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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 T%A"E,#  
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一、主句单一原则 NZ?dJ"eq7  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 yH9&HFDp  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 R 5\|pC  
gX| \O']6  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. ZH`(n5  
   (A) They occur where they are {"*_++|  
   (B) Occuring where j=c< Lo`  
   (C) Where they occur tBETNt7  
   (D) Where do they occur x`I"%pG  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 P0RtS1A  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 !r9rTS]  
!}sF#  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center 9m<%+ S5&  
   (A) Fort Wayne (hh^?  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne N,.awA{  
   (C) For wayne is in ,!X:wY}dW  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in 5=Y(.}6  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 "'XYW\bI  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 J4s`U/F  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 7K+eI!m.s  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 D_G]W W8  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” er2;1TW3E  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with  [{#n?BT  
   social issues. :a:m>S<~  
    (A) covers ,Ek6X)|@  
    (B) covers it #WGy Q u  
    (C) which covers /||8j.Tm  
    (D) which it covers ywB0 D`s'  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 /<dl"PWkJv  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused >5zD0!bA  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on |CK/-UG}  
   the paper. 3$BO=hI/-  
   (A) the impression is z6 h/C {  
   (B) if the impression is =/\l=*  
   (C) impressions ~q}]/0-m  
   (D) the impression pK'D(t  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression ;<%d^   
三、平行结构 Ct:c%D(L  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 BZjL\{IW  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: Zc*#LsQh.`  
A and B, 'C;KNc  
A , B, and C & yqk96z  
=,08D^xY  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- L:jv%;DM  
   is known as accounting. 1-R4A7+3  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary h(^[WSa  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's #jg3Ku;Y  
     transactions JqEo~]E]  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are SK_N|X].  
     summarized [kPl7[OL  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an %*Yb J_j7  
     enterprise 0f;|0siTAm  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 ESe$6)P  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 j"&Oa&SH  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 5)gC<  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and T3-/+4$0v  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 3:b5#c?R-  
   human patients. .;&4'ga 4  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in !ed0  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures xJFxrG'c  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures ]YB,K)WQ  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull ^5-SL?E  
     fractures Ul:M=8nE%  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 MnptC 1N  
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四、宾语从句结构 )U{IQE;T#  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 m .^WSy  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: 85+w\KuEY  
     state(陈述,表明)+that |1/?>=dDm  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that SFRYX,0m  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, &GI'-i  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite NHzVA*f  
   units called quanta or photons. Qs_]U  
    (A) energy that <ceJ!"L  
    (B) that it is energy G\*`%B_ n  
    (C) it is energy {CGk9 g" `  
    (D) that energy 9 NqZ&S  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 GUsJF;;V  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth <rNz&;m}  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is kfy|3KA3m  
   placed on them. *BQy$dfE  
   (A) although its crust and mantle Qf|c^B  
   (B) its crust and mantle to \0^Je>-:U  
   (C) that its crust and mantle ^L's45&_  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to nkz^^q`5l7  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 ^+9i~PjL  
五、介词+ which结构 WD#7Q&T(;  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 {7 nz:f  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, 0u ,nSvch  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 J|dj`Z ?  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, ]Hrw$\Ky  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 ,a} vx"~  
rNX]tp{j  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is +rOd0?  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees  76EMS?e  
   for public office. }<G#bh6;Q  
    (A) that l%MIna/Tp  
    (B)by which Z`kI6  
    (C)is that Lz}mz-N  
    (D)by those 7bx!A+, t  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 A$ o?_  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 O `a4 ")R  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 c=~FXV!  
<I^Tug\M+  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players kV+O|9  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called 2<Q3-|/i  
   wickers. x8E!Ko](  
   (A) when yX|0 R H  
   (B) which KJN{p~Q  
   (C) is when RJT=K{2x  
   (D) in which 63y&MaqSJ  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 GJ4R f%  
ayoqitXD?  
