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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 DCCij N  
(rf8"T!"  
一、主句单一原则 pD6a+B\;k  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 [lj^lN8  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 xl@  
c/G ^}d%  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. )x&>Cf<,  
   (A) They occur where they are rf2-owWN  
   (B) Occuring where xC$CRzAe5p  
   (C) Where they occur cvnRd.&  
   (D) Where do they occur $K~ t'wr  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 'n!Sco)C  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 #tt*yOmiH  
g _u  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center t. kOR<  
   (A) Fort Wayne :YN,cId*  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne Y/ n],(t)  
   (C) For wayne is in =a./HCF  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in Yg3emn|a  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 8 Jf4" ;  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 Qw/H7fvh&  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 >[gNQJ6  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 [e`6gGO  
EEO)b_(  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” *`wgqin  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with *z\L  
   social issues. JG! @(lr  
    (A) covers AtW<e;!0te  
    (B) covers it S -KHot ?  
    (C) which covers a/H|/CB 3  
    (D) which it covers 4z>SI\Ss  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 \L{V|}"X  
d;O4)8 >  
uu+)r  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused ^5BQ=  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on H^C$2f  
   the paper. jz72~+)T  
   (A) the impression is El#"vIg(\  
   (B) if the impression is Z. G<'  
   (C) impressions tKKQli4Mn4  
   (D) the impression ]KE"|}B  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression |QB[f*y5  
三、平行结构 eT6T@C](  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 ]ovb!X_  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: p?XVO#  
A and B, DZE@C^ 0%  
A , B, and C #9ZHt5T=$  
!{%BfZX<&  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- Iu|4QE  
   is known as accounting. /Mmts=^Ja  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary OT{cP3;0*o  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's R7ze~[oF  
     transactions oZwu`~h Y  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are c$#7Kp4  
     summarized Cu&y',ee~  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an !}PZCbDhL  
     enterprise j9^V)\6)  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 V Bv|7S  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 m;@8z[ ^5  
L|  K8  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed &ku.Q3xGs  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and R;3n L[{U  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on PB(I3R9  
   human patients. <kOdd)X  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in @P @{%I  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures +LwwI*;b  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures Ci(c`1av  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull v@ifB I  
     fractures hAU@}"=G  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 #sM`>KG6T1  
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四、宾语从句结构 =M9;`EmC  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 7 >-(g+NF!  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: i +ICgMcd  
     state(陈述,表明)+that F4DJML-(  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that -BcnJK0  
sZPyEIXie  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, t$z 5m<8  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite YHzP/&0  
   units called quanta or photons. Ubm]V{7  
    (A) energy that Qv6-,6<  
    (B) that it is energy 7sq15oL  
    (C) it is energy @Y !Jm  
    (D) that energy Q6;bORN  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 o1R:1!"2  
~s*kuj'%+  
~,7Tj  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth x %W%  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is ),J6:O&  
   placed on them. wvRwb   
   (A) although its crust and mantle S!66t?vHB  
   (B) its crust and mantle to |7QSr!{_  
   (C) that its crust and mantle xnxNc5$oE  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to  o .*t  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 QB3er]y0%  
五、介词+ which结构 3  $a;  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 _r g*K  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, Jl<pWjkZZ  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 '<$*N  
mVEIHzk2b  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, .bUj  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 OIDP#K  
*7w!~mn[m  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is qu&p)*M5  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees NQA2usb  
   for public office. Yv.7-DHNl  
    (A) that h>F"GR?U_(  
    (B)by which 5O;D\M{>  
    (C)is that PS8^=  
    (D)by those ^B1$| C D,  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 NFF!g]QN  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 s bd$.6 |&  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 "L!U7|9J  
Lrmhr3 w5  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players *Nfot v  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called 6AoKuT;  
   wickers. jYvl-2A'  
   (A) when K>C@oE[W  
   (B) which WZTAXOw  
   (C) is when 'Yi="kno  
   (D) in which &;~?\>?I  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 tfD7!N{  
U#&+n-n pO  
六、in that结构 ahQY-%>  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, r Nurzag  
  because of +名词, uEf= Vj}G  
  consequently是副词 hC9EL= A  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 '1(6@5tyWk  
R:3=!zav  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals #kh:GAp]  
   ---- it is a liquid. 5S, Kq35$(  
   (A) whereas 3,K\ZUU.,  
   (B) in that #6v357-5  
   (C) because of bt(Y@3;  
