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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 W^(zP/  
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一、主句单一原则 3]Z1kB  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 Ltlp9 S  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 })g<I+]Hf9  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. > I2rj2M#  
   (A) They occur where they are <r%K i`u(p  
   (B) Occuring where '-iE bE  
   (C) Where they occur ClG%zE&i  
   (D) Where do they occur !3Q0Ahf  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 .<x6U*)\O  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 S?J!.(  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center !fh (k  
   (A) Fort Wayne OO:S2-]Y>e  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne f|[7LIdh-  
   (C) For wayne is in K-qWT7<  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in %( CC  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 Jo?LPR \6  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 rQ*+ <`R}  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 fS o8O  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 V!}I$JiJ  
bnxp[Qk|5  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” !:{Qbv&T  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with <)qa{,GX\  
   social issues. 7 N}@zPAZ  
    (A) covers ]U?nYppV  
    (B) covers it g2OnLEF]s  
    (C) which covers Xdvd\H=  
    (D) which it covers B'Yx/c&n  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 L]Tj]u)  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused -l[H]BAMXy  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on fB2ILRc  
   the paper.  \XDiw~0  
   (A) the impression is r=j?0k '}]  
   (B) if the impression is Yy~x`P'g!  
   (C) impressions u`ir(JIj]  
   (D) the impression r O87V!Cj  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression }Qo]~/  
三、平行结构 *|&Y ,H?  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 Fe8X@63  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是:  ^B"LT>.[  
A and B, !t%1G.  
A , B, and C 5BrN uR$  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- >~g-  
   is known as accounting. C  eEhe  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary XX=OyDLqP  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's &XNt/bK -?  
     transactions 6 ;'s 9s"  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are 'IU3Xu[-.  
     summarized :E W1I>}_  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an % J\G[dl  
     enterprise UVDMYA0  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 gY+d[3N  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 kTjn%Sn,  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed h<L_ =)lH  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and ybpOk  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on _J*l,] }S  
   human patients. 0 Rb3| te  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in C LND[gc  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures 7<LuL  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures uV|F 3'jT  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull x~k3kj  
     fractures JbEEI(Q>g  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 L1_O!EQ  
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四、宾语从句结构 9z?c0W5x  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 z<Z0/a2'1  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: |keU+De  
     state(陈述,表明)+that '7' 73  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that 8K^#$,.."  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, Y"ta`+ VJ  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite `D3q!e  
   units called quanta or photons. {pQ8/Af!  
    (A) energy that UV|{za$&/  
    (B) that it is energy I3Co   
    (C) it is energy ipG 0ie+  
    (D) that energy ^?|4<Rm  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 ka=A:biz  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth wBlE!Pm  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is ZT"vVX- )G  
   placed on them. g[y&GCKY!=  
   (A) although its crust and mantle @@a#DjE%/  
   (B) its crust and mantle to ~Y0K Wx4  
   (C) that its crust and mantle  "X=^MGV  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to <bn|ni|c"  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 J*ofa>  
五、介词+ which结构 Tq^B>{S "  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 {OQ)Np!  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, N f?\O@  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 { zL4dJw  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, ^tyqc8&  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 ! qtj1.w  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is e2xKo1?I  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees ~ hP]<$v  
   for public office. daB 5E<?  