六、in that结构 ".T&nS[z  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, A>W8^|l6+-  
  because of +名词, U<mFwJ C]  
  consequently是副词 @EzO bE{  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 uj9I K  
5t~p99#?  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals 7>>6c7e  
   ---- it is a liquid. )Y@mL/_  
   (A) whereas tgB\;nbB  
   (B) in that *T{P^q.s~[  
   (C) because of 0NMekVi  
   (D) consequently XhEd9>#  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 f|X./J4Bl  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 sX$EdIq  
'CSIC8M<j  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual }+Ne)B E  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. 3>t^Xu~  
   (A)they WYklS<B[  
   (B)in they :RE .md  
   (C)that they NWq>Z!x`  
   (D)in that they /?wH1 ,  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 r|>a;n Y  
ni$S@0  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 u79,+H@ep  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ ]d|:&h  
   great inspiration for her poems. DZI:zsf;5Q  
   (A) that she drew E8=8OX/{Y  
   (B) by drawing her u d V. $N  
   (C) from which she drew ZFAi9M  
   (D) drawn from which W+C@(}pt  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ~K-c-Zs#z  
七、what结构 Uz`K#Bz   
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: g5 J[ut  
  what=the thing that 9svnB@  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend K5fL{2V?  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. .%(Q*ioDh  
   (A) it grows k9ThWo/#u  
   (B) what grows ;%j1'VI  
   (C) does it grow ]}~[2k.  
   (D) what does it grow \[Dxg`;4  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 +x3T^G  
tCJ+OU5/  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ,&1DKx  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory &3Q!'pJJ  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. ;!JI$_ -\  
   (A) there T w!]N%E  
   (B) where o<hT/ P  
   (C) that /a?*Ap5"  
   (D) what L@"1d.k_  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 5w\>Whbd  
1@j0kTJ~m  
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八、同位语结构 |hp_<F9.  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 FY^[?lj  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) pohA??t2:  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing {R2gz]v4  
   and swallowing . .o(XnY)cgJ  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste T+OQa+E@P  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly e;y\v/A  
   (C) the chief organ of taste d+1q[,-  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes >IL[eiiPG  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 qP"+SVqC  
eY)JuJ?  
ewNzRH,b  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 Svs!C+:le  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) t:DZow  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of }klET   
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of 0w0\TWz*   
   Dishonor. WOW:$.VO^  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 1Na*7|  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson >vDa`|g  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause Vv"JN?dHi  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. J}Q4.1WG$  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 LL|uMe"Jb  
j.? '*?P  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as T6gugDQ~.  
   hosts to many insect pests. K,uTO7Mk[  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than cQ= "3M)~r  
     goldenrods n"[VM=YGI  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods 5XK}8\  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy D(EY"s37  
     plants ]}KoW?M  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants qb^jcy  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 o5!"dxR  
L aI(  
gk"0r\Eq  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 (8M^|z}q  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 c6IFt4)g  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to 9}~WwmC|x  
   Athens. >d.o1<  
   (A) the distance is L0v& m  
   (B) that the distance is YeN /J.R  
   (C) is that the distance Z3:M%)e_u$  
   (D) the distance @,Je*5$o"  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 mI55vNyer  
( K5w0  
九、比较结构 bU`Ih# q  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 PQl a-  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less d3A= (/>D  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. nWTo$*>W  
    (A) does $"P9I-\m  
    (B) in R5`"~qP-  
    (C) it does in }*WNrS">S  
    (D) in it does '4gi*8Y  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 ]B;GU  
:HSqa9>wa  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. EN lqoj1  
    (A) rays more than infrared 8no_ xFA  
    (B) rays are more infrared than (kpn"]^'  
    (C) more than infrared rays .&:GO D  
    (D) more infrared rays than 7X3<8:%  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 ahagt9[,:F  
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L2s)B  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 "=l<%em  
例3:The activities of the international marketing 19)fN-0Z  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. ~z)diF<  
   (A) the domestic marketer has l O482l_t  
   (B) the domestic marketer does I!(.tu6u6c  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer M8Y\1#~  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer GO@pwq<  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 }D5*   
jr@u  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing Ndj9B|s_  
   is greater than --. RX",Zt$q  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined +MG(YP/ l  
   (B) mining and farming combination 3}::"X  
   (C) that mining and farming combined b*4[)Yg4  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming D:Zpls.  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 &gc8"B@V  
:0BaEqX  
十、定语从句省略结构 WeGT}  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 c1 j)  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture G!~[+B  
   and overpower. }G$rr.G  
   (A) can   <\k=j{@  
   (B) they can q_Td!?2?  
