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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 KB0 HM  
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一、主句单一原则 Q=}p P*  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 :P1 J>dcG  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 TcPYDAa  
2R66 WK Q  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. aKkL0 D  
   (A) They occur where they are F)Oe;z6  
   (B) Occuring where 5v >0$Y{  
   (C) Where they occur #usi1UWB#Q  
   (D) Where do they occur ?:73O`sX:  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 dF$a52LS  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 kcGs2Y_*&  
=m]|C1x  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center ;;#28nV  
   (A) Fort Wayne GvQKFgO6h  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne LE#ko2#ke  
   (C) For wayne is in {8`V5:  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in Zt;3HY=y  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 iG*@(  
 &ig6\&1  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 ixc~DV+@[  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 bn$a7\X-  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 G?Fqm@J{XT  
J" :R,w`  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” 6jS:_[p  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with oZVq }}R  
   social issues. l} \q }7\)  
    (A) covers ]nmVT~lBe"  
    (B) covers it )g;*u,C  
    (C) which covers pCOtk'n  
    (D) which it covers 1dsMmD[O  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 uKOsYN%D  
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y+jOk6)W75  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused 8Qm%T7]UFb  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on yxz)32B?  
   the paper. qhE1 7Hf  
   (A) the impression is 3n ~n-Jo  
   (B) if the impression is <Sn;k[M}d  
   (C) impressions ]; CTr0  
   (D) the impression L'A>IBrz  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression A3su!I2S  
三、平行结构 =eHoJq  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 [>MPM$9F-m  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: 655OL)|cD6  
A and B, _`Lv@T.  
A , B, and C x@aWvrL  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- O3*}L2 j@  
   is known as accounting. Fk4T>8q2;  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary 9-`P\/  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's s^vw]D  
     transactions n)bbEXO  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are <Na .6P  
     summarized Z !81\5  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an t(.jJ>|+*  
     enterprise X{BS]   
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 >U9JbkeF  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 cAQ_/>  
k;~*8i=%,\  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 8bf~uHAr  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and G pC*w ~  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on gK_#R]  
   human patients. d&owS+B{48  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in  % s),4  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures 87p tab@  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures PZY VLUw `  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull 1>'xmp+#  
     fractures m+=L}[  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 ur| vh5  
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四、宾语从句结构 Fu\!'\6  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 {osadXd C  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: \}EJtux q  
     state(陈述,表明)+that ]?*L"()kp  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that Z1N=tL  
)>r sX)  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, myqQqVW  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite s#4Q?<65u  
   units called quanta or photons. n^2'O:V s  
    (A) energy that c-`izn]  
    (B) that it is energy 30<3DA_P  
    (C) it is energy ,#8H9<O9t  
    (D) that energy >goG\y  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 SS7C|*-Zd  
U`kO<ztk  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth w|( ix;pK  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is *zl-R*bM$  
   placed on them. nV>=n,+s"  
   (A) although its crust and mantle CW'<Nh  
   (B) its crust and mantle to H5/w!y@  
   (C) that its crust and mantle wd<jh, Y  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to %+ur41HM  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 .v[!_bk8C  
五、介词+ which结构 7f\/cS^  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 |6T"T P  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, 9ve)+Lk  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 Oi$$vjs2  
}-%:!*bLj  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, G[s/M\l  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 UjcKvF  
s,]z6L0  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is s p&g  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees X,ok3c4X  
   for public office. !y7w~UVs  
    (A) that 3TF'[(K=  
    (B)by which ?oulQR6:  
    (C)is that fp'%lbk=  
    (D)by those N7}y U~j^  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 =8 01nZJ  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 c*Q6k<SKR  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 am# (ms  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players Jec<1|  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called #u$ Z/,  
   wickers. D0@d}N  
   (A) when Xr$hQbl5D  
   (B) which *kKdL  
   (C) is when H <ugc  
   (D) in which hsHtLH+@  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 )kK" 1\m  
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六、in that结构 =%R|@lz_x  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, +d/^0^(D\5  
  because of +名词, H\ONv=}7I  
  consequently是副词 ~7"6Y ]  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 iMXK_O%  
/S\y-M9  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals p:gM?2p1  
   ---- it is a liquid. Trwk9 +  
   (A) whereas dI|`"jl#  
   (B) in that (y{nD~k  
   (C) because of +jpC%o}C  
   (D) consequently txW<r8  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 +i.b&PF'H  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 <6)  w  
Pw_[{LL  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual *,=WaODO%  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. J>Uzd, /  
   (A)they {|Pz9a- :  
   (B)in they hV4\#K[  
   (C)that they ,"!P{c  
   (D)in that they 4$<-3IP,  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 <r{ )*]#l  
KGI0|Z]n~  
(iZE}qf7 g  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 JV#)?/a$z  
<NO?B+ ~]  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ t"@: a Y"  
   great inspiration for her poems. ToHCS/J59  
   (A) that she drew (]mh}=:KDg  
   (B) by drawing her U-#t&yjh#  
   (C) from which she drew s2@}01QPo  
   (D) drawn from which 6_wf $(im  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 C||A[JOS  
七、what结构 &!{wbm@  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: L/w9dk*uv  
  what=the thing that !t["pr\ ?  
