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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 *j><a  
/7|u2!#Ui  
一、主句单一原则 /MsX w/],  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 Lcplc"C  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 `kyr\+hp  
v[CX-CBZ ?  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. ;M8N%  
   (A) They occur where they are sBS\S  
   (B) Occuring where ~6!=_"  
   (C) Where they occur t?28s/?  
   (D) Where do they occur a~OCo  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 Sl^HMO  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 E8jdQS|i  
vkE6e6,Qc  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center ^O#,%>1J  
   (A) Fort Wayne g-oHu8   
   (B) Although Fort Wayne .zlUN0oe  
   (C) For wayne is in "6 dC  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in 0Z2![n  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 [rU8%  
PPDm*,T.  
`iv,aQ '  
二、谓语动词专一原则 $Xk1'AzB8  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 vwZ2kk!|i  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 U;;vNzcn  
0Vh|UJ'&7  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” i4'?/UPc  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with /V46:`V  
   social issues. (J\"\#/d  
    (A) covers 7O;v5k~iQ  
    (B) covers it *<x EM-  
    (C) which covers ]^VC@$\)+  
    (D) which it covers }c| Xr^  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 m-5Dbx!j  
8> T '  
4ZQX YwfC|  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused 7od!:<v/  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on v#(wc +[  
   the paper. Y=x]'3}^  
   (A) the impression is `+\ +  
   (B) if the impression is c3`X19'%fM  
   (C) impressions 4rw<C07Z  
   (D) the impression i 0L)hkV  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression i.)k V B  
三、平行结构 06]J]  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 elJLTG  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: L@ql)Lc);  
A and B, yw{GO([ZQ  
A , B, and C cmZ39pjBJ  
B7fURL Rqr  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- 'eLO#1Ipf  
   is known as accounting. b_|`jHes  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary E/Q[J.$o  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's #:v|/2   
     transactions =CFO]9  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are (VI4kRj  
     summarized }{n[_:[7  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an Pn[-{nz  
     enterprise 2LiJ IO8N  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 q#xoM1  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 $GSn#} yz  
\uc]+nV!o  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed N41)? -7F  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and %|I~8>m  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 0/6f9A  
   human patients. Q=)$  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in S4n\<+dR<  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures z {wJQZ9"  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures k-Hy> 5;  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull -lQ8 &eB  
     fractures Tv_KdOv8  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 XT9]+b8(M  
w<!F& kQB  
四、宾语从句结构  _/;vsQB  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 mXtsP 1  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: p[2`H$A  
     state(陈述,表明)+that y'(( tBWa!  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that pZ,=iqr  
7hQXGY,q  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, v6uR[18  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 1YV ;pEw3w  
   units called quanta or photons. `|)V]<  
    (A) energy that aZn]8jC%  
    (B) that it is energy S~()A*5  
    (C) it is energy io%WV%1_  
    (D) that energy f^Sl(^f  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 \5M1;  
# 2;6!_  
PvF3a `&r  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth $ha,DlN  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is B6ee\ 23  
   placed on them. "'U+T:S  
   (A) although its crust and mantle o|(Ivt7jk  
   (B) its crust and mantle to W5c BT?V  
   (C) that its crust and mantle D=1:-aLP7  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to 7" Qj(N  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 n x4:n@J  
五、介词+ which结构 8! eYax   
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 USd7g Oq(  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, .ni<'  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 gZq _BY_U  
(;VlK#rnC  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, Br4[hUV/  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 f[}(E  
Fz11/sKz  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is q7z`oK5  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees ;n,xu0/  
   for public office. 6|uv+$  
    (A) that moS0y?N  
    (B)by which QL]e<2oPJ  
    (C)is that O h# z zo  
    (D)by those ) _n=it$  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 {ty)2  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 rjK]zD9  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 36e  
xO[V>Ud  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players W{m_yEOf  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called mqtX7rej  
   wickers. JR_%v=n~x  
   (A) when J6 J">  
   (B) which `G0k)eW  
   (C) is when 9;7Gzr6A"  
   (D) in which j*\oK@  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 Nj;5iy  
YdDP;, DA  
六、in that结构 nz|6CP  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, 3n,jrX75u  
  because of +名词, jB<B_"  
  consequently是副词 4VF4 8  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 EXMW,  
QJ&]4*>a  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals x<h|$$4S  
   ---- it is a liquid. tD* k   
