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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 .j-IX1Sa  
L =8rH5  
一、主句单一原则 -e8}Pm "  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 PK"c4>q  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 3JVK  
NM06QzE  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. B` k\EL'  
   (A) They occur where they are l~ M_S<4n  
   (B) Occuring where f{FDuIl n  
   (C) Where they occur zF`c8Tsx])  
   (D) Where do they occur %wSj%>&-R  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 K=,F#kn  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 w.0qp)}  
}5 (Ho$S(  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center  ?!`=X>5  
   (A) Fort Wayne )'4k|@8|  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne uxzze~_+C  
   (C) For wayne is in 19j+lCSvH  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in YWxc-fPZ  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 G^` 1]?  
~>+]% FPv  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 pb=cBZ$  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 7K5P8N ,  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 r9ww.PpNk#  
%,k] [V  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” ( )3O=!  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with KFFSv{m[  
   social issues. [NTt z <i@  
    (A) covers w18y}mS"H  
    (B) covers it Z>^pCc\lH  
    (C) which covers ti<;7Yb  
    (D) which it covers U8G%YGMG.4  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 ]TyisaT  
^tCd L@$AS  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused dH^<t,v  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on w#g#8o>'  
   the paper. P:N1#|g  
   (A) the impression is xSBc-u#< G  
   (B) if the impression is dF~8XYo  
   (C) impressions HX 6Ma{vBk  
   (D) the impression +r<0zh,n.  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression p+Y>F\r&w  
三、平行结构 j8sH#b7Z  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 P(K>=O  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: hsw9(D>jp  
A and B, gc?#pP  
A , B, and C kn/Ao}J74z  
d%0~c' D8a  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- lbuA E%  
   is known as accounting. E.U_W  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary V3ndV-uQE  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's =2 *rA'im  
     transactions =ID 2  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are T =2=k&|  
     summarized {H{X[p8  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an }`NU@O#  
     enterprise SM^-Z|d?  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。  3S&U!  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 CV{r5Sye  
h/,${,}J  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed `w.AQ?p@  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and AZ{^o4<q  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on I=!rbF;Z  
   human patients. mP(kcMT "  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in /QEiMrz@6  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures oQL59XOT4  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures {vE(l'  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull e hA;i.n  
     fractures wlPx,UqZ  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 A?*o0I  
s-ZI ^I2\  
四、宾语从句结构 NOS>8sy  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ]0r|_)s  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: p)~lL  
     state(陈述,表明)+that 1+7GUSIb  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that u(!&:A9JFd  
]LZ`LL'#Y_  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, v~/~ @jv  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite dr<<!q /  
   units called quanta or photons. O6].*25  
    (A) energy that <A.W 8b7D  
    (B) that it is energy UgN28YrW  
    (C) it is energy 1J? dK|% b  
    (D) that energy _Zc%z@}  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 pZZf[p^s|  
;<Km 3  
|([R'Orm  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth }!TL2e r_  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is *XWq?hi  
   placed on them. H7[6yh  
   (A) although its crust and mantle KL'z XkS  
   (B) its crust and mantle to nmjm<Bu  
   (C) that its crust and mantle dr q hQ  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to Yct5V,X^  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 =xianQ<lK  
五、介词+ which结构 3I 0eW%,  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 k8]O65t|  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, ~svO*o Wa  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 m?[5J)eR  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, XUV!C 7  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 Cz^Q5F`  
:1 )DqoAJ  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is 9TxyZL   
   a method ---- voters select the nominees /\Q*MLwD  
   for public office. ~2_lp^Y  
    (A) that AK u_~bTk  
    (B)by which l|/:Ot  
    (C)is that %"A_!<n@*`  
    (D)by those y~<@x.  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 gd^Js 1Z  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 84&XW  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 >E"9*:.^a  
v vE\  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players 1x >iz `A  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called rlznwfr7+  
   wickers. O %1/ r*  
   (A) when 8TZENRzx-|  
   (B) which nwM)K  
   (C) is when Qu~*46?0  
   (D) in which GH N3PEJ>  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 ;6DnId2Zh  
[>w%CY<Fd  
六、in that结构 r[HT9  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, uMFV% +I  
  because of +名词, {K7YTLWY  
  consequently是副词 V,LVB_6  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 3q &k   
d5U; $q{o  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals  wRVD_?  