   (C) which can A:3bL: ;t  
   (D) and jyF0asb  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 2-821Sf#h  
't=\YFQ*v  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can =LJc8@<:f  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the &F" Mkyf  
   food they eat. m`UNdFS  
    (A) require 'UO,DFq[Fl  
    (B) requires  D/hQ{T  
    (C) requiring WAiEINQ^)  
    (D)to require j(G}4dib  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 yEt:g0Z \  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food i> Ssp  
}* l V  
le`&VdE^  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 ?}sh@;]*h  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of Ky`rf}cI>  
    A [w l:"rm  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around K g&{ ?&  
   B          C      D jzc/Olb  
   the world. $DW3H1iW  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to qW e1`.o  
.EVy?-   
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive phSF. WC  
          A  B      C 35Nwx<  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. W<TW6_*e  
              D 8^=g$;g  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more ~c[} %Ir>  
ayyn6a8  
十一、状语从句省略结构 Mw7!w-1+  
Metals expand when they are heated. "5e~19  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: rq9{m (  
4NbX! "0  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; RH ow%2D  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, oM-{)rvQd  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 xBU\$ ToC  
$G5m/[KDI  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of BDxrSq,H  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand ;6t>!2I>C  
   considerable impact. ?AP2Opsl  
   (A) apparently w Rb%-s  
   (B) are apparently %0INtq  
   (C) apparently their ~X5yHf3  
   (D) are they apparently O;f^' N  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 f2 _LfbvH  
- t4"BD  
x +|Fw d  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: B P"PUl:  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; l7aGo1TcIh  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) )(*A1C[  
y 4,2Xs9,  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the =b32E^z,  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly I"Ji_4QV  
   white. p]`pUw{  
   (A) when, pure which zJI/j _~W  
   (B) when, which pure C-qsyJgZy  
   (C) which, pure when yr& oJYM  
   (D) which, when pure ~D@ V@sX  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, #i ?@S$  
Yp 6;Y7^  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine vbqI$F[s  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing - c<<A.X  
   infrequently Q+mMp I  
   (A) Even R|V <2  
   (B) It is dtA- 4Ndm  
   (C) Even though 6xdu}l=%  
   (D) There is rctn0*MP  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 \^Y#"zXo1  
`Kym {og  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 t vk^L3=<  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 bIp;$ZHy`K  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; yel>-=Vn  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 fEVuH]  
Ub3,x~V  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: ]2h[.qa  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 !-N! 8 0  
  The starring troops have to surrender. P? 9CBhN  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; IC}zgvcW  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 2CmeO&(Qf*  
46XB6z01  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is 8OBvC\%  
$35Oyd3s<  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often 'h81\SKFK9  
   called scapegoating. ] 6:5<NW  
   (A) Eliminate problems OW-+23)sj  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) *kKGsy  
   (C) Eliminating problems Ys<wWfW  
   (D) Problems are eliminated SQ.4IWT(hR  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 y Bl<E$=  
ItRGq  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them 8p5'}Lq  
   from damage due to weather. D>|:f-Z6Z  
    (A) Painting ]-}a{z  
    (B) Painted &a|oJ'clz  
    (C) The paint <=zGaU,  
    (D) By painting Ee|@l3)  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 *jJ62-o  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 +]>a`~   
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting t{ 7l.>kf  
=.o-R= :d  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to )ld7^G  
   conserve water in the winter. .Gv~e!a8  
   (A) when losing leaves (8*lLZ  
   (B) leaves are lost >u4e:/5]  
   (C) that losing leaves [qXpi'q[  
   (D) the leaves losing :D,YR(])  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 B.WJ6.DkS  
]SPB c  
十三、make结构 ex=~l O  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) H|!s.  
共有三种形式: Cn55%:  
   make it possible+to do OMZT\$9yT  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 P$QjDu-  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) U\ L"\N7  
s +GF- kJ*  
做题技巧: Y]lqtre*Y  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it ,,J3 h  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it n~ql]Ln  
Z])_E 6.  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and w=`z!x![/  
   thus make--details that are otherwise vhHMxOZ;  
   impossible to observe . wgyO%  
   (A) it visible g@2.A;N0  
   (B) visibly ]Rye AJ3  
   (C) visible *p3P\ H^5  
   (D) they are visible Wy4^mOv  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 E8i:ER $$7  
T]W -g  
MT`gr  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large J$Epj  
   amount of information on a single map. gp)ds^  
   (A) possible Lm|X5RVq  
   (B) it possible C6w{"[Wv=X  
   (C) it is possible {*U:Wm<  
   (D) that possible kKM%    
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 pG @iR*?  