    (A) that 1@-l@ P  
    (B)by which rIyIZWkI  
    (C)is that K-(C5 "j_  
    (D)by those eHHU2^I,  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 AgDXpa q  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 (e 2.Ru  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 uYE"O UNWL  
GB*^?Ii  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players :p1_ij]ND  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called 98|1K>C  
   wickers. ip|l3m$Mi  
   (A) when HT_nxe`E  
   (B) which +nYF9z2  
   (C) is when KrTlzbw&p\  
   (D) in which $-]9/Ct  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 8P%Jky&(  
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六、in that结构 ;MO,HdP;  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, |UQGZ  
  because of +名词, J32"Ytdo<  
  consequently是副词 6(B[(Af  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 7$kTeKiP  
tY`%vI [  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals YB9)v5Nz(  
   ---- it is a liquid. tRR<4}4R  
   (A) whereas iT~ gt/K  
   (B) in that _y9NDLRs8  
   (C) because of hIo ^/_K  
   (D) consequently )5<c8lzp  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 ZY)&Fam}  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 Ye\ &_w"  
JF9r[%  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual Z"9D1Uk  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. j[$+hh3:  
   (A)they q:P44`Aq  
   (B)in they E#yG}UWe  
   (C)that they AgJPtzs  
   (D)in that they MJcWX|(y  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 _^NL{R/  
6 $5SS #  
Y-P?t+l  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 4^K<RSYs  
. L]!*  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ #D Oui]  
   great inspiration for her poems. %H7H0 %qW  
   (A) that she drew 5NhwIu^<  
   (B) by drawing her 6z1>(Za7>  
   (C) from which she drew =\x(Rs3  
   (D) drawn from which Si=u=FI1e  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 w4;1 ('  
七、what结构 MOu=  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: { VFr8F0*H  
  what=the thing that K7] +. f  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend -e_L2<7  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. "S0WFP\P+  
   (A) it grows +IbQVU~/  
   (B) what grows YjwC8#$  
   (C) does it grow 5c6?$v /  
   (D) what does it grow HpR(DG) ?  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 ]"-c?%L  
94 GF8P  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle 629 #t`W\  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory hBNA,e:  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. ^n<o,K4\}  
   (A) there "/$2oYNy+  
   (B) where {|/y/xYgy'  
   (C) that 0m&W: c  
   (D) what M%qHf{ B  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 Gq9p J  
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八、同位语结构 ^*_|26  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 pn-`QB:{h  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) ~SR9*<  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing ?Y\hC0a60  
   and swallowing . kr>H,%3~  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste M Qlx&.>  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly vZ/Bzy@|  
   (C) the chief organ of taste >`=<(8bu  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes o=y0=,:a?9  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 :|PgGhW  
dE ]yb|Ld  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 P QA}_o  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) }>< v7  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of 8a,pDE  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of IJ#+"(?7,u  
   Dishonor. d@e2+3<  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 5VhJ*^R`y  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson o%sx(g=q6  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause wC`+^>WFo  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. t) 4AQ  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 )0N^rw kW  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as }\3jcnn  
   hosts to many insect pests. 1%`Nu ]D  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than "`Mowp*  
     goldenrods tv'=xDCp  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods bK#SxV  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy q!4eVg*  
     plants &"'Z)iWm  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants fF]w[lLDv  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 @M&qH[tK-A  
 /wT<p  
g#b9xTG J^  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 >vKOG@I  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 #$ooV1E  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to vtF|: *h  
   Athens. #6*20w_u  
   (A) the distance is k keDt+^  
   (B) that the distance is L25%KGg' o  
   (C) is that the distance ToX--w4  
   (D) the distance PWk\#dJN&  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 C2C 1 @=w  
3*=_vl3  
九、比较结构 W^YaC (I  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 )=pa*  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less sf"vii,1A  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. =z[$ o9  
    (A) does DIw9ov>k  
    (B) in 53WCF[  
    (C) it does in aM+Am,n`@  
    (D) in it does M;9s  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 n?*r, )'  
'P)c'uqd#  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. NG_7jZzXA9  
    (A) rays more than infrared 3JEg3|M(  
    (B) rays are more infrared than `BVXF#sb  
    (C) more than infrared rays "!ks7:}v  
    (D) more infrared rays than SHT`  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 " v<O)1QT  
^.9Df A0  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 BbiyyRa  
例3:The activities of the international marketing 7=/iFv[  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. +)LCYDRV7  
   (A) the domestic marketer has e07u@_'^  
   (B) the domestic marketer does pu5%$}dBE  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer OG9 '[o`8  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer b gxk:$E  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 /24}>oAH  
W-*HAS  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing zz!jt A  
   is greater than --. H+Aidsn  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined 70'gVCb  
   (B) mining and farming combination S+"Bq:u"  
   (C) that mining and farming combined )|_L?q#w!'  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming r.lHlHl  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 !9.F I{W  
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十、定语从句省略结构 bY oBJ #UX  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 ~sZ$`t  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture P*H0Hwn;  
   and overpower. 8Ihl}aguW  
   (A) can   ?T.=y m  
   (B) they can y$9! rbL  
   (C) which can ?O3d Sxi  
   (D) and 0 ckmHv  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 f%i%QZP  
YYT#{>&  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can m"'} {3$%  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the {z\K!=X/  
   food they eat. ];lZ:gT  
    (A) require &q@brX<,=  
    (B) requires %<x! mE x  
    (C) requiring P%H  Dz  
    (D)to require " .%d{z}vz  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 3h:y[Vm#9y  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food ;-XfbqZ\  
\PUJD,9H  
pu+Q3NfR  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 EwX{i}j_V  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of \hZ%NL j  
    A 8I *N  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around XL^05  
   B          C      D KyfH8Na?  