   (A) whereas 0K'{w]Q  
   (B) in that <2d)4@B=  
   (C) because of D6~KLSKm  
   (D) consequently denxcDFu/~  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 mPU}]1*p  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 AyWdJ<OU  
6cd!;Ca  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual #|K{txC   
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. el U%Z9  
   (A)they =igTY1|af  
   (B)in they fF(AvMsO  
   (C)that they ~5&B#Sm[G  
   (D)in that they )w~1VcnJEp  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 %%F, G  
/O<~n%< G  
J6[}o4Z  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 T;5VNRgpI  
De>e`./56  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ CuK>1_Dq  
   great inspiration for her poems. ia3Q1 9r  
   (A) that she drew r&Nh>6<&/  
   (B) by drawing her e,{k!BXU#'  
   (C) from which she drew Gk+R, :  
   (D) drawn from which `y61Bz  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 xe^M2$clb\  
七、what结构 XlD=<$Nk7  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: qtdkK LT  
  what=the thing that tvf5b8(Y-  
Vpp$yM&?  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend  5k@T{  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. )5n0P Zi  
   (A) it grows 1) K<x  
   (B) what grows j Jw  
   (C) does it grow y\j[\UZKO  
   (D) what does it grow 9od c :  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 `q\F C[W  
@GD $KR9  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle lAA&#-#YG  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory 5x|$q kI  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. "9d Z z/{  
   (A) there S"@6,  
   (B) where J/D~]U  
   (C) that 43y@9P0  
   (D) what 4OLYB9HP_  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 GFE 3p  
X^dasU{*  
c%O97J.5b  
八、同位语结构 c$)>$&([  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 6T+ym9  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) =w;-4  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing w2V:x[  
   and swallowing . KztQT9kY  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste N-b'O`C  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly ^tSwAanP\  
   (C) the chief organ of taste A@?-"=h}  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes |OAiHSW"V  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 !gV{[j?~zr  
G5OGyQp  
Z_dL@\#|  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 op2Zf?Bx{+  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) 4`9R OC  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of M6 quPj  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of js;YSg{m  
   Dishonor. q&3(yhx  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause zsd<0^ p\{  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson nLwfPj  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause +t*I{X(  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. g,o46`6"  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 i"Hc(lg  
R=48:XG3/K  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as }#M>CNi'PU  
   hosts to many insect pests. +\dKe[j{g  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than yKK9b  
     goldenrods @p/"]zf  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods [e _csQ  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy J(~1mIJjC  
     plants P*}aeu&lnD  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants B]b/(Q+  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 nFI<Te^)  
/B 3\e3  
&Qj1uf92.  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 wL]#]DiE  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 ,afO\oe>MG  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to |=~mRqG  
   Athens. _akjgwu  
   (A) the distance is vr?u=_%Z  
   (B) that the distance is 9&Y|,&W  
   (C) is that the distance $\1M"a}F  
   (D) the distance /CKnXU;  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 S1~K.<B  
r| \""  
九、比较结构 +eKLwM  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 *:un+k  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less UmMu|`  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. -k2|` t _  
    (A) does 7h41E#  
    (B) in Ly2!(,FB.  
    (C) it does in BNb_i H  
    (D) in it does ZWjje6  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 s`[V{1m,  
L*4= b (3  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. g`.H)36  
    (A) rays more than infrared q@VIFmqY!  
    (B) rays are more infrared than saQo]6#  
    (C) more than infrared rays Z0'LD <  
    (D) more infrared rays than ZZ :*c"b:  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 ]-a/)8  
,VUOsNN4\  
[0kZyjCq@  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 SJ;{  Hg  
例3:The activities of the international marketing [ z/G  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. Q.V@Sawe5  
   (A) the domestic marketer has s,/C^E  
   (B) the domestic marketer does ~+Cl9:4T  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer 'iwTvkf{  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer maQxU(  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 n? =O@yq  
R{aqn0M  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing BV/ ^S.~  
   is greater than --. meThjCC  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined e~,+rM  
   (B) mining and farming combination Wap\J7NY  
   (C) that mining and farming combined pRsIi_~&  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming A5%Now;.cf  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 5UK}AkEe&x  
.]<gm9l  
十、定语从句省略结构 j9/iBK\Y  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 h+YPyeAs  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture h{j m  
   and overpower. %Br1b6 V  
   (A) can   Ia{t/IX\[  
   (B) they can L$,Kdpj  
   (C) which can 5;XU6Rz!  
