填空题常考结构 W^(zP/
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一、主句单一原则 3]Z1kB
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 Ltlp9 S
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 })g<I+]Hf9
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. > I2rj2M#
(A) They occur where they are <r%K i`u(p
(B) Occuring where '-iE
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(C) Where they occur ClG%zE&i
(D) Where do they occur !3Q0Ahf
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 .<x6U*)\O
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 S?J!.(
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center !fh (k
(A) Fort Wayne OO:S2-]Y>e
(B) Although Fort Wayne f|[7LIdh-
(C) For wayne is in K-qWT7<
(D) Fort Wayne, in %(
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分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 Jo? LPR
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二、谓语动词专一原则 rQ*+
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任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 fS
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句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 V!}I$JiJ
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” !:{Qbv&T
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with <)qa{,GX\
social issues. 7 N}@zPAZ
(A) covers ]U?nYppV
(B) covers it g2OnLEF]s
(C) which covers
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(D) which it covers B'Yx/c&n
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 L]Tj]u)
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused -l[H]BAMXy
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on fB2ILRc
the paper. \XDiw~0
(A) the impression is r=j?0k '}]
(B) if the impression is Yy~x`P'g!
(C) impressions u`ir(JIj]
(D) the impression rO87V!Cj
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression }Qo]~/
三、平行结构 *|&Y ,H?
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 Fe8X@63
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: ^B"LT>.[
A and B, !t% 1G.
A , B, and C 5BrN
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- >~g-
is known as accounting. C eEhe
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary XX=OyDLqP
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's &XNt/bK-?
transactions 6 ;'s
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(C) transactions of an enterprise are 'IU3Xu[-.
summarized :EW1I>}_
(D) summarizing the transactions of an %
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enterprise UVDMYA0
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 gY+d[3N
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 kTjn%Sn,
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed h<L_ =)lH
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and ybpOk
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on _J*l,]
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human patients. 0 Rb3|te
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in C
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(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures 7<LuL
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures uV|F3'jT
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull x~k3kj
fractures JbEEI(Q>g
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 L1_O!EQ
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四、宾语从句结构 9z?c0W5x
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 z<Z0/a2'1
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: |keU+De
state(陈述,表明)+that '7' 73
indicate(指明,表明)+that 8K^#$,.."
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, Y"ta`+VJ
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite `D3q!e
units called quanta or photons. {pQ8/Af!
(A) energy that UV|{za$&/
(B) that it is energy I3Co
(C) it is energy ipG 0ie+
(D) that energy ^?|4<Rm
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 ka=A:biz
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth
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indicate--yield when unusual weight is ZT"vVX-)G
placed on them. g[y&GCKY!=
(A) although its crust and mantle @@a#DjE%/
(B) its crust and mantle to ~Y0K Wx4
(C) that its crust and mantle
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(D) for its crust and mantle to <bn|ni|c"
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 J*ofa>
五、介词+ which结构 Tq^B>{S"
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 {OQ)Np!
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, N f?\O@
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 {
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, ^tyqc8&
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 ! qtj1.w
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is e2xKo1?I
a method ---- voters select the nominees ~hP]<$v
for public office. daB5E<?
(A) that 1@-l@ P
(B)by which rIyIZWkI
(C)is that K-(C5 "j_
(D)by those eHHU2^I,
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 AgDXpa
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A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 (e
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B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 uYE"OUNWL
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players :p1_ij]ND
hit wooden balls through wire arches called 98|1K>C
wickers. ip|l3m$ Mi
(A) when HT_nxe`E
(B) which +nYF9z2
(C) is when KrTlzbw&p\
(D) in which $ -]9/Ct
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 8P%Jky&(
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六、in that结构 ;M O,HdP;
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, |UQGZ
because of +名词, J32"Ytdo<
consequently是副词
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而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 7$kTeKiP
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals YB9)v5Nz(
---- it is a liquid. tRR<4}4R
(A) whereas iT~ gt/K
(B) in that _y9NDLRs8
(C) because of hIo^/_K
(D) consequently )5<c8lzp
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 ZY)&Fam}
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 Ye\&_w"
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual Z"9D1Uk
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. j[$+hh3:
(A)they q:P44`Aq
(B)in they E#yG}UWe
(C)that they AgJPtzs
(D)in that they MJcWX|(y
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 _^NL{R/
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 4^K<RSYs
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ #D Oui]
great inspiration for her poems. %H7H0%qW
(A) that she drew 5NhwIu^<
(B) by drawing her 6z1>(Za7>
(C) from which she drew =\x(Rs3
(D) drawn from which Si=u=FI1e
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 w4;1 ('
七、what结构 MOu=
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: { VFr8F0*H
what=the thing that K7]+. f
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend -e_L2<7
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. "S0WFP\P+
(A) it grows +IbQVU~/
(B) what grows YjwC8#$
(C) does it grow 5c6?$v/
(D) what does it grow HpR(DG)
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分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 ]"-c?%L
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle 629#t`W\
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory hBNA,e:
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. ^n<o,K4\}
(A) there "/$2oYNy+
(B) where {|/y/xYgy'
(C) that 0m&W: c
(D) what M%qHf{ B
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 Gq9p
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八、同位语结构 ^*_|26
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 pn-`QB:{h
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) ~SR9*<
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing ?Y\hC0a60
and swallowing . kr>H,%3~
(A) is the chief organ of taste M
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(B) tasting the organ chiefly vZ/Bzy@|
(C) the chief organ of taste >`=<(8bu
(D) the organ chiefly tastes o=y0=,:a?9
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 :|PgGhW
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 PQA}_o
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) }>< v7
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of 8a,pDE
Native Americans in her novel, Century of IJ#+"(?7,u
Dishonor. d@e2+3<
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 5VhJ*^R`y
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson o%sx(g=q6
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause wC`+^>WFo
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. t)4AQ