   ---- it is a liquid.  ^Omfe  
   (A) whereas +{rJ[J/g  
   (B) in that O{n<WQd{CY  
   (C) because of eoJ]4-WFq  
   (D) consequently If.n(t[M9  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 xv0M  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 6An{3 "  
V.,bwPb{9  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual wD=am  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. ){tPP$-i=  
   (A)they !0dX@V'r  
   (B)in they @+dHF0aXd  
   (C)that they pF='jj51  
   (D)in that they rv?!y8\  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 (9z|a ,  
0P9Wy!f7  
*8206[y  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 1NGyaI  
#PH#2/[  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ NUu;tjt:  
   great inspiration for her poems. :A*0]X;  
   (A) that she drew ,cS0  
   (B) by drawing her O#PwRud$  
   (C) from which she drew R2Yl)2 D  
   (D) drawn from which " GLYyC  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 LJ l1v  
七、what结构 Z~R dFC  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: e/P4mc)  
  what=the thing that )rbc;{.  
CLktNR(45  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend i^/Di Wdyf  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. V7n >,k5  
   (A) it grows <>&89E%j'  
   (B) what grows 1)gv%_  
   (C) does it grow tgfM:kzw  
   (D) what does it grow HIrE v  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 X,&xhSzg?  
{N Y]L==H  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle "& Ff[ O*  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory w@2~`<Hk'"  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. S8vx[<  
   (A) there ,?fN#gc :  
   (B) where FQQ@kP$ .  
   (C) that +RdI;QmM  
   (D) what G tG&yeB  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 z6Fun  
N]V/83_  
B6(h7~0(<  
八、同位语结构 G~O" /WM  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 M,ppCHy/$  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) [Yn; G7cK  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing u1wg C#  
   and swallowing . d RHlx QUn  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste #i@ACAgn;6  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly +tPx0>p;  
   (C) the chief organ of taste dG" K/|  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes 9=H}yiJz  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 'n>EEQyp'  
S_ZLTcq<1  
T4Xtuu1  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 =rtS#u Y  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) /*AJ+K._  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of &zO3qt6  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of Nvi Fq  
   Dishonor. z7| s%&  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause \nrgAC-b  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson f2`P8$U)R  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause R|nEd/' <  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. vYYS .ve  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 F\o;t:  
aytq4Ts  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as R5m`;hF  
   hosts to many insect pests. aJEbAs}  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than 5{ 8x*PSl  
     goldenrods S`ax*`  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods _! CK   
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy }pbBo2  
     plants muL>g_H  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants b`(yu.{Jn  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 `Ev A\f  
Cf.pTYSl  
83{x"G3>  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 dE 3i=  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 +A]&AkTw  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to d9`3EP)n  
   Athens. 8O"x;3I9  
   (A) the distance is %E4$ZPSW  
   (B) that the distance is Ymwx (Pm  
   (C) is that the distance bs<WH`P  
   (D) the distance 7yMieUF  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 o|rGy 5  
XV74F l  
九、比较结构 1?/5A|?V4+  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 kGB#2J  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less b5iIV1g  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. ^BF@j4*~  
    (A) does LV}UBao5n  
    (B) in LU-#=1Q  
    (C) it does in u\Nw:Uu i  
    (D) in it does pl jV|.?  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 *eJhd w*  
zxk??0] /  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. ]>VJ--fH  
    (A) rays more than infrared USnD7I/b  
    (B) rays are more infrared than /tId#/Y  
    (C) more than infrared rays 7|h3.  
    (D) more infrared rays than tF#b&za  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 6T{o3wc;  
buq *abON  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 6k@%+<1  
例3:The activities of the international marketing 9sfB+]}h  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. [B2>*UPl  
   (A) the domestic marketer has )|{1&F1  
   (B) the domestic marketer does *0Wi^f  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer 0%A(dJA6  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer  H3/Y  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 Y1U"HqNl*  
1,%#O;ya  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing aowPji$H  
   is greater than --. PtPGi^  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined H/^TXqQ8  
   (B) mining and farming combination zP{<0o  
   (C) that mining and farming combined Fl#VKU3h  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming !5E%W[  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 lk Sz7dr@  
#T$'.M  
十、定语从句省略结构 -NflaV~  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 >F\rBc&  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture ok\/5oz  
   and overpower. '^-4{Y^2E  
   (A) can   b W C~Hv  
   (B) they can k`2B9,z  
   (C) which can |S>J<]H p  
   (D) and ^7s6J {<  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 BJO~$/R?v  
Z:B Y*#B  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can =:n[{/O=  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the "13 :VTs[5  
   food they eat. YnO1Lf@  
    (A) require Ti@P4:q  
    (B) requires 9tc@   
    (C) requiring sNk>0 X[  
    (D)to require HDW\S#  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 Y%?!AmER  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food qLW-3W;WUH  
T`'3Cp$q  
,f /IG.  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 >g i{x|/  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of i2ml[;*,N  
    A A^Hp#b @  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around %wjU^Urya  
   B          C      D A$"$`)P!  
