ]@&X*~c^Z  
   (B) by drawing her d&#_t@%  
   (C) from which she drew \=ML*Gi*  
   (D) drawn from which <Vhd4c  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 6@N,'a8r  
七、what结构 ,;g%/6X  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: cJ4My#w  
  what=the thing that >. |({;n9  
jx}&%p X  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend C]ss'  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. ,!:c6F+  
   (A) it grows !nBbt?*  
   (B) what grows u[GZ~L  
   (C) does it grow -<g9 ) CV5  
   (D) what does it grow ,>j3zjf^  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 n8,%<!F^  
lJK]S=cd  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle i 8sv,P  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory AwJg/VBo)  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. YgEd%Z%4  
   (A) there Vl5r~+$|  
   (B) where QV[&2&&^<<  
   (C) that 7?fgcb3  
   (D) what : /5+p>Ep}  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 G@s:|oe  
>@N.jw>#T  
e#}t am  
八、同位语结构 WyV4p  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 xM_#FxJb  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) Rxy|Ag/I;V  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing U`*we43  
   and swallowing . g!0 j1  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste &^ERaPynd  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly q~qz^E\T  
   (C) the chief organ of taste "|6(.S+o  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes 6Emn@Mn=  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 (0`rfYv5.R  
9ERdjS  
P#pb48^-  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词  WDNj 7  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) v0'z''KM!  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of r[E#JHw  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of q4:zr   
   Dishonor. K%9!1'  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause T c-fO /0  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson FUI/ A >  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause qPu?rU{2  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. FkMM>X  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 dnANlNMk?  
x>i =  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as 1% @i4  
   hosts to many insect pests. i39_( )X  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than iR4"I7J  
     goldenrods fN`Prs A  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods <{V{ 2V#  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy hzV%QDUpe  
     plants ,[n=PJVw/  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants V2Z^W^  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 ?r0>HvUf!l  
2$Z4 >!  
wh]v{Fi'  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 gZ (\/m8Z  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 $a')i<m^g  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to o`jVd,aj  
   Athens. gA+@p'XnR  
   (A) the distance is M/6q ^*  
   (B) that the distance is Nrp1`qY  
   (C) is that the distance [MM`#!K%  
   (D) the distance %?`$#*f\%  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 ~EhM"go  
ue6&)7:~  
九、比较结构 tw]Q5:6  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 P_c9v/  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less _$qH\>se  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. 2G`tS=Un  
    (A) does K<w$  
    (B) in #ruL+- 8!<  
    (C) it does in [Gb8o'  
    (D) in it does g)~"-uQQ  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 GZqy.AE,  
?,x3*'-(  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. r5aOQ  
    (A) rays more than infrared r(cd?sL96R  
    (B) rays are more infrared than 3N5b3F  
    (C) more than infrared rays G$$y\e$  
    (D) more infrared rays than \B~}s}  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 le J\  
N3g\X  
h#rziZ(  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 P<A_7Ho  
例3:The activities of the international marketing yJAz#~PO/  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. o\;cXu h  
   (A) the domestic marketer has iSg^np  
   (B) the domestic marketer does m3i+b  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer G :JQ_w  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer CDU$Gi  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 {gwJ>]z"e  
0<C]9[l  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing aBonq]W  
   is greater than --. ~SN  *  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined [uD G;We=  
   (B) mining and farming combination :7[20n}w  
   (C) that mining and farming combined 5.3=2/  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming Mo~zq.  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 mW&hUP Rx  
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十、定语从句省略结构 r#X6jU  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 V>V u)7  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture JRYCM}C]  
   and overpower. }@H(z  
   (A) can   _(%;O:i  
   (B) they can Hru~Y}V  
   (C) which can  :qe.*\ c  
   (D) and ; xx u,  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 JK y0 6I  
cy @",z  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can )N'rYS' 9  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the &~{0@ /  
   food they eat. %  db  
    (A) require @h)Z8so  
    (B) requires 6TkV+\  
    (C) requiring c l1>S3  
    (D)to require q'1 86L87  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 - xKa-3  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food >#[,OU}N  
gEISnMH  
 ow2tfylV  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 hA:RVeS{  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of )PCh;P0C  
    A BBDt^$  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around B x-"<^<  