   (D) and K,P`V &m?  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 \t&8J+%  
4Y G\<Zf  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can 9Nz}'a;?>  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the 1n.F`%YG  
   food they eat. 4JH^R^O<n  
    (A) require 9 "M-nH*<  
    (B) requires XN3'k[  
    (C) requiring -xyY6bxL  
    (D)to require i UqD>OV  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 yU~w Zjw  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food Kz]\o"K  
eG.s|0`  
j:^gmZ ;J  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 .^ba*qb`{  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of dtV7YPz4+  
    A ZF<$6"4N  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 7WNUHLEt  
   B          C      D rfh`;G5s  
   the world. =C7<I   
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to }+)q/]%  
|h.@Xy  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive 7eFFKl  
          A  B      C [mG!-.ll  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. |2jA4C2L}  
              D sWVapu p?  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more 9!dG Xq  
[[ll4|  
十一、状语从句省略结构 q5) K  
Metals expand when they are heated. I 6L3M\+-  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: 7oCY@>(f  
X'/'r.b6  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; F&7^M0x\ O  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, c+##!_[9  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 S.pXo'}  
``>z8t[ks  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of 1E0!?kRK  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand }%D${.R]  
   considerable impact. .fS{j$  
   (A) apparently gJ>#HEkMB  
   (B) are apparently f*VXg[&\\F  
   (C) apparently their VLoRS)   
   (D) are they apparently $"MGu^0;1  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 LZQG.  
N:%Nq8I}:  
S>jOVWB  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: Hoi~(Vc.  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; \ rKUPI\  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) TV`sqKW  
9_ ~9?5PU  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the n'%cO]nSx  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly F)@zo/u5L  
   white. tvJl&{-OX  
   (A) when, pure which qLl4t/p  
   (B) when, which pure qxYCT $1  
   (C) which, pure when 12: Q`   
   (D) which, when pure y. (m#&T  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, G&4D0f  
- b`  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 0wAB;|~*62  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing w4zp%`?D'  
   infrequently U!YoZ?  
   (A) Even ?v'CuWS  
   (B) It is ^N`KT   
   (C) Even though n8D'fvY  
   (D) There is xn)F(P 0kv  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 %=V" }P[  
*z_`$Y  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 6j|~oMYP  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 rA @|nL{  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; jaMpi^ C  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 yA7O<p+  
= \K/ulZo  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: G=C2l# Ae!  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 P$3!4D[  
  The starring troops have to surrender. ?zVcP=p@  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; {96NtR0Z  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 7 Rc/<,X  
%O{FZgi%wA  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is C[+?gQJ[9  
&]anRT#  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often L$jii  
   called scapegoating. '8I=Tn  
   (A) Eliminate problems KCqz]  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) w2U]RI\?2  
   (C) Eliminating problems $0]5b{i]  
   (D) Problems are eliminated jASK!3pY  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 m5hu;>gt  
SO~pe$c-  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them % 5BSXAc  
   from damage due to weather. lHu/pSu@k  
    (A) Painting =E~_F>SD  
    (B) Painted U1kW1L}B  
    (C) The paint !'>#!S~h3  
    (D) By painting `"$9L[>  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 Kke _?/fT  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 5+)_d%v=6!  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting u#->?  
fo I:`]2"*  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to g~OG~g@  
   conserve water in the winter. *Ym+xu_5  
   (A) when losing leaves 0s.4]Zg>5  
   (B) leaves are lost ^;Yjs.bI`F  
   (C) that losing leaves AP?m,nd6  
   (D) the leaves losing 6p 14BruV  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 vLCm,Bb2L  
 <*p  
十三、make结构 .O PBET(gv  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) K%/g!t)  
共有三种形式: "(:8 $Fb  
   make it possible+to do JJP!9<  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 2}ywNVS  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) _ ^^5  
2{L[D9c/6  
做题技巧: jgw+c3^R_  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it j*_#{niy:  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it yLt>OA<X  
) KYU[  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and ~@iYP/=/Q  
   thus make--details that are otherwise ?/KkN3Y_j[  
   impossible to observe . ?:RWHe.P  
   (A) it visible T{ /\q 5  
   (B) visibly m] @o1J  
   (C) visible IPnx5#eB  
   (D) they are visible jL~. =QD  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 f<@`{oP@  
&>hln<a>  
4[K6ZDBU  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large NW?h~2  
   amount of information on a single map. P/dT;YhL  
   (A) possible \J{ %xW>  
   (B) it possible F#7A6|  
   (C) it is possible TfFH!1^+  
   (D) that possible qg8T}y>  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 ZRoOdo94  
1;[ZkRbzL  
^g n7DiIPH  
十四、the more …the more…结构 %ZZW p%uf  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: +?bOGUik  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 UmA'aq  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 ITEd[ @^d  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 bA3pDt).p  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 o2NU~Ub  
<*74t%AJ%  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 4krK CD>|G  
   number of lines of magnetic force. _#6ekl|%  
   (A) of Q::6|B,G  
   (B) the Wq]Lb:&{a  
   (C) is the *ZA.O  
   (D) is of the :g=z}7!s  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B xk8P4`;d$  
m>@ *- *8k  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the c_^-`7 g  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  Td>Lp=0rU  
   (A) the stress it is greater t9B]V  
   (B) greater is the stress VXtW{*{"  
   (C) greater stress is <kr%ylhIu  
   (D) the greater the stress {`vv-[j|  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 ^}4=pkJ;s  
wx|eO[14  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 ^s&1,  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 A!Ls<D.  