   the world. *}iT6OJ  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to | C2.Zay  
,tR'0&=  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive X"khuyT_  
          A  B      C k}0  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. l-h7ks Rs  
              D ,cO)Sxj  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more rgZ rE;*;  
?L#SnnE  
十一、状语从句省略结构 XOU-8;d  
Metals expand when they are heated. \7tvNa,C  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: K~ /V  
+U/"F|M  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; 5~R{,]52  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, n_Hn k4  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 .W+4sax:  
Umwg iw  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of oD}FJvV  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand jeBj   
   considerable impact. r`g;k&"a  
   (A) apparently `M<G8ob  
   (B) are apparently *U^I `j[u  
   (C) apparently their .&Gtw _  
   (D) are they apparently :3*oAh8|  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 NGQIoKC  
g(r'Y#U  
u]-El}*[  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: 4_:e+ ql  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; ~4` ec   
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ;S27m]Q?  
 F%$Ws>l  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the iw;Alav"x  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly kRa$jD^?  
   white. 4i&!V9@:  
   (A) when, pure which ct/THq  
   (B) when, which pure "MP{z~M mj  
   (C) which, pure when = |zLr"  
   (D) which, when pure vKLG9ovlY  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, \/%Q P E8  
Ds5&5&af  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine F+^[8zK^  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing '~=xP  
   infrequently |8+rUFkU8  
   (A) Even [beuDZA  
   (B) It is mM~Q!`Nf.  
   (C) Even though IN*Z__l8j`  
   (D) There is &G,v*5N8$K  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 KiHAm|,  
` u)V 9{  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 KA[Su0  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 ]qQB+]WN  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; 9{&x-ugM  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 TQfY%GKg(  
@}}1xP4Sr  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: R|yTUGY  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 c9K\K~bk  
  The starring troops have to surrender. 'a9.JS[pj  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; S+ x [1#r  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 ";%1sK  
{GY$J<5=  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is +<#-52br\  
/;J;,G`?  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often #]a0 51Y  
   called scapegoating. .4-S|]/d,  
   (A) Eliminate problems @ZWKs  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) =!2   
   (C) Eliminating problems _TiF}b!hi  
   (D) Problems are eliminated VzNH%  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 qz):YHxT]n  
/_HL&|N_5  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them f+RDvgkKU  
   from damage due to weather. nfU}ECun4  
    (A) Painting q9>w3 <  
    (B) Painted }r[BME  
    (C) The paint e!y t<[ph  
    (D) By painting Ib C)F> Dq  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 g>{=R|uO5  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 ME"/%59r  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting sP#5l @  
a'r\e2/e?H  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to 1>LquZ+Kj  
   conserve water in the winter. %\u>%s <9  
   (A) when losing leaves ]](hwj  
   (B) leaves are lost )ALcmC?!#  
   (C) that losing leaves 5Dd;?T>  
   (D) the leaves losing a7ty&[\  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 7>TG ]&  
`CBTZG09  
十三、make结构 GOjri  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) d4U_Wu&  
共有三种形式: ZzY6M"eUXD  
   make it possible+to do "lm3o(Dk  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 Y\\&~g42R2  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) )DW;Gc  
k K(,FB  
做题技巧: ! d(,t[cV  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it QCMF_;aNI  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it 6 [IiJhVL  
o_S8fHqjt  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and 6mZFsB  
   thus make--details that are otherwise _nF_Rp S  
   impossible to observe . d+kIof,  
   (A) it visible 8Vp"}(Q  
   (B) visibly 5u8 YHv  
   (C) visible +aMPwTF:3  
   (D) they are visible /h;X1Htx}  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 *ZRQ4i[+  
3>Yec6Hs  
D`+'#%%x  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large %*,'&S  
   amount of information on a single map. r'j*f"uAm  
   (A) possible IP-mo!Y.  