   (D) consequently EeT 69o  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 a 9{:ot8,  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 u! &T}i:  
ijUu{PG`X  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual <h;_:  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. 6yO5{._M  
   (A)they G+Bk!o  
   (B)in they \#WWJh"W  
   (C)that they \ *'@F+  
   (D)in that they =mF"D:s*  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 J3~%9MCJ  
LnKgT1  
!h|,wq]k  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 /}J_2  
X d o\DQn  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ _x1W\#  
   great inspiration for her poems. F'sX ^/;  
   (A) that she drew Yh!=mW!OY  
   (B) by drawing her MG~Z)+g=y  
   (C) from which she drew EI7n|X a1q  
   (D) drawn from which ^_g%c&H  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 CLk,]kA'r  
七、what结构 ~[dL:=?c  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: 4L ]4WVc  
  what=the thing that |59)6/i  
LT o5v  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend Du65>O  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. '*65j  
   (A) it grows y<w_>O  
   (B) what grows 8a`3eM~?[  
   (C) does it grow f<i K%  
   (D) what does it grow YY:{/0?  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 7)5G 1  
K-)!d$$   
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ,[6Rmsk  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory /; d 5p  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. J`)/\9'&&  
   (A) there s>I]_W)Pt  
   (B) where mRRZ/m?A(  
   (C) that |h 6!bt!=  
   (D) what hnB` +!  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 #n{4f1TZ  
?A7 AVR  
m//aAxmB  
八、同位语结构 WZn;u3,R  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 u&uFXOc'  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) !;h&@LXG(  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing NQ;X|$!zH  
   and swallowing . /CO=!*7fz  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste aVK,( j9u  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly C]8w[)d[`;  
   (C) the chief organ of taste E;s_=j1f  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes 0$c(<+D  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 }Vob)r{R@  
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g[1>|Ax`'  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 $;G<!]& s  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) Z\`SDC  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of  c`\/]  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of y[85eM  
   Dishonor. @@ K/0:],  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause `r-Jy{!y4  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson {+_p?8X  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause !KOa'Ic$V  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. [(_,\:L${  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 ;z9 ,c  
~Y g) 8  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as 5 PZ7-WJ/  
   hosts to many insect pests. ![ce }  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than EGqu-WBS  
     goldenrods 8CRbo24"s  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods yH-&o,  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy V6[jhdb  
     plants 7glf?oE  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants 0n6eWwY  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 H $Az,-P  
_F[a2PE2+  
@OT$* Qh  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 " ]G'^  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 a@jM%VZ  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to ~D}fy  
   Athens. .hxFFk%5  
   (A) the distance is BC_<1 c  
   (B) that the distance is qS! Lt3+  
   (C) is that the distance -f ~1Id  
   (D) the distance BaI-ve  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 o:ow"cOEf  
ZDzG8E0Sq  
九、比较结构 ,7s+-sRG  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 !9HWx_,|Z  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less 0iM'),v[]  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. HU/4K7e`  
    (A) does %hBwc#^  
    (B) in (D?4*9 =  
    (C) it does in ,Nw2cv}D  
    (D) in it does U_'M9g{,<  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 Q'3tDc<  
l x5.50mI  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. ji4bz#/B0  
    (A) rays more than infrared `5oXf  
    (B) rays are more infrared than ?o6#i3k#'  
    (C) more than infrared rays G?b*e|@S  
    (D) more infrared rays than seAPVzWU U  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 j~.tyxOq#  
J,:;\Xhl  
bM?29cs  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 )sK53O$  
例3:The activities of the international marketing P"}"q ![  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. V8WSJ=-&  
   (A) the domestic marketer has tUOY`]0  
   (B) the domestic marketer does t OJyj49^a  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer sqV~ Dw  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer t mBt[  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 F/LMk8RgR  
RS&BS;  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing 8BZ&-j{  
   is greater than --. n!SHExBp  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined `Xeiz'~f8  
   (B) mining and farming combination W?wt$'  
   (C) that mining and farming combined .)bNi*&  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming NySa%7@CD  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 KTot40osj  
>)diXe}j  
十、定语从句省略结构 >/ A'G  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 OR $i,N|  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture B6Ajcfy  
   and overpower. A*/8j\{n  
   (A) can   v#s*I/kw  
   (B) they can 5#X R1#`  
   (C) which can YXqYIG.G  
   (D) and [\h?mlG?  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 [kxOv7a  
IqepR >5t  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can {{M/=WqC  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the O 8" t.W  
   food they eat. lEHXh2  
    (A) require C'gv#!Q  
    (B) requires $-t@=N@vO?  