"^z=r]<5  
=LxmzQO#  
十四、the more …the more…结构 BUinzW z{a  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: YZRB4T9  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 kW&Z%k  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 .,Qnn}:l  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 s RQh~5kM  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 /zf>>O`  
h)8+4?-4 I  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the lzG;F]  
   number of lines of magnetic force. 4QAIQQS  
   (A) of [IFRwQ^%_O  
   (B) the 2j7d$y*'  
   (C) is the V2{#<d-T!  
   (D) is of the rJZs 5g`  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B Lzx$"R-  
/}`/i(k  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the nFn F_  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  J xm9 @,  
   (A) the stress it is greater ^FM9} t/U,  
   (B) greater is the stress q'F_ j"  
   (C) greater stress is |sqo+E  
   (D) the greater the stress S"TMsi  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 VnSj:LUD  
\1mM5r~  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 &U$8zn~[k  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 e9@fQ  
Eqm v`Z [_  
MAe<.DHY  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , 'CX.qxF1;p  
             A     B \As oeeF  
   thus making it possible the gentle &O6 ;nJEI  
       C            r` `i C5Ii  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. 37 O#aJ,K  
         D q"+ q  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 p~q_0Pg%  
>[XOMKgQ](  
 9VUm=Z#`  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more -S,ir  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, rX!+@>4_L  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the o7Cnyy#:  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” uZ/7t(fy  
    (A) however PUE'Rr(Q  
    (B) thus A&|Wvb=  
    (C) and yL ;o{ G  
    (D) moreover vfJ3idvo*w  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 TOco({/_/  
P34LV+e  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the ]{AOh2Z.hv  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. jMf 7J  
    (A) to save the seeds }RA3$%3  
    (B) saving the seeds 9{O2B5u1  
    (C)which saves the seeds vZ[ $H  
    (D) the seeds saved vbRrk($`  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B wR Xn9  
5W[3_P+  
'R4>C Z%jV  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 _.d}lK3$2  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. H _Zo@y~J  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. #*yM2H"7,;  
*? K4!q'  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. 5 ,HCeN  
   (A) the tallest '2|1%NSW9  
   (B) the tallest that is 0|+>A?E}E  
   (C) which is the tallest WF ?/GN  
   (D) which the tallest is :DZLjC  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 0Jm]f/iZ  
"n{9- VEmN  
)u39}dpeu  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of 5TXg;v#Z  
       A  B       C \We"?1^  
   domestic animals. 6#E]zmXO2  
    D Ms.PO{wb  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 zc6H o  
wqJ* %  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 25xcD1*  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: Y3-]+y%l  
  program, programmed, programmed Z:I*y7V-  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: ~_ *H)|  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 F|ETug n  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be ? ouV  
48wDf_<f5=  
QZ?d2PC=>?  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona pp(H PKs=}  
   features structures built of red sandstone by ;xL67e%?  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. -r!42`S  
   (A) That the P?uf?{  
   (B) In the Was'A+GZ  
   (C) Around the ;U |NmC+  
   (D) The *yrnK3  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 ?RDO] I>  
KL "Y!PN:  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called 5!~!j "q  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. &(g|="T  
   (A) to be made X&s7% ]n +  
   (B) making q&Q/?g>f  
   (C) made =qw &dwIQ  
   (D) are made .vK.XFZ8R  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 i!L;? `F{  
Ee8--  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given #'C/Gya  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of Oo kxg *!5  
   human beings. E[UO5X  
   (A) without va^0JfQ  
   (B) lack JPsSw  
   (C) minus b{BaQ>.(`  
   (D) not having  qtzFg#  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 v{.\iIg N  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 YwXXXh  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 b_vVB`>  
"c ,!vc4  
".E5t@ }?m  
十八、逻辑主语结构 jXWNHIl)@  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 /~*Cp9F"]  
.uKx>YB}  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. \ 6:>{0\  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members /VO^5Dnb  
    of the committee tOM(U-7Z&  
   (B) the committee members discussed the |!Fk2Je,  
    problem [f/.!@sj  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee (]XbP W  
    members the problem 87<9V.s 2  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by ^df x~C  
    the members of the committee *NlpotW,f  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B (Y2m md  
?'w sIH]m  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until m?;$;x~Dj  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. ej52AK7  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch E:w:4[neh  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn e:OyjG5_  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch Hbk&6kS  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn kaQ2A  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 -CD\+d  "  
K%gP5>y*9>  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her M3(k'q7&:  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her 6^E`Sa! s  
   first article in print. >'`Sf ?+|  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane L2fVLK H  
    Hawes had 1,`H:%z%  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane k)":v3 ^  
    Hawe's first "K?Q  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first y94kX:q  
    teaching position O?ktWHUx  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching OOB^gf}$'  
    position hCC}d0gf`n  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 *eUc.MX6x  
&U"X $aFc  
例4: Even at low levels, --. %idk@~HCg  
   (A) the nervous system has produced hz\WZ^  
     detrimental effects by lead %0XvJF)s  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the ?`AGF%zp  
    nervous system M"U OgS  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the _k2w(ew?  