   (B) it possible V\A?1   
   (C) it is possible hTF]-& hZ  
   (D) that possible \JX8`]|&  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 h[Hw9$31  
>-Jutr<I"~  
m}k rG  
十四、the more …the more…结构 1 #_R`(C{  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: #P1k5!u  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 SH"O<c Dp  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 kZeb^Q+,  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行  'y1=Z  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 )g)X~]*  
!pgkUzMW  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the i0hF9 M  
   number of lines of magnetic force. hl8[A-d(R  
   (A) of 2\_}81 hM  
   (B) the Y2}\~I0  
   (C) is the  ,_HVPE  
   (D) is of the |GLa `2q|  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B oQAD 3a  
=98@MX%P  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the ki39$A'8  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  jCkYzQUPz  
   (A) the stress it is greater 4@- 'p  
   (B) greater is the stress WZ> }  
   (C) greater stress is p@0Va  
   (D) the greater the stress [_q3 02  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 R1)v;^B|)  
+G)L8{F Y(  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 (Rj'd>%c  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 P :zZ  
A%(t'z  
Xy0*1$IS]  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , _P,3~ ;  
             A     B oK\{#<gCZ  
   thus making it possible the gentle t*KgCk1  
       C            a*/%EP3  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. @M=xdZNyJ  
         D R<]f[  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 .d/e?H:  
20h+^R3{Z  
JlaT -j  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more xQ~}9Kt\  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, 1!/WC.0  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the : ZehBu  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” |&wwH&<[z  
    (A) however tg5G`P5PJ  
    (B) thus s&.VU|=VQ@  
    (C) and *UxN~?N|  
    (D) moreover ,.6)y1!  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 <gfkbDP2  
V\|V1c  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the  {@E(p4W  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. 0[L)`7  
    (A) to save the seeds RZ +SOZs7H  
    (B) saving the seeds HnlCEW,^o  
    (C)which saves the seeds u"hv _ml  
    (D) the seeds saved 7gxC xfL$  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B xZ84q'i"  
Ng,< 4;  
K (px-jY  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 6v1F. u  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. rP %B#%;S"  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. (,P6cWt}"  
zqJ0pDS  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds.  X<p'&  
   (A) the tallest 1^v? Ly8  
   (B) the tallest that is 9jkaEn>m^  
   (C) which is the tallest :@oy5zib  
   (D) which the tallest is + $Yld{i  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 A(2!.Y 2?*  
zt3y5'Nk  
rfH'&k  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of 5`t MHgQO  
       A  B       C ;)7GdR^K  
   domestic animals. %pd-{KR  
    D 2N /4.  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 {];8jdg/?  
N3U.62  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 Tm) (?y  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: a} p}G\b|  
  program, programmed, programmed S9VD/  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: ^hyY,X  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 K3I|d;Y~X!  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be l =`?Im  
c7~>uNgJ  
3@*orm>em  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona OF_g0Zu  
   features structures built of red sandstone by  G9qN1q~  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. +BaZl<ZP1s  
   (A) That the Lbwc2Q,.-  
   (B) In the <RaUs2Q3.  
   (C) Around the E(p*B8d  
   (D) The yd+.hg&J  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 Bkaupvv9S  
XUK!1}  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called A^3M~  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. Ng 3r`S"_<  
   (A) to be made e Y'< UO  
   (B) making @SX- =Nr  
   (C) made E/5/5'gBJO  
   (D) are made )Bo]+\2  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 @;1Ym\zc  
 1Ht&;V  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given H7Y :l0b  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of 2zN"*Wkn  
   human beings. X1Vj"4'wT  
   (A) without Mq,2S  
   (B) lack JK=0juv<E  
   (C) minus o >Faq+@  
   (D) not having "x~su?KiA  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 P g.j]  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 FzM<0FJRX  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 :SJxG&Pm=~  
NO'37d  
5u=$m^@{  
十八、逻辑主语结构 BH3%dh :9  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 i8Xz'Sw07  
6*r#m%|   
例1:Having been served lunch, --. fMl uVND  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members )1iqM]~;B  
    of the committee JZ >E<U9&  
   (B) the committee members discussed the ~`Rb"Zn  
    problem %k =c9ll@:  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee hj+iB,8  
    members the problem oUNuM%g9Dy  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by Wz&[ cj  
    the members of the committee /^rJ`M[;  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B O]VHX![Y$  
peD7X:K\s  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until N;mJHr3[F  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. }-N4D"d4o  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch \ Dccf_(Pb  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn %n)H(QPW  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch kK%@cIXS3  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn WWgJ !Uz  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 %}[/lIxaE  