   B          C      D x.kIzI5  
   the world. JDP/vNq  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to hF`Qs  
$iMbtA5a Q  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive RH~I/4e  
          A  B      C w42=tN+ B  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. 8>AST,  
              D ~%?LFR'  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more Lhmb= @  
GZzBATx  
十一、状语从句省略结构 oef]  
Metals expand when they are heated. O#n=mJ  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: :rSCoi>K  
('1]f?:M  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; Nq"J[l*+g  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, cP^c}e*;NS  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 4,.[B7irR  
S<81r2LT  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of a\*_b2 ^n  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand C`["4  
   considerable impact. Xk`'m[  
   (A) apparently mGh8/Xt  
   (B) are apparently >)bn #5  
   (C) apparently their 4u E|$  
   (D) are they apparently \{. c0  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 ~; vt{pk  
P ~h 0Ul  
Q .g44>  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: 0?*":o30  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 2#X>^LH  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) bKQ_{cR  
C:p`  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the G8lTIs4u;  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly nZ4@g@e2  
   white. R'$1,ie  
   (A) when, pure which <;hy-Q()D  
   (B) when, which pure 8gW$\  
   (C) which, pure when %<\tN^rP  
   (D) which, when pure yAQ)/u[|  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, 3w8v.J8q  
H,;9' *84  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 6 - IThC  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing a 1~@m[  
   infrequently Q #p gl  
   (A) Even m0]Lc{  
   (B) It is $u, ~183  
   (C) Even though CJt(c,!z  
   (D) There is BP=<TRp .  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 BrsBB"<o,  
`86})xz{  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 ?-=<7 ~$  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 H'jo 3d~+  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; a>#]d  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 .s>.O6(^%  
)@6iQ  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: ~X,ZZ 9H  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 Z(BZG O<  
  The starring troops have to surrender. .Kssc lSD1  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; dyt.( 2  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 F<(?N!C?@  
PF:'dv  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is %RXFgm!{f  
z}2  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often ^Kn:T` vB  
   called scapegoating. $rH}2  
   (A) Eliminate problems K(Ak+&[  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) KHoDD=O  
   (C) Eliminating problems =5#sB*  
   (D) Problems are eliminated !}L cJ  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 pt~b=+bBm  
D*!9K8<o  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them !p(N DQm  
   from damage due to weather. {Zf 9} !qF  
    (A) Painting K7]QgfpSZ  
    (B) Painted I5w> *F   
    (C) The paint L+NrU+:=C  
    (D) By painting Y$ '6p."=  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 P30|TU+B  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 w>6 cc#>q  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting KNqs= :i  
iU?xw@W R  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to nSB@xP#&  
   conserve water in the winter. y!jq!faqt  
   (A) when losing leaves L'<.#(|  
   (B) leaves are lost qruv^#_l   
   (C) that losing leaves Ae>:i7.V  
   (D) the leaves losing gR@,"6b3  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 6Wc'5t3  
vs(x; zpJ  
十三、make结构 Q i\"b  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) >2dF^cDE-3  
共有三种形式: K)9+3(?  
   make it possible+to do &KVXU0F^z  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 +<w \K*  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) |J^$3RX  
F]6$4o[  
做题技巧: %S]g8O[}nl  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it p _q ]Rt  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it qfsu# R  
fm&pxQjg  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and Wd]MwDcO  
   thus make--details that are otherwise Jj,fdP#\  
   impossible to observe . =w2_1F"  
   (A) it visible ":V,&o9n  
   (B) visibly ,BE4z2a  
   (C) visible $W 0O  
   (D) they are visible J3,m{%EtNM  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 40Hm+Ge  
feG#*m2g  
a/dq+  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large EiCEB;*z|d  
   amount of information on a single map. Ji7<UJ30x  
   (A) possible OS sYmF  
   (B) it possible aKC,{}f$m  
   (C) it is possible l" +q&3Zx  
   (D) that possible 5`p>BJ+n  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 ki' CW4x  
&AP`k  
Q?/qQ}nNw  
十四、the more …the more…结构 _kT{W]   
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: t$g@+1p4  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 6QAhVg: A  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 6|Xe ],u  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 ?@CbaX~+K  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 #Fz/}lO  
k8z1AP  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the .FC|~Z1T<F  
   number of lines of magnetic force. o>\o=%D.a  
   (A) of N5.B"l  
   (B) the ZQ{-6VCjl  
   (C) is the J?C:@Q  
   (D) is of the ZlP+t>  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B oL@K{dk  
G`RQl@W>)(  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the }:57Ym)7w  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  u9fJ :a  
   (A) the stress it is greater  0+e  
   (B) greater is the stress  hLj7i?  
