填空题常考结构 DCCij N
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一、主句单一原则 pD6a+B\;k
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 [lj^lN8
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 xl@
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. )x&>Cf<,
(A) They occur where they are rf2-owWN
(B) Occuring where xC$CRzAe5p
(C) Where they occur cvnRd.&
(D) Where do they occur $K~ t'wr
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 'n!Sco)C
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 #tt*yOmiH
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center t. kOR<
(A) Fort Wayne :YN,cI d*
(B) Although Fort Wayne Y/
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(C) For wayne is in =a./HCF
(D) Fort Wayne, in Yg3emn|a
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 8
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二、谓语动词专一原则 Qw/H7fvh&
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 >[gNQJ6
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 [e`6gGO
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” *`wgqin
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with *z\L
social issues. JG!
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(A) covers AtW<e;!0te
(B) covers it S-KHot ?
(C) which covers a/H|/CB3
(D) which it covers 4z> SI\Ss
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 \L{V|}"X
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused ^5BQ=
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on H^C$2 f
the paper. jz72~+)T
(A) the impression is El#"vIg(\
(B) if the impression is Z.
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(C) impressions tKKQli4Mn4
(D) the impression ]KE"|}B
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression |QB[f*y5
三、平行结构 eT6T@C](
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 ]ovb!X_
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: p?XVO#
A and B, DZE@C^0%
A , B, and C #9ZHt5T=$
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- Iu|4QE
is known as accounting. /Mmts=^Ja
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary OT{cP3;0*o
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's R7ze~[oF
transactions oZwu`~h Y
(C) transactions of an enterprise are c$#7Kp4
summarized Cu&y',ee~
(D) summarizing the transactions of an !}PZCbDhL
enterprise j9^V)\6)
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 VBv|7S
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 m;@8z[
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed &ku.Q3xGs
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and R;3nL[{U
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on PB(I3R9
human patients. <kOdd)X
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in @P@{%I
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures +LwwI*;b
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures
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(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull v@ifB I
fractures hAU@}"=G
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 #sM`>KG6T1
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四、宾语从句结构 =M9;`EmC
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 7 >-(g+NF!
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: i
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state(陈述,表明)+that F4DJML-(
indicate(指明,表明)+that -BcnJK0
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, t$z 5m<8
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite YHzP/&0
units called quanta or photons. Ubm]V{7
(A) energy that Qv6-,6<
(B) that it is energy 7sq15oL
(C) it is energy @Y !Jm
(D) that energy Q6;bORN
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 o1R:1!"2
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth x%W%
indicate--yield when unusual weight is ),J6:O&
placed on them. wvRwb
(A) although its crust and mantle S!66t?vHB
(B) its crust and mantle to |7QSr!{_
(C) that its crust and mantle xnxNc5$oE
(D) for its crust and mantle to o .*t
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 QB3er]y0%
五、介词+ which结构 3
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许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 _r
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“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, Jl<pWjkZZ
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 '<$*N
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, .bUj
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 OIDP#K
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is qu&p)*M5
a method ---- voters select the nominees NQA2usb
for public office. Yv.7-DHNl
(A) that h>F"GR?U_(
(B)by which
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(C)is that PS8^=
(D)by those ^B1$|
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D,
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 NFF!g]QN
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 s
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B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 "L!U7|9J
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players *Nfotv
hit wooden balls through wire arches called 6AoKuT;
wickers. jYvl-2A'
(A) when K>C@oE[W
(B) which WZTAXOw
(C) is when 'Yi="kno
(D) in which &;~?\>?I
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 t fD7!N{
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六、in that结构 ahQY-%>
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, rNurzag
because of +名词, uEf=
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consequently是副词 hC9EL=
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而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 '1(6@5tyWk
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals #kh:GAp]
---- it is a liquid. 5S,Kq35$(
(A) whereas 3,K\ZUU.,
(B) in that #6v357-5
(C) because of bt(Y@3;
(D) consequently EeT69o
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 a
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根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 u!&T}i:
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual <h;_:
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. 6yO5{._M
(A)they G+Bk!o
(B)in they \#WWJh"W
(C)that they \
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(D)in that they =m F"D:s*
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 J3~%9MCJ
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 /}J_2
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ _x1W\#
great inspiration for her poems. F'sX ^/;
(A) that she drew Yh!=mW!OY
(B) by drawing her MG~Z)+g=y
(C) from which she drew EI7n|X
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(D) drawn from which ^_g%c&H
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 CLk,]kA'r
七、what结构 ~[dL:=?c
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: 4L ]4WVc
what=the thing that |59)6/i
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend Du65>O
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. '*65j
(A) it grows y<w_>O
(B) what grows 8a`3eM~?[
(C) does it grow f<i
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(D) what does it grow YY :{/0?