    (C) requiring ae@!M  
    (D)to require GRofOJ  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 )Qe]!$tqfD  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food |7A}LA  
yk5 K8D[tV  
;Sg.E 8  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 iOb7g@=  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of QZ;DZMP  
    A Piwox1T ;  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 5=#d#dDc  
   B          C      D p-EU"O  
   the world. lP]Y^Gz  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to mDbTOtD  
-gba&B+D"  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive GGcODjY>  
          A  B      C ?r8hl.Z>  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. Qyx~={ .C~  
              D d-tg^Ot#  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more VX8CEO  
C8Mx>6  
十一、状语从句省略结构 fvi0gE@bd  
Metals expand when they are heated. )b2O!p  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: u'_}4qhCC;  
a L+>XN  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; Mb\(52`)Q  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, Ng W"wh  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 U Xpp1/d|e  
dlCYdwP  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of ,i<cst)$u  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand l,l6j";ohd  
   considerable impact. BU??}{  
   (A) apparently ~ |A0*  
   (B) are apparently Kn@#5MC rU  
   (C) apparently their Q25VG5 G  
   (D) are they apparently g\ .$4N  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 $*%,  
Khc^q*|C)  
zi xG}'  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: C5TV}Bq\  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; Z/?{{}H+  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) b$#b+G{y  
L{8_6s(:  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the m=^]9 3+  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly a%b E}  
   white. <YU4RZ  
   (A) when, pure which @$%GszyQ'  
   (B) when, which pure AzXLlQ  
   (C) which, pure when JVy|SA&R  
   (D) which, when pure ?-mOAHW0q  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, $'Mf$h  
breF,d$  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine *OFG3uM  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing n^ fUKi*;  
   infrequently C,l,fT  
   (A) Even b=:ud[h  
   (B) It is =NC??e{  
   (C) Even though AK&>3D  
   (D) There is ;]=w6'dP!  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 +@3+WD  
HFy9b|pjy  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 <Jhd%O  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 I)FFh%m<}a  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; <O'U-. Gc  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 naf ~#==vc  
jj]\]6@+P  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: P%e7c,  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 4mo/MK&M:  
  The starring troops have to surrender. 7<WS@-2I#  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; H"AL@=  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 C-c'"FHq  
k"i3$^v8  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is tjXg  
Io3-\Ff  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often !X-\;3kC0  
   called scapegoating. aH_c84DS  
   (A) Eliminate problems ^{Mq J\S7H  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) <<MpeMi  
   (C) Eliminating problems c HFW"g78  
   (D) Problems are eliminated ^ l]!'"  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 o1(;"5MM  
"73y}'  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them (X"5x]7]  
   from damage due to weather. (?1$  
    (A) Painting I &iyj 99n  
    (B) Painted WkA47+DsV  
    (C) The paint wz:e\ !  
    (D) By painting #  `E  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 m6e(Xk,)  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 u9S*2'  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting UDi(7c0.  
1sj7]G]`k  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to l.pxDMY  
   conserve water in the winter. a[~[l k=7  
   (A) when losing leaves PM[W7g T  
   (B) leaves are lost Q*#Lr4cm{  
   (C) that losing leaves ?`?Tg&W  
   (D) the leaves losing ! I ?C8)  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 ivo><"Y(r  
RG45S0Ygj  
十三、make结构 j67a?0<C2U  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) y{mt *VA4  
共有三种形式:  <Y"RsW9  
   make it possible+to do np^&cY]  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 3'.3RKV  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 8wkhbD|;  
3\m !  
