填空题常考结构 iXc-_V6
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一、主句单一原则 cy)gN
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任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 z)'dDM D"
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 R/M:~h~F!
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. gOZ$rv^g
(A) They occur where they are *Wv]DV=\
(B) Occuring where 4w^B&e%
(C) Where they occur :cop0;X:Wm
(D) Where do they occur ]`&EB~K&NY
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 n*%<!\gJ
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 b7{)B?n
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center GwV2`2
(A) Fort Wayne FGBPhH% (8
(B) Although Fort Wayne "-kb=fY
(C) For wayne is in D{h1"q
(D) Fort Wayne, in Rk5
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分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 &}VGC=F;d
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二、谓语动词专一原则 ,:G.V
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 ?UoA'~=
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 zF.rsNY
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” S&8gZ~B
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with
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social issues. bqN({p&
(A) covers j./3 )
(B) covers it 1j# ~:=I
(C) which covers >5#`j+8=q
(D) which it covers AtYe\_9$C
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 [#$ -kd
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused &OK(6o2m;
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on |8c3%jve
the paper. $SRpFz5y$
(A) the impression is f}0(qN/G
(B) if the impression is f%` =>l
(C) impressions
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(D) the impression iUFS1SN \
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression >K1)XP
三、平行结构 @
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技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 o
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填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: fPZt*A__
A and B, YD
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A , B, and C iagl^(s
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- 6X~.J4
is known as accounting. H<#M)8
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary $wg5q\Rv
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's B>rz<bPT
transactions }(A`aB_
(C) transactions of an enterprise are r/}q=J.
summarized ug{@rt/"Z
(D) summarizing the transactions of an 0uV
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enterprise z/!LC;(
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 4&X
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四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 -}Zck1
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed pMB!I9q
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and .7&V@A7
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on ?lq
human patients. %]7'
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(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in \c}_!.xj"
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures Ha~F&H|"O
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures g>G+?PY
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull GT.1,E,Vw
fractures -Vg(aD
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 3LGX ^J<f
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四、宾语从句结构 /pY-how%!
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ')N[)&&Q{
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: Hjhgu=
state(陈述,表明)+that 'Qdea$o
indicate(指明,表明)+that |RjAp.pm
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, 8Q%g<jX*
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite D:] QBA)C
units called quanta or photons. ?f}?I`S,
(A) energy that mT:NC'b<9
(B) that it is energy *+OS;R1<
(C) it is energy oyB
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(D) that energy dGyrzuPJ
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 HQvJ*U4++
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth 1:JwqbZKJ
indicate--yield when unusual weight is %afN&T
placed on them. ,,SV@y;
(A) although its crust and mantle
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(B) its crust and mantle to {dXTj 7
(C) that its crust and mantle 6P3h955c
(D) for its crust and mantle to ,<N{Y[n]e
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 zYrJHn#vB
五、介词+ which结构 Kt](|
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。
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“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, eF]8Ar1
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 iciKjXJ:
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, P1AC2<H
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 NT0n[o^
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is 5x%Blkx
a method ---- voters select the nominees <}:` Y"
for public office. e'>q( B
(A) that s;YbZ*oaMe
(B)by which -uWV(
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(C)is that 3:MJKS02OD
(D)by those
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分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 t/Y0e#9,
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 lyX3'0c
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 *<W8j[?
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players );':aXj
hit wooden balls through wire arches called "5Y6.$Cuf!