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 7)5G 1
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ,[6Rmsk
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory /;
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became----is now Indiana and Ohio. J`)/\9'&&
(A) there s>I]_W)Pt
(B) where mRRZ/m?A(
(C) that |h6!b t!=
(D) what hnB`
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分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 #n{4f1TZ
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八、同位语结构 WZn;u3,R
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 u&uFXOc'
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) !;h&@LXG(
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing NQ;X|$!zH
and swallowing . /CO=!*7fz
(A) is the chief organ of taste aVK,(j9u
(B) tasting the organ chiefly C]8w[)d[`;
(C) the chief organ of taste E;s_=j1f
(D) the organ chiefly tastes 0$c(<+D
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 }Vob)r{R@
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 $;G<!]& s
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) Z\`SDC
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of c`\/]
Native Americans in her novel, Century of y[85eM
Dishonor. @@
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(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause `r-Jy{!y4
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson {+_p?8X
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause !KOa'Ic$V
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. [(_,\:L${
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 ;z9
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as 5
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hosts to many insect pests. ![ce
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(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than EG qu-WBS
goldenrods 8CRbo24"s
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods yH-&o,
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy V6[jhdb
plants 7glf?oE
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants
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分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 H
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 "]G'^
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 a@jM%VZ
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to ~D}fy
Athens. .hxFFk%5
(A) the distance is BC_<1
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(B) that the distance is qS! Lt3+
(C) is that the distance -f ~1Id
(D) the distance BaI-ve
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 o:ow"cOEf
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九、比较结构 ,7s+-sRG
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 !9HWx_,|Z
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less 0iM'),v[]
snow than --eastern Nebraska. HU/4K7e`
(A) does %hBwc#^
(B) in (D?4*9=
(C) it does in ,Nw2cv}D
(D) in it does U_'M9g{,<
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 Q'3tDc<
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. ji4bz#/B0
(A) rays more than infrared `5oXf
(B) rays are more infrared than ?o6#i 3k#'
(C) more than infrared rays G?b*e|@S
(D) more infrared rays than seAPVzWU
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分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 j~.tyxOq#
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 )sK53O$
例3:The activities of the international marketing P"}"q ![
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. V8WSJ=-&
(A) the domestic marketer has tUOY`]0
(B) the domestic marketer does t OJyj49^a
(C) those of the domestic marketer sqV~Dw
(D) that which has the domestic marketer
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分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 F/LMk8RgR
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing 8BZ&-j{
is greater than --. n!SHExBp
(A) that of its mining and farming combined `Xeiz'~f8
(B) mining and farming combination W?wt$'
(C) that mining and farming combined .)bNi*&
(D) of its combination mining and farming NySa%7@CD
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 KTot40osj
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十、定语从句省略结构 >/ A'G
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 OR
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例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture B6Ajcfy
and overpower. A*/8j\{n
(A) can v#s*I/kw
(B) they can 5#X R1#`
(C) which can YXqYIG.G
(D) and [\h?mlG?
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 [kxOv7a
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can {{M/=WqC
get all the calcium their bodies----from the O
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food they eat. lEHXh2
(A) require C'gv#!Q
(B) requires $-t@=N@vO?
(C) requiring ae@!M
(D)to require GRofOJ
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 )Qe]!$tqfD
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food |7A}LA
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 iOb7g@=
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of QZ;DZMP
A Piwox1T;
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 5=#d#dDc
B C D p-EU"O
the world. lP]Y^Gz
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to mDbTOtD
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive GGcODjY>
A B C ?r8hl.Z>
than the Sun dies and exploded. Qyx~={.C~
D d-tg^Ot#
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more VX8CEO
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十一、状语从句省略结构 fvi0gE@bd
Metals expand when they are heated. )b2O!p
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: u'_}4qhCC;
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; Mb\(52`)Q
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, Ng
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比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 UXpp1/d|e
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of ,i<cst)$u
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand l,l6j";ohd
considerable impact. BU??}{
(A) apparently ~ |A0*
(B) are apparently Kn@#5MC
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(C) apparently their Q25VG5G
(D) are they apparently g\
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分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 $*%,
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: C5TV}Bq\
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; Z/?{{}H+
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) b$#b+G{y
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the m=^]9
3+
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly a%b E}
white. <YU4RZ
(A) when, pure which @$%GszyQ'
(B) when, which pure AzXLlQ
(C) which, pure when JVy|SA&R
(D) which, when pure ?-mOAHW0q
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, $'Mf$h
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine *OFG3 uM
is highly efficient and needs servicing n^ fUKi*;
infrequently C,l,fT
(A) Even b=:u d[h
(B) It is =NC??e {
(C) Even though AK&>3D
(D) There is ;]=w6'dP!