   the world. p7@R+F\.};  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to YcX\t6VK  
!{ (Bc8 hT  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive &H]/'i-  
          A  B      C IlB8~{p_  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. &=BzsBh  
              D z-606g  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more *$W&jfW  
@anjjC5a~  
十一、状语从句省略结构 .= ?*Wp  
Metals expand when they are heated. N UX |  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: (=Cb)/s0  
Leb|YX  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; L;%w{,Ji  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, =I546($  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 LCH\;07V#  
\ agZ D+  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of 1.F &gP)9  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand HDhISPg  
   considerable impact. +h4W<YnW  
   (A) apparently #~|k EGt  
   (B) are apparently 5b7(^T^K  
   (C) apparently their {h7 vJ^  
   (D) are they apparently {:K _=IRZ  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 L^ J|cgmNw  
 7;fC %Fq  
{fzX2qMZ]  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: j)mU`b_  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; @@Ybg6.+*  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) Q+T#J9Y  
sv% X8   
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the v'@gUgC  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly n[iwi   
   white. Swhz\/u9  
   (A) when, pure which $72eHdy/yl  
   (B) when, which pure My8d%GfM  
   (C) which, pure when mrP48#Y+l  
   (D) which, when pure .[O{,r  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, 2!s PgIz  
V#7,vas  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine NZvgkci_(u  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing sN[}B{+  
   infrequently "/Qz?1>l+  
   (A) Even ?'MkaG0g  
   (B) It is -qIi.]/f"9  
   (C) Even though dw"Es;^  
   (D) There is t{]Ew4Y4%O  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 ; j!dbT~5  
\)~d,M}kK  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 gZ,h9 5'  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 Fc1!i8vv  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; og}Ri!^  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 >3uNh:|>/  
oe*1jR_J`[  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: zEI+)|4?r  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 +F8{4^w1  
  The starring troops have to surrender. y8k8Hd1<f  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; BiYxI{VFD  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 Z}+}X|  
NU=ru/  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is -l= 4{^pK  
"2cOSPpQL  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often qbv\uYow3k  
   called scapegoating. >C|pY6  
   (A) Eliminate problems +fKOX#%  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) Bh3F4k2bg7  
   (C) Eliminating problems Y9 )j1~  
   (D) Problems are eliminated iOk ;o=  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 4?R979  
BHY8G06  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them m/=nz.  
   from damage due to weather. +RooU?Aq  
    (A) Painting 5CY%h  
    (B) Painted E5ce=$o  
    (C) The paint Scrj%h%[  
    (D) By painting v;]rFc#Px[  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 up5f]:!  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 PgkU~68`  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting K<>kT4  
S{=5n R9j  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to mwAN9<o  
   conserve water in the winter. 'UlVc2%{  
   (A) when losing leaves F&B\ X  
   (B) leaves are lost CHgip&(.F  
   (C) that losing leaves i~';1 .g  
   (D) the leaves losing !&:=sA  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 c*IrZm  
ofy"SM  
十三、make结构 T fLqxioqZ  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) RjW wsC~B  
共有三种形式: ]+D@E2E  
   make it possible+to do !Z$d<~Mq q  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 %Ig$:I(o  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) <`nShP>vl  
@v)Z>xv  
做题技巧: }5 rR^ryA  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it !ho^:}m  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it  3 xyrWl  
82LE9<4A  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and eRMN=qP.q  
   thus make--details that are otherwise $)M3fZ$#  
   impossible to observe . iH(7.?.r  
   (A) it visible SXL3>-Z E  
   (B) visibly '@{:Fr G*U  
   (C) visible KIF9[/P  
   (D) they are visible tq L(H25z  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 #T7v]@K67  
R$&;  
;<+efYmyc  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large {5 dVK  
   amount of information on a single map. !5*VBE\  
   (A) possible I*rUe#$  
   (B) it possible 3&-rOc  
   (C) it is possible PxKBcx4o`  
   (D) that possible ^6W}ZLp  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 J9T2 p\5  
tc~gn!"  