8{DW$Z tR  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her ^`+Kjhht  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her 32z2c:G  
   first article in print. 0u?Vn N<  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane Wf{&D>  
    Hawes had vB Vg/  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane ',m!L@7M5  
    Hawe's first RXw }Tb/D8  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first fM!@cph(8  
    teaching position ,u S)N6'b6  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching OfPv'rW{x  
    position * 3#RS  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 PX >>h}%  
99*QfC  
例4: Even at low levels, --. 3eN(Sw@p  
   (A) the nervous system has produced *hli nQKs  
     detrimental effects by lead XM~eocn  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the r1a/'+   
    nervous system ![ @i+hl  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the b&P2VqYgl  
    nervous system NszqI  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on m+3]RIr&A  
    the nervous system $g  '4'  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 O2S{*D={  
xG:7AGZ$[  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking g?{7DI`  
            A   B     C qJK-HF:#  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. j$Vtd &  
       D Y@MFH>*  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 cv9-ZOxJ  
kk ZMoK  
x }i'2   
十九、复合宾语结构 pykRi#[UrX  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 Z&5cJk W  
We played soccer. 9&Ny;oy#6  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 @] 3`S  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 [='<K  
}u .1$Y  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 %:Y'+!bX  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, #Kt5+"+7  
例:We appoint him monitor. $O,IXA  
  We elected him president. N[wyi&m4  
jN{+$ @cI  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck 28O3N;a  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not 6&L8 {P  
   consider them --because they are now primarily 85#+_}#  
   kept as pets. g>H\"cUv  
   (A) where sporting dogs Kbcr-89Gv~  
   (B) sporting dogs vf?m-wh  
   (C) when sporting dogs -bp7X{&  
   (D) they are sportingdogs J#Agk^Y 5  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 nACKSsWqI  
`:5W1D(  
二十、It结构 ]-g4C t_V  
一、强调句型 Df0m  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 PZhpp"  
fe7DS)U  
这个句型需要注意几点: Uc5BNk7<=  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; $GX9-^og=T  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; 2IFEl-IB[  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 RhI>Ak;-  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: C%;J9(r  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. Fes /8*-  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. A IsXu"  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. |v= */e  
!T1)tGrH  
二、形式主语 ~19&s~  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 @ \JoICz  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 6"_ytqw7  
XV:icY  
yn KgNi  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than o7t#yw3  
    A               B j$}W%ibj  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are c~{)vL0K  
                  C .eG_>2'1  
   the main focus of social psychology. ^fT?(y_= e  
           D 'A#F< x  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is F!~oJ  
W5zlU2  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of ^HI}bS1+|  
   educational films. i")ucrf  
   (A) It is  $+p4X# _  
   (B) There is  SZm&2~|J  
   (C) Though there is O`Ge|4  
   (D) Although it is U+'h~P'4  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 ~t.M!vk  
yfCdK-9+B  
~91) DNaE  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 $(ei<cAV  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, PxiJ R[a  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 eBxOa  
"I)`g y&  
in which+完整的句子 =r1 @?x  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 CiTjRJ-ZW)  
]Z#=w  
名词+of which+谓语动词 9#ZR0t.cY  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 PcQqdU^!  
L>1i~c&V  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of ?Z[`sm  
   which are accented. ew{(@p+$  
   (A) line consists of each j1U,X  
   (B) consists of each line Qfd4")zhG  
   (C) each line consists uf<nVdC.  
   (D) it consists of each line y?*4SLy  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 }[m,HA<j  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 U5x&? n<  
zs@xw@  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a "g>, X[g  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. RNB ha&  
   (A) traps   Uc<j{U ,  
   (B) trap its  POtwT">z  
   (C) which traps 8C(@a[ V  
   (D) which it traps n~|sMpd,M1  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 U#=5HzE  
-AcVVK&  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists u >W:SM  
  have paid little attention to cultural zv}3Sl@  
   A             4itadQS  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of mxQPOu  
         B      C Gl@}b\TB  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. LWp#i8,  
           D z1R_a= 7  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 ?ot7_vl  
RAps`)OR?  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin [9U: :  
   became interested in the art movement {i09e1  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, K[~fpQGbV1  
   both --her novels and short stories. { *&Wc Os  
   (A) in which the influence ?\7$63gBH  
   (B) of which influenced )J<VDO:_YA  
   (C) to have influence lI"~ *"c`  
   (D) its influence in ?wpS  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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