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 +@3+WD
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 <Jhd%O
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 I)FFh%m<}a
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; <O'U-.
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动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 naf ~#==vc
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: P%e7c,
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 4mo/MK&M:
The starring troops have to surrender. 7<WS@-2I#
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; H"AL@=
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 C-c'"FHq
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在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is tjXg
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例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often !X-\;3kC0
called scapegoating. aH_c84DS
(A) Eliminate problems ^{Mq
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(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) <<MpeMi
(C) Eliminating problems c
HF W"g78
(D) Problems are eliminated ^ l]!'"
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 o1(;"5MM
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them (X"5x]7]
from damage due to weather. (?1$
(A) Painting I &iyj99n
(B) Painted WkA47+DsV
(C) The paint wz:e\ !
(D) By painting # `E
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 m6e(Xk,)
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 u9S*2'
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting UDi(7c0.
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to l.pxDMY
conserve water in the winter. a[~[lk=7
(A) when losing leaves PM[W7gT
(B) leaves are lost Q*#Lr4cm{
(C) that losing leaves ?`?Tg&W
(D) the leaves losing !I
?C8)
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 ivo><"Y(r
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十三、make结构 j67a?0<C2U
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) y{mt *VA4
共有三种形式: <Y"RsW9
make it possible+to do np^&cY]
make it possible+that引导的从句 3'.3RKV
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 8wkhbD|;
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做题技巧: p4z4[=-:
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it ?+hEs =Xs
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it KU
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and 7(o`>7x*
thus make--details that are otherwise moxmQ>xoH
impossible to observe . }b54
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(A) it visible ~F-knEvL
(B) visibly +g?uvXC&
(C) visible e+BZoK ^
(D) they are visible f{VV U/$
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 "W+>?u )
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large =|AYT6z,
amount of information on a single map. e]1'D
(A) possible P,pC Z+H
(B) it possible \12G,tBH
(C) it is possible m BvO<?ec
(D) that possible [r"Oi|
8I
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 \9`E17i
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十四、the more …the more…结构 b|.Cqsb
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: ,!Q nh:
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 9NwUXh(:(
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 mOj; 0 R
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 !dwZ` D
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 IH=$
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例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 'dBe,@
number of lines of magnetic force. Lqxhy s
(A) of nZnqXclzxn
(B) the BA1H)%
(C) is the /UK?&+1qE
(D) is of the RK-
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分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B *K_8=TIA*
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the -V;Y4,:c
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. IrZ\;!NK
(A) the stress it is greater >3D1:0Sg
(B) greater is the stress xdbzpU
(C) greater stress is %XN;S29d5W
(D) the greater the stress ;b65s9n^b
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 dakHH
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十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 )/DN>rU
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 0qNmao4E_
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例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , r=3`Eb"t
A B e eN`T&cI
thus making it possible the gentle `:7r5}(^
C 1lIs
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renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. O,),0zcYF
D NLpKh1g
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 ){P`-ZF
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more r6\g#}
than sixty-five million items of scientific, 16eP7s
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the t)8crX}P
popular title, “attic of the nation.” u,iiS4'Ze
(A) however d(t)8k$
(B) thus (9( xJ)
(C) and i| cA)
(D) moreover >DY/CcG\P
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 hb~d4J=S
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the ,e$RvFB
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. 8bMw.u=F
(A) to save the seeds (421$w,B%
(B) saving the seeds jS3@Z?x?*
(C)which saves the seeds ! weYOOu
(D) the seeds saved @.cord`
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B P[H`]q|
rA<J^dX=C
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 EX<1hAw
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. 5r8
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最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 0j;|IU\
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. aAoAjV NkK
(A) the tallest 9|>y[i
(B) the tallest that is -, =)O
(C) which is the tallest _mdJIa0D6k
(D) which the tallest is J=^5GfM)J
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 *sfz+8Y
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of W#b++}S
A B C :i?c
domestic animals. QIN# \
D *=E4|>Ul,
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 :]C\DUBo
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 ~;I{d7z,;
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: b[;3y/X
program, programmed, programmed ~}~ yR*K%
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: |("5 :m
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 K
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第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be e8]mdU{)
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona pk=z<OTb
features structures built of red sandstone by R91u6r#
ancestors of the Hopi people. 2gjA>ET`N
(A) That the ~Uz|sQ*G
(B) In the JeCEj=_Z
(C) Around the `V0]t_*D
(D) The wY}+d0Ch
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 f.r-,%^6{
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例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called r>q`# ~
lymphocytes and plasma cells. MN)<Tr2f
(A) to be made 1r w>gR
(B) making oq<#
(C) made )'<
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(D) are made r*3XM{bZ/@
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 h;unbz
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given QU4'x4YS
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of )I}G:bBa
human beings. Pr/&p0@aV
(A) without {k]VT4/
(B) lack $1@{Zz!S
(C) minus :3Jh f$
(D) not having SO&;]YO
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 U&a]
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B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 6qA{l_V
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 G`W+m*[U+M
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十八、逻辑主语结构 Yr,1##u
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 &\K#UVDyhh
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例1:Having been served lunch, --. .lnD]Q
(A) the problem was discussed by the members Zj0&/S
of the committee ?k?Hp:8?=
(B) the committee members discussed the 5~?