vXKL<  
十四、the more …the more…结构 UQ0! tFx  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: Gk :fw#R  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 +g1>h ,K 3  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 oG,>Pk  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 7 A0?tG  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 h"[B zX  
xkSXKR  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the |V34;}\4  
   number of lines of magnetic force. @<W` w  
   (A) of m>uG{4<-  
   (B) the *;Kp"j  
   (C) is the W?Z>g"  
   (D) is of the P& 1$SWNyW  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B <K)]kf  
;+75"=[YT  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the u 7e$Mq  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  CPZ{  
   (A) the stress it is greater #Y= A#Yz,{  
   (B) greater is the stress j~'.XD={  
   (C) greater stress is "ku[b\W  
   (D) the greater the stress ~gX1n9_n  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 a 4?A 5  
i9 aR#  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 !gI0"p?  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 9d1km~  
NVzo)C8kb  
8L[+$g`  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , E$%v);u  
             A     B mAlG }<  
   thus making it possible the gentle yl$Ko  
       C            A^aY-V  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. 2D!jVr!  
         D 6vNW)1{nn  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 -UEi  
)B]"""J  
~2* LWH*@  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more mX|M]^_,z  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, !$n@:W/  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the La6 9or   
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” !v2/sq$G  
    (A) however e\~nqKCb  
    (B) thus KY&Lv^1_|  
    (C) and `N[@lV\xp!  
    (D) moreover R.i ]6H!  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 /@ em E0  
3^KR{N p  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the i7)J|(N2.  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. (?A c`H  
    (A) to save the seeds ";dS~(~  
    (B) saving the seeds 2lfEJw($  
    (C)which saves the seeds 5voL@w>  
    (D) the seeds saved nql 1I<I  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B 6,4vs+(|\  
a6zWg7 PN  
A*BN  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 io\t>_  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. 2r2:  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 'WHI.*=  
}\m.~$|[  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. $@s-OQ}  
   (A) the tallest AxEdQRGk  
   (B) the tallest that is F&`%L#s|  
   (C) which is the tallest BZv:E?1z  
   (D) which the tallest is aAqM)T83  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 dB~A4pZa  
a`:F07r  
p%iZ6H>G  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of Vk`Uz1*  
       A  B       C pFs/ipZX^*  
   domestic animals. t"9r`0>  
    D {oAD;m`  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 qOmL\'8  
63'% +  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 1Z?uT[kR  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: R'1j  
  program, programmed, programmed @- 0mE_$[  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: 'b"7Lzp2  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 ) iV^rLwL  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be 7Ou]!AOhG  
-1hCi !  
C XuMNa  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona -|u yJh  
   features structures built of red sandstone by /?j kVy*"  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. ?N9Z;_&^.  
   (A) That the 3=?,Dv0P  
   (B) In the N/#x  
   (C) Around the ~Hd *Xl  
   (D) The ?Vh#Gr  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 wmX(%5vY^  
I\-M`^@  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called YuHXm3[  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. M<= e~';H  
   (A) to be made o:*$G~. k  
   (B) making (+xT5 2  
   (C) made hW~UJ/$  
   (D) are made tCRsaDK>  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 Z<=L  
=j20A6gND  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given g-u4E^,*|  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of r? }|W2^%  
   human beings. ePR9r}  
   (A) without B>I :KGkV  
   (B) lack +BhJske  
   (C) minus )lz)h*%#  
   (D) not having >[nR$8_J-l  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 lu+KfKa  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 {: \LFB_  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 .!+7|us8l\  
f)Y~F/[$P  
3 _!MVT  
十八、逻辑主语结构 P0sAq7"  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 c4Q9foE   
WjSu4   
例1:Having been served lunch, --. cf ^i!X0  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members )%kiM<})  
    of the committee M0?%r`  
   (B) the committee members discussed the XWNo)#_ 3  
    problem QctzIC#;k  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee _ShWCU-~Z  
    members the problem mH\2XG8nV  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by xoGrXt9&  
    the members of the committee 'n\PS,[1R  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B 5:5d=7WX  
<Ter\o5%  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until .RAyi>\e  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. ?<\2 }1  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch O(e!Vx{t!  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn vSv1FZu*  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch P*U^,Jh<  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn yOAC<<Tzus  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 f/\S:x- B  
BJ'pe[Xa5  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her \}Iq-Je   