做题技巧: p4z4[=-:  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it ?+hEs =Xs  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it KU $,{Sn6@  
BT [|f[ 1  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and 7(o`>7x*  
   thus make--details that are otherwise moxmQ>xoH  
   impossible to observe . }b54 O\,  
   (A) it visible ~F-knEvL  
   (B) visibly +g?uvXC&  
   (C) visible e+BZoK ^  
   (D) they are visible f{VV U/$  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 "W+>?u)  
Tfh2 >  
`G!HGzVx;j  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large =|AYT6z,  
   amount of information on a single map. e]1'D  
   (A) possible P,pC Z+H  
   (B) it possible \12G,tBH  
   (C) it is possible m BvO<?ec  
   (D) that possible [r"Oi| 8I  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 \9`E17i  
8'@5X-nD  
Y910\h@V  
十四、the more …the more…结构 b|.Cqsb  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: ,!Q nh:  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 9NwUX h(:(  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 mOj; 0 R  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 !dwZ`D  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 I H=$ w c  
roc DO8f  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 'd Be,@  
   number of lines of magnetic force. Lqxh y s  
   (A) of nZnqXclzxn  
   (B) the BA1H)%  
   (C) is the /UK?&+1qE  
   (D) is of the RK- bsf  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B *K_8=TIA*  
d6*84'|!  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the -V;Y4,:c  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  IrZ\;!NK  
   (A) the stress it is greater >3D1:0Sg  
   (B) greater is the stress xdbzp U  
   (C) greater stress is %XN;S29d5W  
   (D) the greater the stress ;b 65s9n^b  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 dakHH @Q  
B|a<=~  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 )/DN>rU  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 0qNmao4E_  
8hS^8  
:'%|LB c0  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , r=3`Eb"t  
             A     B e eN`T&cI  
   thus making it possible the gentle `:7r5}(^  
       C            1lIs jBo g  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. O,),0zcYF  
         D N LpKh1g  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 ){P`-ZF  
(BtU\f#d  
ZiY2N*,VO  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more r6\g #}  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, 16eP7s  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the t)8c rX}P  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” u,iiS4'Ze  
    (A) however d(t)8k$  
    (B) thus (9( xJ)  
    (C) and i| cA)  
    (D) moreover >DY/CcG\P  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 hb~d4J=S  
*g}==o`  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the ,e$RvFB  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. 8bMw.u=F  
    (A) to save the seeds (421$w,B%  
    (B) saving the seeds jS3@Z?x?*  
    (C)which saves the seeds ! weYOOu  
    (D) the seeds saved @.cord`  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B P[H`]q|  
rA<J^dX=C  
4V@0L  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 EX<1hAw  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. 5r8 [ "  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 0j;|IU\  
yT3K 2A  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. aAoAjVNkK  
   (A) the tallest 9|>y[i  
   (B) the tallest that is -,=)O  
   (C) which is the tallest _mdJIa0D6k  
   (D) which the tallest is J=^5GfM)J  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 *sfz+8Y  
.*FlB>1jy  
:1iXBG\  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of W#b++}S  
       A  B       C  :i?c  
   domestic animals. QIN# \  
    D *=E4|>Ul,  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 :]C\DUBo  
P#A|Pn<p  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 ~;I{d7z,;  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: b[;3y/X  
  program, programmed, programmed ~}~ yR*K%  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: |("5 :m  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 K e&fTK  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be e8]mdU{)  
&P8Q|A-u  
?~VevD  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona pk=z<OTb  
   features structures built of red sandstone by R91u6r#  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. 2gjA>ET`N  
   (A) That the ~Uz|sQ*G  
   (B) In the JeCEj=_Z  
   (C) Around the `V0]t_*D  
   (D) The wY}+d0Ch  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 f.r-,%^6{  
8c$IsvJg  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called r>q`# ~  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. MN)<Tr2f  
   (A) to be made 1r w>gR  
   (B) making oq<#   
   (C) made )'< zC  
   (D) are made r*3XM{bZ/@  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 h; unbz  
@fYA{-ZC  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given QU4'x4YS  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of )I}G:bBa  
   human beings. Pr/&p0@aV  
   (A) without {k]VT4/  
   (B) lack $1@{Zz!S  
   (C) minus :3Jh f$  
   (D) not having SO&;]YO  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 U&a] g kr  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 6qA{l_V  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 G`W+m*[U+M  
lJ,s}l7  
\%^3Izsc  
十八、逻辑主语结构 Yr,1##u  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 &\K#UVDyhh  
6u7HO-aa  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. .lnD]Q  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members Zj0&/S  
    of the committee ?k?Hp:8?=  
   (B) the committee members discussed the 5~? J  
    problem G j:|  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee ZtT`_G&  
    members the problem $7*Ml)H!9  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by /4 f;Niem  
    the members of the committee #>V;ZV5"  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B (TQXG^n$gY  