qYW{$K  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend *Bt`6u.>e,  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. 26E"Ui5q  
   (A) it grows w49Wl>M  
   (B) what grows =De%]]>   
   (C) does it grow WG;1[o&  
   (D) what does it grow 8Us5Oi  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 ,XW6W&vR;  
#(jozl_8  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle !b*lL#s,Y  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory } }?L'Vby  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. QJo)  
   (A) there ";j/k9DE  
   (B) where 6:B[8otQ  
   (C) that `"M=ZVk  
   (D) what kRskeMr:Rd  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 /40Z-'Bl=(  
K$Y!d"D  
vI ]| W  
八、同位语结构  :XF;v  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 Rcf _31 L  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) mY.[AIB  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing 6@!<' l%z  
   and swallowing . [Y*p I&f  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste kAf:_0?6  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly %Md;=,a:6  
   (C) the chief organ of taste ;,Sl+)@h  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes v%V$@MF  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 TH)gW  
1I KDp]SN  
L]kSj$A  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 rj QV;kX>  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) 9pStArF?F0  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of lW?}jzuo  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of s{KwO+UW  
   Dishonor. +QuaQ% lA  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause \8=>l?P  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson V;~W,o!  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause uOs 8|pj,  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. 5X nA.?F^  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 &I:5<zK{  
4{X5ZS?CkI  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as )O"5dF1l  
   hosts to many insect pests. 8{@|M l  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than n4Ry)O[.  
     goldenrods uYhm Fp  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods ^|O f  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy - ~T LI&[  
     plants 1x ar L))  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants lDnF(  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 B5~S&HQ?B6  
kTT!gZP$  
5yI_uQR  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 -[|R \'i  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 E;*#fD~@  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to y9{KBM%h  
   Athens. $5jQm,V$K  
   (A) the distance is }Ry:})  
   (B) that the distance is  SS[jk  
   (C) is that the distance C}<j8a?  
   (D) the distance @#hd8_)A.  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 !1$Q Nxgi  
z Rd^Uks  
九、比较结构 Hm!ffqO_  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 ~[l6;bn  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less @E %:ALJ  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. sG[v vm  
    (A) does E #q gt9  
    (B) in j*+[=X/  
    (C) it does in Sio^FOTD  
    (D) in it does 4r&DW'  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 W/DSj :  
R?MRRq  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. a9]F.Jm  
    (A) rays more than infrared sQUJ]h  
    (B) rays are more infrared than  kDbDG,O  
    (C) more than infrared rays _/(DEF+G  
    (D) more infrared rays than B_R J;.oH  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 #gn{X!;-;  
`#@#e Z  
ykK21P,v  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 i!0w? /g9  
例3:The activities of the international marketing _G3L+St  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. p G|-<6WY  
   (A) the domestic marketer has TwPp Z@  
   (B) the domestic marketer does (sM$=M<$  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer m q#8 [D  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer pQ~Y 7  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 qmmQH S  
v7-z<'?s~  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing VT ikLuH  
   is greater than --. 2/o _,k  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined 6&oaxAp<s  
   (B) mining and farming combination UP<B>Y1a  
   (C) that mining and farming combined RnV#[bM{  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming y26?>.!  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 ]v2%hX  
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十、定语从句省略结构 yC&u^{~BC  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 Dpb prT7_  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture } "QL"%  
   and overpower. hQb3 8W[  
   (A) can   } *:H\GL  
   (B) they can \+Nn>wW.  