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her |;d#k+/;  
   first article in print. iE_[]Vgc  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane ;KEie@Ry  
    Hawes had e{XzUY 6  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane <%rm?;PBl  
    Hawe's first D:z_FNN  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first + 660/ e8N  
    teaching position )~ &gBX  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching \j BA4?(S  
    position 0 VG;z#{J  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 nII#uI /!q  
R?2HnJh  
例4: Even at low levels, --. Q 8;JvCz   
   (A) the nervous system has produced ~t$ng l$  
     detrimental effects by lead /eXiWasQ  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the ,`k6 @4  
    nervous system Qe4 % A  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the PBFpV8P,  
    nervous system )l! `k  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on o`7 Z<HF  
    the nervous system T\= #y  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 FU J<gqL  
$/@  L  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking Oo FMOlb.Z  
            A   B     C ?E}gm>  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. u?g&(h  
       D . &`Yl K  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 /lPn f7  
Doq}U Wp  
fE&s 6w&  
十九、复合宾语结构 0 z ]H=  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 UIg?3J}R  
We played soccer. 4<)*a]\c5M  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 @'G PZpbvZ  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 9ZatlI,  
3/ uvw>$  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 +Wy`X5v  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, ],~ [^0  
例:We appoint him monitor. @Bjp7v :w  
  We elected him president. V"2 G  
 98^7pa  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck B YHyqpP9  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not :A:7^jrhi  
   consider them --because they are now primarily =h +SZXe<r  
   kept as pets. yV(9@lj3;  
   (A) where sporting dogs I>vU;xV\m  
   (B) sporting dogs R^sgafGl=  
   (C) when sporting dogs Ui9;rh$1eU  
   (D) they are sportingdogs H\E%.QIx  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 ' S,g3  
tq@)J_7|  
二十、It结构 2Q@Jp`# ,4  
一、强调句型 ~)>.%`v&  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 ?p 4iXHE  
V?) V2>]  
这个句型需要注意几点: &+ PVY>q  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; dn?'06TD  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; ?$tD  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 G|-RscPe  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: 3fXrwmBT8  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. 7IkEud  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. x>BFK@#  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. s6 (md<r  
E]g6|,4~-  
二、形式主语 +ug/%Iay{k  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 ?1 Vx)j>|  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 c(FGW7L<  
tX1`/}``  
/38I (0  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than f? GoBh<  
    A               B n@"<NK zh  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are _LfbEv<,T  
                  C Qy4Pw\  
   the main focus of social psychology. _K'Y`w']  
           D )^4Ljb1  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is -a~n_Z>_  
gM]E8%;{  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of oTXIs4+G  
   educational films. #D JZ42  
   (A) It is  }2m>S6""A  
   (B) There is  \ISg6v{/  
   (C) Though there is f O+lD  
   (D) Although it is T@#?{eA  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 Ars*H,9>e  
v.TgB)  
gae=+@z  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 7,Z<PE  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, t>*(v#WeZ  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 4t/?b  
J9j @V4  
in which+完整的句子 OQ 4h8,  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 ~EXCYUp4v  
P,WQN[(+  
名词+of which+谓语动词 \{~CO{II  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 iPWr-  
@o'L!5Y  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of cwtlOg  
   which are accented. B|$o.$5  
   (A) line consists of each 1x\k:2U  
   (B) consists of each line -J#RGB{7  
   (C) each line consists Lz-|M?(  
   (D) it consists of each line OU#p^ 5K  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 Ct~j/.  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 &V+KM"Ow  
}m5()@Q}a  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a % a.T@E  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. )uR_d=B&  
   (A) traps   8JF<SQ  
   (B) trap its  wqV"fZA\]  
   (C) which traps }YM\IPsPu  
   (D) which it traps >#l: ]T  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 =h|cs{eT\2  
s3Zt)xQ3  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists P?n4B \!  
  have paid little attention to cultural 5jwv!L<n  
   A             -Eq[J k  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of Buh}+n2]5  
         B      C *jPd=+d  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. %l a1-r~  
           D WvfM.D!  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 tu* uQ:Ipk  
$0un`&W  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin p8@&(+z  
   became interested in the art movement -OU{99$aS  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, JsuI&v  
   both --her novels and short stories. yE,qLiH  
   (A) in which the influence IvY3iRq6  
   (B) of which influenced LW.j)wB]  
   (C) to have influence p8)R#QWz9  
   (D) its influence in 5G(dvM-n  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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