   (C) greater stress is j4I ~  
   (D) the greater the stress d/!\iLF  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 T^vhhfCUr  
b0Dco0U(  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 4w)>}  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 -Aojk8tc  
nW}jTBu_K+  
v3]5`&3~  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified ,  TD%&9$F  
             A     B sC0u4w>Y  
   thus making it possible the gentle I]hjv  
       C            *V4%&&{  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. ;dPaWS1D  
         D U8J9 #+:  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 >]8(3&zd  
UI"UBZZ$  
<bb!BS&w  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more +Gg|BTTL/  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, *5 .wwV  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the :;eQ*{ `\  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.”  %S%I W  
    (A) however kDDC@A $  
    (B) thus 3UaW+@  
    (C) and &bz% @p;  
    (D) moreover G%FZ TA6a  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 tcT =a@  
CgmAxcK  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the g4b#U\D@)/  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. &3Yj2 Fw  
    (A) to save the seeds > mX6;6FF  
    (B) saving the seeds ]"b:IWPeI  
    (C)which saves the seeds tE_n>~Zs  
    (D) the seeds saved [K$5 Rm5  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B [#m k TY  
8T9 s:/%  
h{iuk3G`h6  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 \? )S {  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. s$isDG#Sr  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. " Q?~LB  
+1YEOOfVY  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. I2WP/  
   (A) the tallest O&BvWik  
   (B) the tallest that is zUL,~u  
   (C) which is the tallest Z8ea)_ {#  
   (D) which the tallest is zplv.cf#q  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 W&Fm ;m@M  
v,ZYh w  
7Dbm s(:(  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of ;,[0bmL  
       A  B       C qx5`lm~L  
   domestic animals. AE}cHBwZE  
    D bPxL+ +  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 y|ZL < L  
uKP4ur@1  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 uVn"L:_  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: |ZH(Z}m  
  program, programmed, programmed d#0:U Y%~  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: kP%hgZ  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 (p%| F`  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be a ~v$ bNu  
pr#%VM[':R  
r&E  gP  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona [Jt}^  
   features structures built of red sandstone by skcyLIb  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. N@c G jpQ  
   (A) That the SCcvU4`o  
   (B) In the #h[>RtP:  
   (C) Around the #-'`Yb w  
   (D) The V8M()7uJ  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 f#!+l1GV  
Rs<q ^w]  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called eG,x\  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. [~{F(Le  
   (A) to be made U80=f2  
   (B) making '8;bc@cE  
   (C) made {^dq7!  
   (D) are made jKml:)k  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 Fe0M2%e;|  
J 8%gC  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given C1D:Xi-  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of w.x&3aG  
   human beings. <,)R`90_X6  
   (A) without zTa5 N  
   (B) lack zQyI4RHG[  
   (C) minus Vg NB^w  
   (D) not having ?/o 8f7Z  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 ^{uHph9ny  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 "TA0--6  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 'f6H#V*C  
SZKYq8ZA)V  
'f<N7%eZ  
十八、逻辑主语结构 VM%g QOo<  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。  T01Iu  
Y1h)aQ5{  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. ,>-jZtm  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members aZb\uMePK  
    of the committee \\R}3 >Wc  
   (B) the committee members discussed the inaO{ny y  
    problem KUJLx  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee b$b;^nly  
    members the problem x@OBGKV  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by G!Brt&_'  
    the members of the committee N-K/jY  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B r]!#v{#.  