    nervous system 8_xLl2  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on ;h~er6&   
    the nervous system AhxGj+  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 "&QH6B1U6H  
saW!9HQj  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking GGnp Pp   
            A   B     C <KQ(c`KW7  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. AyVrk 8G  
       D 8eyl,W=dn  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 kMxjS^fr  
^Mytp>7  
 >eS$  
十九、复合宾语结构 (-"`,8K 2}  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 y=H@6$2EQ  
We played soccer. IOEM[zhb$  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 Zdn!qyR`  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 8MZ$T3IM  
PW)aLycPK  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 * jCW.ZLY  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, KCtX $XGL  
例:We appoint him monitor. I>"Ci(N  
  We elected him president. Q`6i=mB;  
TlRk*/PlJ  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck =r6qX  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not ]P1YHw9  
   consider them --because they are now primarily ]~jN^"o_B  
   kept as pets. r@$ w*%  
   (A) where sporting dogs xPC"c*  
   (B) sporting dogs QK <\kVZ8  
   (C) when sporting dogs 5H !y46z  
   (D) they are sportingdogs wE Qi0!  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 l(:kfR~AC  
N|d D!  
二十、It结构 QLr9dnA  
一、强调句型 Lj 8<' "U#  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 d3^7ag%  
W {Z^n(f4  
这个句型需要注意几点: yrr) y  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; ]U_ec*a  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; 2wlKBSON  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 a!,r46>$H  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: gH7z  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. H3O@9YU  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. %SA!p;  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. yoS? s  
%oof}=MxCL  
二、形式主语 K+d2m9C=  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 5<R%H{3j  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 xeA#u J  
>k(MUmhX  
7P**:b  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than 6mPm=I[oh  
    A               B ^mPPyT,(  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are cxP&^,~  
                  C =/9^, 6Q(  
   the main focus of social psychology. ALT^8c&K  
           D )D@~|j:  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is ;hDa@3|]34  
FN87^.^2S  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of `8g7q 5  
   educational films. ,.mBJ SE3  
   (A) It is  {qpi?oY  
   (B) There is  f~h~5  
   (C) Though there is $dg9z}D  
   (D) Although it is uO(w1Q"^  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 wN Wka7P*  
`!4,jd  
/iQ(3F  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 0Y+FRB ]u  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, "IjI'c  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 uofr8oL~  
lxb zHlX  
in which+完整的句子 [c&B|h=>  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 oh-|'5+,;h  
yI;"9G  
名词+of which+谓语动词 I -@?guZ r  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 p9[6^rjx8  
x4kWLy7Sz  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of 1=VJ&D;  
   which are accented. \Sy7 "a  
   (A) line consists of each ^))RM_ic  
   (B) consists of each line HIc a nk  
   (C) each line consists J./d!an  
   (D) it consists of each line Hh[Tw&J4  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 6z,Dyy]tl  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 S;\R!%t_  
0~WF{_0|  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a |`O5Xs1{B  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. Ub$n |xn  
   (A) traps   hwnJE958L  
   (B) trap its  M4f;/`w  
   (C) which traps MN8H;0g-  
   (D) which it traps @4+#Xd7"  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 sH#X 0fG  
s|yVAt|=  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists 8F5|EpB9M  
  have paid little attention to cultural S]/b\ B.h+  
   A             -.I4-6~  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of },-*  
         B      C LO%!Z,}   
  social contexts in which tends to occur. }M>r E  
           D K7TzF&  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 &p(0K4:  
X $?3U!  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin r4}*l7Q  
   became interested in the art movement "eAy^,  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, #E7AmmqD%  
   both --her novels and short stories. 9/o vKpY  
   (A) in which the influence `8_z!)  
   (B) of which influenced 0$.m_0H  
   (C) to have influence O~Wt600{E  
   (D) its influence in N5U)*U'-u  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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