+Lr0i_al  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until $p@g#3X`  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. zYNJF>^<  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch 3WY W])  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn ~eP 2PG  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch A!~o?ej  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn YGO@X(ej,  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 }ie]7N6;  
;F Bc^*q  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her Mg$Z^v|}0  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her sFTIRVXN,  
   first article in print. ao!r6:&v$e  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane @6SSk=9_S  
    Hawes had %ab79RS]C  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane P.:T zk6  
    Hawe's first K/-D 5U  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first O#\> j  
    teaching position o X~CTunP  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching i]z i[Zo$  
    position !)=o,sVA  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。  Ul Iw&U  
P$Q&xN<#)  
例4: Even at low levels, --. UJ[ a& b  
   (A) the nervous system has produced =.a ]?&Yyh  
     detrimental effects by lead *zWn4BckN  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the jxaoQeac  
    nervous system YP,PJnJU8  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the ErC[Zh"''  
    nervous system v_0!uT5~NE  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on 3)a29uc:U  
    the nervous system N}G (pq}  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 Pa +BE[z  
>U Lp!  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking /p0LtUMu  
            A   B     C [udV }  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. Ui !|!V-  
       D zP}v2  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 {2^ @jD  
,r;d{  
 u$8MVP  
十九、复合宾语结构 'Y\"^'OU\  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 wlg#c6#q  
We played soccer. |LE++t*X~  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语  LB7I`W  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 K y$G$H  
+lJ]-U|P  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 JSK5x(GlH  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, N06O.bji  
例:We appoint him monitor. *%'7~58ObS  
  We elected him president. {NgY8w QB  
&W// Ox )f  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck | V,jd  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not [(E H  
   consider them --because they are now primarily =3dbw8I  
   kept as pets. [Vp2!"  
   (A) where sporting dogs -Bv1}xf=6  
   (B) sporting dogs l(\8c><m  
   (C) when sporting dogs VQjFEJ  
   (D) they are sportingdogs X3iRR{< @  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 aw%vu  
]{+M>i[  
二十、It结构 4eL54).1O  
一、强调句型 hs_|nr0;[  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 0*/ r'  
bTy)0ta>AF  
这个句型需要注意几点: A6y~_dt  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; _QUu'zJ  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; &\ lS  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 Z6([/n  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: 9iddanQA  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. 2n;;Tso "  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. )bXx9,VL  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. r,@X>_}  
1L=Qg4 H  
二、形式主语 '[yqi1 &  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 ecqz@*d&  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 ~muIi#4  
Ed0>R<jR9  
$x_52 j\j  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than uyRA`<&w  
    A               B Xt,,AGm}  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are u"8;fS  
                  C :UDn^ (#  
   the main focus of social psychology. ~UJu @M  
           D fByh";<`P  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is fzFvfMAU  
q>|[JJ*6_N  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of #C,f/PXfaB  
   educational films. #u<o EDQ  
   (A) It is  T ^%n!t  
   (B) There is  T:g4D z*2\  
   (C) Though there is ss0'GfP  
   (D) Although it is bDFCZH-:'O  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 #?$'nya*u  
I~ ]Q55  
qzH qj;  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 n:bB$Ai2  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, \Ul.K!b7  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 ]Ic?:lKN  
@( n^S?(  
in which+完整的句子 `Ge+(1x  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 CmJ?_>  
7Js>!KR  
名词+of which+谓语动词 {n'qKur xY  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 sR>`QIi(a  
g P %|:"  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of U7]<U-.&  
   which are accented. W3jXZ>  
   (A) line consists of each ?}=-eJ(7e  
   (B) consists of each line `s>UU- 9  
   (C) each line consists "^9[OgE:  
   (D) it consists of each line Y3P.|  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 43J\8WBn@  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 jNe(w<',P  
u( 1J=h  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a N>A{)_k3  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. c?!YFm  
   (A) traps   kfqpI  
   (B) trap its  atLV`U&t  
   (C) which traps Cdp]Nv6  
   (D) which it traps I!$jYY2  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 HDF!`  
 Y8)E]D  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists 4AY _#f5u  
  have paid little attention to cultural y:[BP4H?y  
   A             eeW' [  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of :vc[/<  
         B      C G3RrjWtO  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. 6 X@mPj[/  
           D . O5LI35,  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 K-J|/eB  
?xtt7*'D  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin R* s* +I  
   became interested in the art movement s<A*[  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, Yv)Bj  
   both --her novels and short stories. p+, 1Fi  
   (A) in which the influence S5i+vUI8C  
   (B) of which influenced HQq`pG%m6  
   (C) to have influence F,*2#:Ki  
   (D) its influence in Gs[Vu@*  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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