   (C) which can MA1y@  
   (D) and QnJd}(yN  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 r}S>t~p:  
mYx6JU*`  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can ;$Pjl8\  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the [gaB}aLn  
   food they eat. a7U`/*  
    (A) require o}b_`O  
    (B) requires 7`J= PG$A  
    (C) requiring {i"t h(J$  
    (D)to require &gdhq~4#  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 s}lp^Uh=  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food (`"87Xomnn  
LjySO2  
{d '>J<Da  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 XK{KFB-  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of /k.?x]Ab  
    A 0bfJD'^9RP  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around MLvd6tIv,  
   B          C      D ^Is#_Z|  
   the world. ZjveXrx  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to JgMYy,q8t  
IzlmcP3  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive <xh";seL  
          A  B      C R] " jr  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. ^q\9HBHT  
              D N4u-tlA  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more C!^[ d  
bj_oA i  
十一、状语从句省略结构 !h>aP4ofT  
Metals expand when they are heated. ]] 50c  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件:  lx&;?QQ  
dCO)"]  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; jbTsrj"g  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, J'@`+veE  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 en-HX3'  
wg=-&-  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of :NXM.@jJ="  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand ,o s M|!,  
   considerable impact. -P We  
   (A) apparently []hC*  
   (B) are apparently b>f{o_  
   (C) apparently their 2)(ynrCe  
   (D) are they apparently zA*I=3E(  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 T[eb<  
{!NX u  
E[2xo/H  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式:  _!E)a  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 5?XIp6%x  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) LyG&FOf?  
MhZ\]CAs9  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the Yqb3g(0   
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly :Hq#co  
   white. U$7]*#@&  
   (A) when, pure which FS7@6I2Ts  
   (B) when, which pure tPaNhm[-q7  
   (C) which, pure when 9}jezLI/3  
   (D) which, when pure l#fwNM/F  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, IM=3n%6  
x@? YS  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine {3eg4j.Z  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing {8T/;K@  
   infrequently Mq52B_  
   (A) Even W[t0hbV w  
   (B) It is ,f}u|D 3@  
   (C) Even though <g1=jG:7k  
   (D) There is  B6.9hf  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 h?P- :E  
3gs!ojG  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 p mUG`8SY  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 *;[g Ga~  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系;  6h?)x  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 T&^b~T(y  
p(. z#o#  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: L\xR<m<,  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 vP'#x  
  The starring troops have to surrender. 3|PV.  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; yq12"Rs  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 Ou{VDE  
-{E S 36  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is MG vp6/Pd  
y wmC>`0p  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often E|y  
   called scapegoating. +NTC!/  
   (A) Eliminate problems Bdm05}c@u  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) 7{p6&xXx  
   (C) Eliminating problems lX64IvG8+o  
   (D) Problems are eliminated Y%^qt]u.8  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 dg#w!etB  
<=%=,Yk  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them q<Y#-Io%3  
   from damage due to weather. Sb^o`~ Eh  
    (A) Painting V W(+sSQ  
    (B) Painted fvRqt)Ks  
    (C) The paint 3x)jab  
    (D) By painting WNSEc%  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 x{S2   
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 hbm #H7Y  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting R]0tG   
JhvT+"~  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to `!<#'PR  
   conserve water in the winter. 6Oy6r  
   (A) when losing leaves tNljv >vI  
   (B) leaves are lost j-wKm_M#jX  
   (C) that losing leaves P?+ VR=t  
   (D) the leaves losing ]>[ 0DX]j  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 mp8Zb&Ggb  
" :V@AT  
十三、make结构 4jC7>mE  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) oE)xL%*  
共有三种形式: Mg&<W#$K  
   make it possible+to do BOv^L?)*Z  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 b?:?"   
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) u24XuSe$  
PoD/i@  
做题技巧: Pb<6-Jc[  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it @>+`1C  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it L$^)QxH7  
G$2Pny<!  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and Tn?D~?a*O  
   thus make--details that are otherwise )lP(is FP  
   impossible to observe . er<_;"`1  
   (A) it visible g\H~Y@'{  
   (B) visibly G`f|#-}  
   (C) visible y:k7eE"  
   (D) they are visible .Dy2O*`  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 &_' evZ8  
f/{Cl P.  