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 )0N^rw kW
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as }\3jcnn
hosts to many insect pests. 1%`Nu ]D
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than
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goldenrods tv'=xDCp
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods bK#SxV
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy q!4eVg*
plants &"'Z)iWm
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants fF]w[lLDv
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 @M&qH[tK-A
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 >vKOG@I
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 #$ooV1E
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to vtF|:*h
Athens. #6*20w_u
(A) the distance is k keDt+^
(B) that the distance is L25%KGg'o
(C) is that the distance ToX--w4
(D) the distance PWk\#dJN&
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 C2C1 @=w
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九、比较结构 W^YaC
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比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 )=pa*
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less sf"vi i,1A
snow than --eastern Nebraska. =z[$o9
(A) does DIw9ov>k
(B) in 53WCF[
(C) it does in aM+Am,n`@
(D) in it does M;9s
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 n?*r,
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. NG_7jZzXA9
(A) rays more than infrared 3JEg3|M(
(B) rays are more infrared than `BVXF#sb
(C) more than infrared rays "!ks7:}v
(D) more infrared rays than SHT`
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 "
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 BbiyyRa
例3:The activities of the international marketing 7=/iFv[
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. +)LCYDRV7
(A) the domestic marketer has e07u@_'^
(B) the domestic marketer does pu5%$}dBE
(C) those of the domestic marketer OG9 '[o`8
(D) that which has the domestic marketer bgxk:$E
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 /24}>oAH
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing zz!jt
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is greater than --. H+Aidsn
(A) that of its mining and farming combined 70'gVCb
(B) mining and farming combination S+"Bq:u"
(C) that mining and farming combined )|_L?q#w!'
(D) of its combination mining and farming r.lHlHl
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 !9.F
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十、定语从句省略结构 bY
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关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 ~sZ$`t
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture P*H0Hwn;
and overpower. 8Ihl}aguW
(A) can ?T .=ym
(B) they can y$9! rbL
(C) which can ?O3d Sxi
(D) and 0
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分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 f%i%QZP
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can m"'}{3$%
get all the calcium their bodies----from the {z\K!=X/
food they eat. ];lZ:gT
(A) require &q@brX<,=
(B) requires %<x!mE x
(C) requiring P%H Dz
(D)to require "
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分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 3h:y[Vm#9y
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food ;-XfbqZ\
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 EwX{i}j_V
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of \hZ%NLj
A 8I *N
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around XL^05
B C D KyfH8Na?
the world. p7@R+F\.};
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to YcX\t6VK
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive &H]/'i-
A B C IlB8~{p_
than the Sun dies and exploded. &=BzsBh
D z-606g
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more *$W&jfW
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十一、状语从句省略结构 .=
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Metals expand when they are heated. N
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Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: (=Cb)/s0
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; L;%w{,Ji
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, =I546($
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 LCH\;07V#
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of 1.F
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elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand HDhISPg
considerable impact. +h4W<YnW
(A) apparently #~|k EGt
(B) are apparently 5b7(^T^K
(C) apparently their {h7 vJ^
(D) are they apparently {:K
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分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 L^
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: j)mU`b_
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; @@Ybg6.+*
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) Q+T#J9Y
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the v'@gUgC
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly n[iwi
white. Swhz\/u9
(A) when, pure which $72eHdy/yl
(B) when, which pure My8d%GfM
(C) which, pure when mrP48#Y+l
(D) which, when pure .[O{,r
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, 2!sPgIz
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine NZvgkci_(u
is highly efficient and needs servicing sN[}B{+
infrequently "/Qz?1>l+
(A) Even ?'MkaG0g
(B) It is -qIi.]/f"9
(C) Even though dw"Es;^
(D) There is t{]Ew4Y4%O
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 ;
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 gZ,h95'
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 Fc1!i8vv
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; og}Ri!^
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 >3uNh:|>/
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: zEI+)|4?r
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 +F8{4^w1
The starring troops have to surrender. y8k8Hd1<f
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; BiYxI{V FD
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 Z}+}X|
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在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is -l= 4{^pK
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例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often qbv\uYow3k
called scapegoating. >C|pY6
(A) Eliminate problems +fKOX#%
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) Bh3F4k2bg7
(C) Eliminating problems Y9
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(D) Problems are eliminated iOk;o=
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 4?R979
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them m/=nz.
from damage due to weather. +RooU?Aq
(A) Painting 5CY%h
(B) Painted E5ce=$o
(C) The paint Scrj%h%[
(D) By painting v;]rFc#Px[
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 up5f]:!
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 PgkU~68`
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting K<>kT4
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to
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conserve water in the winter. 'UlVc2%{
(A) when losing leaves F&B\ X
(B) leaves are lost CHgip&(.F
(C) that losing leaves i~';1
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(D) the leaves losing !&:=sA
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 c*IrZm
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十三、make结构 T fLqxioqZ
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) RjWwsC~B
共有三种形式: ]+D@E2E
make it possible+to do !Z$d<~Mq q
make it possible+that引导的从句 %Ig$: I(o
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) <`nShP>vl
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做题技巧: }5
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如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it !ho^:}m
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it 3xyrWl
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and eRMN=qP.q
thus make--details that are otherwise $)M3fZ$#
impossible to observe . iH(7.?.r
(A) it visible SXL3>-Z E
(B) visibly '@{:FrG*U
(C) visible KIF9[/P
(D) they are visible tq
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分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 #T7v]@K67
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large {5 dVK
amount of information on a single map. !5*VBE\
(A) possible I*rUe#$
(B) it possible 3&-rOc
(C) it is possible PxKBcx4o`
(D) that possible ^6W}ZLp
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 J9T2 p\5
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