wickers. &:g:7l]g
(A) when 6IG?t
(B) which {='Bd6_=
(C) is when iW^J>aKy
(D) in which l@Vv%w9H
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 oD V6[e
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六、in that结构 ?}Z
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在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, =&} _bd/]
because of +名词, 8^>c_%e}
consequently是副词 )rK2%\Z
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 'ZW(Hjrd
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals )pH+ibR
---- it is a liquid. ={)85N
(A) whereas V_gl#e#
(B) in that 8x
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(C) because of P>C'?'Q7
(D) consequently ,r~+
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分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 +-^>B
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根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 dT|f<E/P
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual "l56?@- x
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. 0N,<v7PX
(A)they @.e X8~3=
(B)in they 0SIC=p=J
(C)that they vFVUdxPOw
(D)in that they Tn}`VW~
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 fwF
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 i.Rl&t
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ 7ftn
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great inspiration for her poems. "6f`hy
(A) that she drew ]@&X*~c^Z
(B) by drawing her d &#_t@%
(C) from which she drew \=ML*Gi*
(D) drawn from which <Vhd4c
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 6@N,'a8r
七、what结构 ,;g%/6X
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: cJ4My#w
what=the thing that >. |({;n9
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend C]ss'
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. ,!:c6F+
(A) it grows !nBbt?*
(B) what grows u[GZ~L
(C) does it grow -<g9) CV5
(D) what does it grow ,>j3zjf^
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 n8,%<!F^
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle i 8sv,P
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory AwJg/VBo)
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. YgEd%Z%4
(A) there Vl5r~+$|
(B) where QV[&2&&^<<
(C) that 7?fgcb3
(D) what : /5+p>Ep}
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 G@s:|oe
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八、同位语结构 WyV4p
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 xM_#FxJb
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) Rxy|Ag/I;V
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing U`*we43
and swallowing . g!0
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(A) is the chief organ of taste &^ERaPynd
(B) tasting the organ chiefly q~qz^E\T
(C) the chief organ of taste "|6(.S+o
(D) the organ chiefly tastes 6Emn@Mn=
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 (0`rfYv5.R
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词
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___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) v0'z''KM!
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of r[E #JHw
Native Americans in her novel, Century of q4:zr
Dishonor. K%9!1'
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause T c-fO
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(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson FUI/ A>
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause qPu?rU{2
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. FkMM>X
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 dnANlNMk?
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as 1%@i4
hosts to many insect pests. i39_( )X
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than iR4"I7J
goldenrods fN`Prs A
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods <{V{
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(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy hzV%QDUpe
plants ,[n=PJVw/
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants V2Z^W^
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 ?r0>HvUf!l
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 gZ(\/m8Z
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 $a')i<m^g
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to o`jV d,aj
Athens. gA+@p'XnR
(A) the distance is M/6q
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(B) that the distance is Nrp1`qY
(C) is that the distance [MM`#!K%
(D) the distance %?`$#*f\%
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 ~EhM"go
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九、比较结构 tw]Q5:6
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 P_c9v/
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less _$qH\>se
snow than --eastern Nebraska. 2G`tS=Un
(A) does K<w$
(B) in #ruL+-8!<
(C) it does in [Gb8o'
(D) in it does g)~"-uQQ
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 GZqy.AE,
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. r5aOQ
(A) rays more than infrared r(cd?sL96R
(B) rays are more infrared than 3N 5b3F
(C) more than infrared rays G$$y\e$
(D) more infrared rays than \B~}s }
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 leJ\
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 P<A_7Ho
例3:The activities of the international marketing yJAz#~PO/
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. o\;cXuh
(A) the domestic marketer has
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(B) the domestic marketer does m3i+b
(C) those of the domestic marketer G :JQ_w
(D) that which has the domestic marketer CDU$Gi
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 {gwJ>]z"e
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing aBonq]W
is greater than --. ~SN
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(A) that of its mining and farming combined [uD G;We=
(B) mining and farming combination :7[20n}w
(C) that mining and farming combined 5.3=2/
(D) of its combination mining and farming Mo~zq.