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problem G j:|
(C) it was discussed by the committee
ZtT`_G&
members the problem $7*Ml)H!9
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by /4f;Niem
the members of the committee #>V;ZV5"
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B (TQXG^n$gY
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例2:--was not incorporated as a city until $p@g#3X`
almost two centuries later, in 1834. zYNJF>^<
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch 3WYW])
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn ~eP2PG
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch A!~o?ej
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn YGO@X(ej,
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 }ie]7N6;
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例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her Mg$Z^v|}0
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her sFTIRVXN,
first article in print. ao!r6:&v$e
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane @6SSk=9_S
Hawes had %ab79RS]C
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane P.:T
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Hawe's first K/-D 5U
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first O#\>j
teaching position o
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(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching i]z
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position !)=o,sVA
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。
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例4: Even at low levels, --. UJ[
a&b
(A) the nervous system has produced =.a ]?&Yyh
detrimental effects by lead *zWn4BckN
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the jxaoQeac
nervous system YP,PJnJU8
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the ErC[Zh"''
nervous system v_0!uT5~NE
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on 3)a29uc:U
the nervous system N}G
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分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 Pa +BE[z
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例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking /p0LtUMu
A B C [udV }
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. Ui
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分析:应该把D中的were去掉 {2^@jD
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十九、复合宾语结构 'Y\"^'OU\
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 w lg#c6#q
We played soccer. |LE++t*X~
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 LB7I`W
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 K
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下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 JSK5x(GlH
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, N06O.bji
例:We appoint him monitor. *%'7~58ObS
We elected him president. {NgY8wQB
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例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck | V,jd
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not [(E
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consider them --because they are now primarily =3dbw8I
kept as pets. [Vp2!"
(A) where sporting dogs -Bv1}xf=6
(B) sporting dogs l(\8c><m
(C) when sporting dogs VQjFEJ
(D) they are sportingdogs X3iRR{< @
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 aw%vu
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二十、It结构 4eL54).1O
一、强调句型 hs_|nr0;[
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 0*/ r'
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这个句型需要注意几点: A6 y~_dt
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; _QUu'zJ
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; &\lS
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 Z6([/n
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: 9iddanQA
原句: Ann bought these books last year. 2n;;Tso
"
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. )bXx9,VL
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. r,@X>_}
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二、形式主语 '[yqi1
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It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 ecqz@*d&
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 ~muIi#4
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例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than uyRA`<&w
A B Xt,,AGm}
the events that occur in their lives , that are u"8 ;fS
C :UDn^(#
the main focus of social psychology. ~UJu
@M
D fByh";<`P
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is fzFvfMAU
q>|[JJ*6_N
例2: --an increasing international exchange of #C,f/PXfaB
educational films. #u<oEDQ
(A) It is T^%n!t
(B) There is T:g4D z*2\
(C) Though there is ss0'GfP
(D) Although it is bDFCZH-:'O
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 #?$'nya*u
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二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 n:bB$Ai2
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, \Ul.K!b7
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 ]Ic?:lKN
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in which+完整的句子 `Ge +(1x
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 CmJ?_>
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名词+of which+谓语动词 {n'qKurxY
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 sR>`QIi(a
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例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of U7]<U-.&
which are accented. W3jXZ>
(A) line consists of each ?}=-eJ(7e
(B) consists of each line `s>UU- 9
(C) each line consists "^9[OgE:
(D) it consists of each line Y3P.|
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 43J\8WBn@
five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 j Ne(w<',P
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例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a N>A{)_k3
sticky substance on them ------ insects. c?!YFm
(A) traps kfqpI
(B) trap its atLV`U&t
(C) which traps Cdp]Nv6
(D) which it traps I!$jYY2
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 HDF!`
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例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists 4AY
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have paid little attention to cultural y:[BP4H ?y
A
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interpretations given to silence, or to the types of :vc[/<
B C G3RrjWtO
social contexts in which tends to occur. 6
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D .
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分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 K-J|/eB
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例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin R*s* +I
became interested in the art movement s<A*[
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, Yv)Bj
both --her novels and short stories. p+, 1Fi
(A) in which the influence S5i+vUI8C
(B) of which influenced HQq`pG%m6
(C) to have influence F,*2#:Ki
(D) its influence in Gs[Vu@*
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。