Rv T>{G~  
5ZkMd !$y  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , E#=slj @  
             A     B ovn)lIs  
   thus making it possible the gentle 3,cZ*4('d  
       C            F(i@Gm=J]  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. L-lDvc?5c  
         D {b^JH2,  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。  OBCRZ   
M#Vl{ b  
N| dwuBW  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more mG!Rh  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, 9oL/oL-J/  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the *LbRLwt  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” _[8BAm  
    (A) however u:Q_XXT5  
    (B) thus z (,%<oX  
    (C) and C~.7m-YW  
    (D) moreover gQJy"f  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 cCd2f>EHw  
Ffn W  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the mJaWzR  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. y5L%_ {n  
    (A) to save the seeds }%B^Vl%ZZ  
    (B) saving the seeds F)mlCGv:R  
    (C)which saves the seeds _ 13M  
    (D) the seeds saved FTx &] QN?  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B jrGVC2*rD  
6>! ;g'k  
v7+f@Z:N*  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 20G..>zW  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. v Dgf}  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. Ij_Y+Mnl4:  
k\UDZ)TQV  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. d^"<Tz!  
   (A) the tallest DGMvYNKTj  
   (B) the tallest that is XOQj?Q7)U  
   (C) which is the tallest / lh3.\|  
   (D) which the tallest is #F\}PCBe'  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 }R#YO$J7  
(B@:0}>  
B[:-SWd  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of  l`x;Og>a  
       A  B       C : [o0Va2 d  
   domestic animals. )v&r^DR_  
    D bKsl'3~ k  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 : E `N0UA  
SV;S`\i  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 @[M5$,"  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: u(B0X=B  
  program, programmed, programmed 9V*h:[6a(  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: HMbF#!E  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 ^v. ~FFK  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be Wu]D pe  
Vt-D8J\A 0  
W)^0~[ `i  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona z-*/jFE  
   features structures built of red sandstone by B`,4M&  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. PzThVeJ+  
   (A) That the 5 3=zHYQ  
   (B) In the 4:A dn?"  
   (C) Around the t(FI Bf3  
   (D) The &UtsI@Mu  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 1Wzm51RU  
a>jiq8d]4  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called QEIu}e6b  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. [5$=G@ zf  
   (A) to be made QGE)Xn#_bN  
   (B) making g7G=g a  
   (C) made "|&xUWJ!)  