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 mW&hUPRx
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十、定语从句省略结构 r#X6jU
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 V>V
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例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture JRYCM}C]
and overpower. }@H(z
(A) can _(%;O:i
(B) they can Hru~Y}V
(C) which can :qe.*\
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(D) and ;xxu ,
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 JK
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can )N'rYS'9
get all the calcium their bodies----from the &~{0@
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food they eat. %
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(A) require @h)Z8so
(B) requires 6 TkV+\
(C) requiring c
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(D)to require q'1
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分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 - xKa-3
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food >#[,OU} N
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 hA:RVeS{
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of )PCh;P0C
A BBDt^$
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around B
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B C D x.kIzI5
the world. JDP /vNq
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to hF`Qs
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive RH~I/4e
A B C w42=tN+B
than the Sun dies and exploded. 8>AST,
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more Lhmb=
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十一、状语从句省略结构 oef]
Metals expand when they are heated. O#n=mJ
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: :rSCoi>K
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; Nq"J[l*+g
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, cP^c}e*;NS
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 4,.[B7irR
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of a\*_b2 ^n
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand C`["4
considerable impact. Xk`' m[
(A) apparently mGh8/Xt
(B) are apparently >)bn #5
(C) apparently their 4uE|$
(D) are they apparently \{.c0
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 ~;vt{pk
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: 0?*":o30
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 2#X>^LH
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) bKQ_{cR
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the G8lTIs4u;
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly nZ4@g@e2
white. R'$1,ie
(A) when, pure which <;hy-Q()D
(B) when, which pure 8gW$\
(C) which, pure when %<\tN^rP
(D) which, when pure yAQ)/u[|
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, 3w8v.J8q
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 6 -IThC
is highly efficient and needs servicing a 1~@m[
infrequently Q#pgl
(A) Even m0 ]Lc{
(B) It is $u,
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(C) Even though CJt(c,!z
(D) There is BP=<TRp.
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 BrsBB"<o,
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 ?-=<7
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这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 H'jo3d~+
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; a>#]d
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 .s>.O6(^%
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: ~X,ZZ 9H
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 Z(BZGO<
The starring troops have to surrender. .Kssc lSD1
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; dyt.(2
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 F<(?N!C?@
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在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is %RXFgm!{f
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例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often ^Kn:T`
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called scapegoating. $rH}2
(A) Eliminate problems K(Ak+&[
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) KHoDD=O
(C) Eliminating problems =5#sB*
(D) Problems are eliminated
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分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 pt~b=+bBm
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them !p(N
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from damage due to weather. {Zf 9}
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(A) Painting K7]QgfpSZ
(B) Painted I5w>*F
(C) The paint L+NrU+:=C
(D) By painting Y$ '6p."=
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 P30|TU+B
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 w>6cc#>q
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting KNqs=
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to nSB@xP#&
conserve water in the winter. y!jq!faqt
(A) when losing leaves L'<.#(|
(B) leaves are lost qruv^#_l
(C) that losing leaves Ae>:i7.V
(D) the leaves losing gR@,"6b3
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 6Wc'5t3
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十三、make结构 Qi\"b
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) >2dF^cDE-3
共有三种形式: K)9+3(?
make it possible+to do &KVXU0F^z
make it possible+that引导的从句 +<w
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make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) |J^$3RX
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做题技巧: %S]g8O[}nl
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it p
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如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it qfsu# R
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and Wd]MwDcO
thus make--details that are otherwise Jj,fdP#\
impossible to observe . =w2_1F"
(A) it visible ":V,&o9n
(B) visibly ,BE4z2a
(C) visible $W
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(D) they are visible J3,m{%EtNM
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 40Hm+Ge
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large EiCEB;*z|d
amount of information on a single map. Ji7<UJ30x
(A) possible OS sYmF
(B) it possible aKC,{}f$m
(C) it is possible l" +q&3Zx
(D) that possible 5`p>BJ+n
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 ki'
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十四、the more …the more…结构 _kT{W]
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: t$g@+1p4
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 6QAhVg: A
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 6|Xe ],u
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 ?@CbaX~+K
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 #Fz/}lO
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例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the .FC|~Z1T<F
number of lines of magnetic force. o>\o=%D.a
(A) of N5. B"l
(B) the ZQ{-6VCjl
(C) is the J?C:@Q
(D) is of the ZlP+t>
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B oL@K{dk
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the }:57Ym)7w
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.