_p<wATv?7t  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large TJ|do`fw>  
   amount of information on a single map. :wfN+g=  
   (A) possible U-D00l7C  
   (B) it possible ek d[|g  
   (C) it is possible wdIJ?\/763  
   (D) that possible Q)5V3Q]@^  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 67U6`9d  
P.djR)YI  
b]*OGp4]5  
十四、the more …the more…结构 vZPBjloT!.  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: "O_)~u  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 2`Ihrz6  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 >b8-v~o{  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 wWM[Hus  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 Sx1OY0)s  
*]c~[&x5&  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the k&npC8oA  
   number of lines of magnetic force.  hRqr  
   (A) of ^OK;s wDW  
   (B) the N(P2Lo{JF  
   (C) is the ,lVQ-qw5  
   (D) is of the Cv;#8Wj}  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B @S 0mNA  
D5Z)"~'  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the )[ejb?{d  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  EXR6Vb,  
   (A) the stress it is greater MjK<n[.  
   (B) greater is the stress B_RF)meux  
   (C) greater stress is WA.c.{w\  
   (D) the greater the stress h-U]?De5\  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 En4!-pWHQ  
f`8?]@y{  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 OHv9|&Tpl  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 }0]iS8*tL  
\Qq YH^M  
4}Lui9  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , n*Hx"2XF  
             A     B s+^1\  
   thus making it possible the gentle uc LDl  
       C            n*TKzn4E  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. zoBp02j  
         D % .8(R &  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 _qH]OSo   
}N:QB}7'_  
C~PP}|<~V  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more Z% ]LZ/O8  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, [ Scao $  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the fc4jbPp:M  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” mq4VwT  
    (A) however Jg$ NYs.xZ  
    (B) thus e}s,WC2-  
    (C) and gx2v(1?S  
    (D) moreover 5f75r  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 #v4^,$k>  
T0cm+|S  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the YB4|J44Y  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. )i:"cyoE  
    (A) to save the seeds $?9u;+jIR  
    (B) saving the seeds RK_z!%(P  
    (C)which saves the seeds xscR Bx  
    (D) the seeds saved ^5+7D1>W%  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B 5 U*${  
k1LbWR1%wB  
R^.c  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 S-brV\v7  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. UaHN*@  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. Eb8z`@p  
vVo# nzeZ5  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. _b &Aa%  
   (A) the tallest `2'*E\   
   (B) the tallest that is 5'xZ9K  
   (C) which is the tallest X4"[,:Tw  
   (D) which the tallest is {[+Q\<  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 l_2YPon  
Bv`3T Af2  
1 EHNg<J(  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of WW~QK2o-@  
       A  B       C k59.O~0V  
   domestic animals. MO79FNH2\  
    D U9RpHh`  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 E8We2T[^M  
1{wOjq(4  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 l" H/PB<.  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: JI92Dc*o   
  program, programmed, programmed et}s yPH  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: e1K{*h  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 N)$yBzN   
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be 7me1 :}4  
fOO[`"'Pq  
5LxzET" P  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona LD}ZuCp!  
   features structures built of red sandstone by zMN4cBL9m  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. ZlYb8+rW  
   (A) That the ^VB_>|UN4  
   (B) In the 9Dy/-%Ut9  
   (C) Around the }^B=f_Ag  
   (D) The YPsuG -is  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 (g]J hG  
>=Un=Q%  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called HzF]hm,  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. 'm+)n08[  
   (A) to be made b 7bbrR8  
   (B) making bi[gyl#  
   (C) made S[cVoV  
   (D) are made w">p 8  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 pjX ')i<  
E`SFr  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given X6]eQ PN2  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of t,K_!-HX+  
   human beings. Yj^n4G(h  
   (A) without @l:\Ka~TS  
   (B) lack {'#^  
   (C) minus e'uI~%$NJL  
   (D) not having "!6 Ax-'  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 skn`Q>a  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 ApYri|^r  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 )Aky:kM$  
rSVU|O3m;  
r}y]B\/  
十八、逻辑主语结构 ?B2 T'}~  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 *@r)3  
Z\d7dbv  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. H`$s63  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members {Ah\-{]  
    of the committee <5Jp2x#  
   (B) the committee members discussed the $!<J_ d*  
    problem ruLi "d  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee AopC xaJ`  
    members the problem I"^ `!8<q  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by \KmjA )(  
    the members of the committee E3\O?+ h#  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B z&o"K\y\  
`n]y"rj'  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until =!'gV:M  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. 3r?Bnf:  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch fMn7E8.  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn %QUV351H  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch 'Lft\.C  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn +!6C^G  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 "PBUyh-Z  
N0h"EV[  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her 9~DoF]TM  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her iKa }@U  
   first article in print. :<w3.(Z  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane KE+y'j#C3  
    Hawes had 0s:MEX6w|  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane 3ryIXC\v  
    Hawe's first ;8;nY6Ie  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first BclZsU=xn  
    teaching position ~wIVw}  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching }`4o+  
    position )'xTDi  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 _/ZIDIn  
HFBGM\R02  
例4: Even at low levels, --. vV-ATIf ^  
   (A) the nervous system has produced <0vQHND,3  
     detrimental effects by lead >fI<g8N D  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the cu]2`DF  
    nervous system M~;mamTP  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the 4QdY"s( n  
    nervous system m>$+sMZE  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on eCMcr !.  