   (D) are made )*_4=-8H  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 "I.PV$Rxl  
_<x4/".}B3  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given umV5Y`  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of Tdvw7I-q  
   human beings. NsYeg&>`  
   (A) without \Q[u?/TF  
   (B) lack NQCJ '%L6  
   (C) minus l TOO`g  
   (D) not having %j9'HtjEa  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 xB=~3  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 h\GlyH~  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 u'"VbW3u n  
GY9CU=-  
PfKIaW<  
十八、逻辑主语结构 H%c:f  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 kqJ \kd  
@ %LrpD  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. v{7Jzjd  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members <0!/7*;#ZT  
    of the committee (h;4irfX  
   (B) the committee members discussed the Ik_u34U  
    problem /DPD,bA  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee *^]Hqf(`  
    members the problem 96Kv!  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by XD>(M{~  
    the members of the committee f=%k9Y*)  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B NijvFT$V1  
A1`y_ Aj  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until uZ}=x3B  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. s>8;At-  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch CT1)tRN  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn Ys8p,.OMs  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch #s LyU4QV  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn X"yj sk  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 s&-m!|P  
Sl@$  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her 3\J-=U  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her pa1.+~)  
   first article in print. &g dtI  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane 5$C4Ui{<E'  
    Hawes had 3 K Y-+ k  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane rdK=f<I]  
    Hawe's first laVqI|0q  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first 5&}~W)"9  
    teaching position <w@ziUr  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching ~&bn} M>W  
    position G&i<&.i  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 m0XdIC]s  
k+8K[ ?K-  
例4: Even at low levels, --. &DnX6%2  
   (A) the nervous system has produced mj\]oWS7d  
     detrimental effects by lead _M.7%k/U8  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the |etA2"r&  
    nervous system 6I,^4U  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the tbbZGyg5b  
    nervous system N7/eF9  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on ZaxBr  
    the nervous system \F_~?$  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 >lZ9Y{Y4v  
N_#QS}H  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking ?!PpooYK  
            A   B     C |UA)s3Uhxb  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. ko-:) z  
       D ]xO`c  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 kB41{Y -  
sj@B0R=Qo  
Z_Tu* F  
十九、复合宾语结构 !'E{D`A9  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 aTJs.y -I~  
We played soccer. Knd2s~S  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 (`z`ni  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 }jF67c->  
D;~c`G "f  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 4dfR}C  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, b:OQ/  
例:We appoint him monitor. Yv}V =O%  
  We elected him president. LV$@J  
EfTuHg$pe  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck ]{mz %\  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not HY (|31  
   consider them --because they are now primarily c:%ll&Xtn  
   kept as pets. 8OYw72&  
   (A) where sporting dogs jHP6d =  
   (B) sporting dogs ^ Tr )gik  
   (C) when sporting dogs =Z g%& J  
   (D) they are sportingdogs ^xB=d S~  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 3&'u7e  
{w,g~ew `  
二十、It结构 $)V_oQSqn  
一、强调句型 bZf18lvij:  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 UK{6Rh ;  
nhbCk6Y5LZ  
这个句型需要注意几点: 0N" VOEvG  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; {6V;$KqH6  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; )QeXA )  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 L)0j&  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: tEj-c@`"x-  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. O.ce"5Y^  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. BtPUUy.  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. {C% #r@6  
`7f><p/q  
二、形式主语 dKKh^D`~  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 LF2@qvwD  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 |zJxR_)  
,3m]jp'  
1$Jria5n  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than 3 &aBU [  
    A               B ~v /NG  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are zOkIPv52~  
                  C j@j%)CCM  
   the main focus of social psychology. dBB;dN  
           D d]kP@flOV  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is $?Et sf#*'  
} Fw/WD  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of pPC_ub  
   educational films. "agc*o~!F  
   (A) It is  N 33{vx  
   (B) There is  e)(m0m\  
   (C) Though there is ?8j#gYx2  
   (D) Although it is 500qg({2]  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 3Zr'Mn  
X5(S+;v"^  
l7.W2mg  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 &TpzJcd"  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, bZ/4O*B  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 CL~21aslI  
C< :F<[H  
in which+完整的句子 R) %1GG4  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 Ar+<n 2;[  
_?5$ST@5  
名词+of which+谓语动词 NXwlRMbo  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 Kn#3^>D  
!PaDq+fB  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of p|W <xFk  
   which are accented. >=|;2*9v  
   (A) line consists of each NwK(<dzG  
   (B) consists of each line pB3dx#l  
   (C) each line consists "S">#.L  
   (D) it consists of each line HuX{8nl a  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 bt$+l[U^J  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 rA*"22v=  
 2Z ? N  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a 9$9Pv%F:j  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. I+) Acy;  
   (A) traps   ozs xqN  
   (B) trap its  l_G&#sQ0  
   (C) which traps lC/4CPKtV  
   (D) which it traps q><E?  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 Eua\N<!aai  
zuWfR&U|W  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists FyXz(l:  
  have paid little attention to cultural u 1?1x  
   A             MTKd:.J6  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of Wr\rruH6  
         B      C %"R |tlG  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. EM_`` 0^  
           D D4:c)}  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 BF*]l8p  
1|za>N6[yu  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin &Rgy/1  
   became interested in the art movement B}= WxG|)  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, UB3b  
   both --her novels and short stories. r?e)2l~C8j  
   (A) in which the influence =O qw`jw  
   (B) of which influenced 3>[_2}l  
   (C) to have influence _)q,:g~fu  
   (D) its influence in Pg3O )D9  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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