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(A) the stress it is greater
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(B) greater is the stress
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(C) greater stress is j4I ~
(D) the greater the stress d/!\iLF
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 T^vhhfCUr
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十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 4w)>}
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 -Aojk8tc
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例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , TD%&9$F
A B
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thus making it possible the gentle I]hjv
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renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. ;dPaWS1D
D U8J9 #+:
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 >]8(3&zd
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more +Gg|BTTL/
than sixty-five million items of scientific, *5.wwV
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the :;eQ*{ `\
popular title, “attic of the nation.” %S%I
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(A) however kDDC@A $
(B) thus 3UaW+@
(C) and &bz% @p;
(D) moreover G%FZ
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分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 tcT=a@
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the g4b#U\D@)/
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. &3Yj2Fw
(A) to save the seeds >
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(B) saving the seeds ]"b:IWPeI
(C)which saves the seeds tE_n>~Zs
(D) the seeds saved [K$5Rm5
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B [#m
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 \?
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The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. s$isDG#Sr
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. " Q?~LB
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. I2WP/
(A) the tallest O&BvWik
(B) the tallest that is zUL,~u
(C) which is the tallest Z8ea)_{#
(D) which the tallest is zplv.cf#q
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 W&Fm;m@M
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of ;,[0 bmL
A B C qx5`lm~L
domestic animals. AE}cHBwZE
D bPxL+
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分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 y|ZL
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 uVn"L:_
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: |ZH(Z}m
program, programmed, programmed d#0:U
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因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: kP%hgZ
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 (p%|
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第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be a
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona
[Jt}^
features structures built of red sandstone by skcyLIb
ancestors of the Hopi people. N@c GjpQ
(A) That the SCcvU4`o
(B) In the #h[>RtP:
(C) Around the #-'`Ybw
(D) The V8M()7uJ
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 f#!+l1GV
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例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called eG,x\
lymphocytes and plasma cells. [~{F(Le
(A) to be made U80=f2
(B) making '8;bc@cE
(C) made { ^dq7!
(D) are made jKml:)k
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 Fe0M2%e;|
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given C1D:Xi-
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of w.x&3aG
human beings. <,)R`90_X6
(A) without zTa5N
(B) lack zQyI4RHG[
(C) minus VgNB^w
(D) not having ?/o 8f7Z
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 ^{uHph9ny
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 "TA0--6
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 'f6H#V*C
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十八、逻辑主语结构 VM%g QOo<
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 T01Iu
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例1:Having been served lunch, --. ,>-j Ztm
(A) the problem was discussed by the members aZb\uMePK
of the committee \\R}3 >Wc
(B) the committee members discussed the inaO{ny y
problem KUJ Lx
(C) it was discussed by the committee b$b;^nly
members the problem x@OBGKV
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by G!Brt&_'
the members of the committee N-K/jY
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B r]!#v{#.
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例2:--was not incorporated as a city until )g'J'_Sl
almost two centuries later, in 1834. !i torSl
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch 6Hnez @d
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn W_}j~[&
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch K%dQ;C*?
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn %'1iT!g8
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 jc"sPr v5
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例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her ;0Z-
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her nz3*s#k\-
first article in print.
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(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane =_`q;Tu=
Hawes had V| V9.
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane qGA|.I9,
Hawe's first C7dq=(p&
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first ,cNe-KJk
teaching position ?xqS#^Z
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching Da 7(jA+
position 9 jje
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分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 )vO"S
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例4: Even at low levels, --. c[ZrQJ
(A) the nervous system has produced <q=Zg7zB
detrimental effects by lead
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(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the W!<7OA g $
nervous system [p6:uNo
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the >>T7;[h
nervous system S%MDQTM
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on u~OlJ1V
the nervous system _]*YSeh=
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 ;\w3IAa|V
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例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking 1*p6UR&
A B C eOb--@~8
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. 9KX% O-'
D UdrgUqq)
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 A@>/PB6n
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十九、复合宾语结构 ZY,$oFdsi
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 G%HG6
We played soccer. f#&z