    the nervous system /}r%DND'  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 oA}&o_Q%  
B cd6 ~  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking 97e fWYj  
            A   B     C $:s1x\ol  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. "wmQ,=  
       D +,9I3Dq  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 3_B .W  
BHOxwW{  
Il%LI   
十九、复合宾语结构 uO>$ ,s  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 -RVwPY  
We played soccer. 1bF aQ50t  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 N?U;G*G  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 a9mLPP  
FF6[qSV  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 mMjY I1F  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, Dr$k6kZ}'U  
例:We appoint him monitor. ! pR&&uG  
  We elected him president. UGj!I  
>y"W(  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck 7f#e#_sM;  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not |sMRIW,P  
   consider them --because they are now primarily v{$X2z_$w  
   kept as pets. .C$S DhJ~  
   (A) where sporting dogs Ij` %'/J  
   (B) sporting dogs *%7[{Loz  
   (C) when sporting dogs ci0)kxUBF  
   (D) they are sportingdogs %B}Q.'  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 t>N~PXr  
Ci4`,  
二十、It结构 ExeD3Zj  
一、强调句型 _VGAh:v  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 Ck  d@|  
=5/ow!u8  
这个句型需要注意几点: Y<-h#_  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; g>-pC a  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; S[J eW  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 Z<L}ur  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: :+NZW9_  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. w=:o//~6j  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. q;Tdqv!Ju  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. 3}dTbr4y  
]<L(r,@,  
二、形式主语 E! d?@Xr@  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 ?+av9;Kg  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 x1]J  
-]el_:H  
#lAC:>s3U  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than GT.1,E ,Vw  
    A               B ' ` _TFTO  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are +t*V7nW  
                  C G0#<SJ,)  
   the main focus of social psychology. Jq>rA  
           D e}dGK=`  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is n(I,pF  
n*A?>NV  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of L4O.=*P1  
   educational films. YRg"{[+#]k  
   (A) It is  $%BI8_  
   (B) There is  n%|og^\0  
   (C) Though there is wZ4w`|'  
   (D) Although it is K|pg'VT"  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 ai%*s&0/Y  
9xi nX-x;n  
GCf,Gfmr  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 Mj&G5R~_  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, xX f,j#`"  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 BLN|QaZ  
arIEd VfNa  
in which+完整的句子 LZ34x: ,C  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 SZ29B  
0iYo&q'n  
名词+of which+谓语动词 |nCVM\+5T  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 V7b;q C'  
6r|=^3{  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of -MRX@a^1  
   which are accented. 7u{V1_ n1  
   (A) line consists of each A XhP3B]  
   (B) consists of each line -Bl]RpHCe  
   (C) each line consists h!@7'Q  
   (D) it consists of each line WkiPrQ0]:  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 Xp] jF^5  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个  q{&\nCy  
#dKy{Q3he  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a 3&>0'h  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. DK eB%k  
   (A) traps   * |<T@BXn  
   (B) trap its  8v z h5,U  
   (C) which traps @I}VD\pF  
   (D) which it traps IIT UM)  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 Unv'm5/L  
m~ 5"q%;  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists gyMHC{l/B  
  have paid little attention to cultural gROK4'j6y  
   A             B2oKvgw  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of 6_<~]W&  
         B      C 4d%0a%Z  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. H0#=oJr$)W  
           D 9@ YKx0  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 /q+;!EM  
J,:&U wkv  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin ^ZO! (  
   became interested in the art movement Vi:^bv  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, BGBHA"5fz  
   both --her novels and short stories. |dqHpogh  
   (A) in which the influence PBnH#zm  
   (B) of which influenced }mXYS| {  
   (C) to have influence =V]0G,,\  
   (D) its influence in r":anR( ;  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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