p-i Fe\+  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until )g'J'_Sl  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. !i t orSl  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch 6Hnez@d  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn W_}j~[&  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch K%dQ; C*?  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn %'1iT!g8  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 jc"sPrv5  
uP* kvi:e  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her ;0Z-  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her nz3*s#k\-  
   first article in print. &#e;`(*  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane =_`q;Tu=  
    Hawes had V| V 9.  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane qGA|.I9,  
    Hawe's first C7dq=(p&  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first ,cNe-KJk  
    teaching position ?xqS#^Z  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching Da 7(jA+  
    position 9jje Zc'  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 )vO"S  
> '=QBW  
例4: Even at low levels, --. c[ZrQJ  
   (A) the nervous system has produced <q=Zg7zB  
     detrimental effects by lead [QxP9EC  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the W!<7OA g$  
    nervous system  [p6:uNo  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the >>T7;[h  
    nervous system S%MDQTM  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on u~OlJ1V  
    the nervous system _]*YSeh=  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 ;\w3IAa|V  
bRu 9*4t  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking 1*p6UR&  
            A   B     C eOb--@~8  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. 9KX% O-'  
       D UdrgUqq)  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 A@>/PB6n  
t|'%0 W  
b\JU%89  
十九、复合宾语结构 ZY,$oFdsi  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 G%HG6  
We played soccer. f#&z m} t  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 U3_O}X+  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 GcN}I=4|  
oo;<I_#07  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 '1DY5`i{  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, 3!F^ vZ.  
例:We appoint him monitor. / TsXm-g#  
  We elected him president. eV! (a8  
Eb~vNdPo  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck #W8F_ /!n|  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not e 1XKlgl  
   consider them --because they are now primarily 9nVb$pfe#  
   kept as pets. ;76+J)  
   (A) where sporting dogs 3r#['UmT  
   (B) sporting dogs 7WH'GoBh  
   (C) when sporting dogs oUsfO-dET^  
   (D) they are sportingdogs 8y5"X"U  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 Sr Nc  
rb@[ Edj  
二十、It结构 JtY$AP$  
一、强调句型 l8(9?!C  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 *=B<S/0  
uQbag]& j  
这个句型需要注意几点: _,0.h*c  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; Ga9iPv  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; H0tu3Pqk  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略  4 y}z+4  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: ?glx8@  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. #t Uhul/O  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. q]f7D\ M  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. indbg d  
e`][zx  
二、形式主语 D@ sMCR  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 o$->| k  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 4MDVR/Z7  
?nu<)~r53  
COW lsca  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than :#sBNy  
    A               B VIGLl'8p  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are . P 44t  
                  C bg9_$laDi  
   the main focus of social psychology. K4NzI9@  
           D  `m_f i  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is n|=yw6aV'  
s#0m  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of {X pjm6a7  
   educational films. {az LtTh  
   (A) It is  WV|9d}5  
   (B) There is  W^:g_  
   (C) Though there is b1e)w?n  
   (D) Although it is )d {8Cu6  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 | ~D~#Nz  
kc2E4i   
7V\M)r{q7  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 lQ.3_{"s  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, # zd}xla0]  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 q*J-ii  
!Nhq)i  
in which+完整的句子 !.{{QwZ  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 ?=Z0N&}[  
@(tiPV  
名词+of which+谓语动词 MES|iB  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 '-X913eG!  
BA0.B0 +"  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of {[B`q  
   which are accented. Sh5SOYLz  
   (A) line consists of each 6sRKbp|r7  
   (B) consists of each line ? #;z B  
   (C) each line consists =gr3a,2  
   (D) it consists of each line QVrMrm+vRv  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 ut^^,w{o>  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 80ms7 B  
Q|}Pc>ae  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a lFL iW  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. XmoS$ /#"  
   (A) traps   A,qWg0A]nt  
   (B) trap its  wMB<^zZmv  
   (C) which traps &Qdd\h#  
   (D) which it traps L~jKx)S%  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 DNaU mz  
)#dP:  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists 29#;;n}p  
  have paid little attention to cultural ,Mwj`fgh  
   A             8Mq] V v  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of a[GlqaQy+-  
         B      C #9Z*.  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. T(^<sjOs  
           D <c6C+OWT,  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 ET`;Tfq M  
Rd5r~iT  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin HzT"{N9  
   became interested in the art movement Cj}1 )qWq  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, Ng,#d`Br  
   both --her novels and short stories. W&6P%0G/  
   (A) in which the influence _~DFZt@T  
   (B) of which influenced M#d_kDMw  
   (C) to have influence =1%3". "n@  
   (D) its influence in '@Y@H,  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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