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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 Y=Om0=v  
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一、主句单一原则 *vOk21z77d  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 czT]X F  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 :ka^ ztXG  
7KN+ @6!x  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. &/(JIWc1su  
   (A) They occur where they are 3,1HD_  
   (B) Occuring where OM81$Xo=  
   (C) Where they occur MzE1he1  
   (D) Where do they occur =s&ycc;-5}  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 2yV^'o)  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 mI5!rrRD|  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center KpT =twcK  
   (A) Fort Wayne pj Md  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne r9n:[A&HE  
   (C) For wayne is in L| ;WE=  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in R#ZO<g%'  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 u>/Jb+  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 Sl'{rol'  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 4+MaV<!tU^  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 3 Scc"9]  
-6$GM J7  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” 5YYBX\MV  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with L;v.X'f  
   social issues. |)S*RQb\  
    (A) covers 51;[R8'w  
    (B) covers it *Tr9pq%m  
    (C) which covers KxDp+]N]  
    (D) which it covers nO#x "  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 /@&#U bN\  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused tV h"C%Vkr  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on Pbt7T Q  
   the paper. @M"( r"ab  
   (A) the impression is D 9UM8Hxi  
   (B) if the impression is U+zntB  
   (C) impressions ja6V*CWb  
   (D) the impression fk!9` p'  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression sKk+^.K}|  
三、平行结构 <v=s:^;C0  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 y+KAL{AGK  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: f Xh{ _>  
A and B, 1 J}ML}h)  
A , B, and C vM50H  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- Mmg~Fn  
   is known as accounting. | AiMx2  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary >GLoeCRNu  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's 2[qoqd(  
     transactions E^$8nqCL:  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are =T\=,B  
     summarized (][-()YV  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an x P/q[7>#Q  
     enterprise #2Iag' 4T  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 e\O-5hp7  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 g> ~+M  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed H:XPl$;  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and :Z x|=  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on T]nAz<l),  
   human patients. boHbiE  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in )WInPW  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures v$w}UC%uf  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures b*H*(}A6"'  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull h(<>s#=E  
     fractures szb @2fK  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 JgA{1@h  
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四、宾语从句结构 ~KYzEqy  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 iy_Y!wZ{  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: z;F HZb9t,  
     state(陈述,表明)+that N-_APWA  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that Em^~OM3U$q  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, gPT_}#_GxM  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite U$~6V%e  
   units called quanta or photons. b9m`y*My  
    (A) energy that o-7{\%+M  
    (B) that it is energy Z"%.  
    (C) it is energy C\~}ySQc.e  
    (D) that energy T^(W _S  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 Sk/@w[  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth Qrg- xu=  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is )E*f30  
   placed on them. }7(+#ISK6  
   (A) although its crust and mantle *1{A'`.=\  
   (B) its crust and mantle to GWWg3z.o"W  
   (C) that its crust and mantle > Zs!  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to < %Nf"p{K  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 }DS%?6}Sy  
五、介词+ which结构 wT\BA'VQ  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 7@%qm|i>w  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, |1(x2x%}D^  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 U Me?nAC  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, F |BY]{  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 `G1"&q,i  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is m+;U,[%[*E  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees ''@Tke3IG6  
   for public office. P dqvXc  
    (A) that Zf3(! a[  
    (B)by which G\dPGPPM  
    (C)is that Os'E7;:1h  
    (D)by those x-k-Pd  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 Si]?4:E7=  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 M$%ON>K q  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 #$xtUCqX  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players i@nRZ$K  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called Awxm[:r>^  
   wickers. mc%. 8i  
   (A) when Q4-d|  
   (B) which (0q`eO2  
   (C) is when 9DhM 9VU  
   (D) in which 3WF]%P%  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 $I*}AUp v?  
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六、in that结构 8(Te^] v#  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, Kt*fQ `9  
  because of +名词, ^6kl4:{idE  
  consequently是副词 k1xx>=md|C  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 2~f*o^%l  
/kG?I_z  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals N.q~\sF^  
   ---- it is a liquid. =@M9S  
   (A) whereas C] mp <  
   (B) in that BedL `[ ,  
   (C) because of XLpn3sX$  
   (D) consequently \-]Jm[]^  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 I\6C0x  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 eR5q3E/;G  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 5 l8F.LtO\  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. /c=8$y\%@  
   (A)they Q" h ]p  
   (B)in they yO7H!}y_  
   (C)that they Xk%eU>d  
   (D)in that they oe^JDb#  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 `Z>=5:+G@2  
:* |WE29U  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 d1g7:s9$0  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ ]#shuZ##>0  
   great inspiration for her poems. 2<J2#}+ \  
   (A) that she drew dRzeHuF92  
   (B) by drawing her sqh IKw@  
   (C) from which she drew j-J/yhWO&  
   (D) drawn from which NKFeND  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ] rqx><!  
七、what结构 cy6YajOk7  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: Da[#X`Kp$  
  what=the thing that cCiDe`T\F  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend VgbT/v  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. 7R5ebMW V  
   (A) it grows a6h+?Q7uF  
   (B) what grows |AExaO"jk  
   (C) does it grow Xajt][  
   (D) what does it grow % mPv1$FH  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 FU*q9s`  
\ 6taC  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle OD Ry  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory 7ieAd/:_  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. Zr6.Nw  
   (A) there }vP(SF 6  
   (B) where )j}#6r  
   (C) that FnOa hLS  
   (D) what ]T5\LNyN  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 Dh}d-m_ 5  
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八、同位语结构 @+Nf@LJ  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 M;AvOk|&  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) M|@@ LJ'  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing Hv' OO@z  
   and swallowing . XCxxm3t  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste }=|{"C  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly rN.8-  
   (C) the chief organ of taste }[c.OJ:  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes iM1E**WCtv  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 :YX5%6  
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N3KI6p6\  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 5}5oj37x  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) }=gD,]2x8  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of ^) `e}}  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of Ed_Fx'  
   Dishonor. F]N?_ bo  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause h^,L) E  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson -I*vl  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause Y>8 JHoV  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. IZQ*D )  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 K2v[_a~@  
E 8$S0u;`  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as &b%2Jx[+  
   hosts to many insect pests. bl10kI:F  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than `q  | )_  
     goldenrods jWvi% I qi  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods N<Ym&$xR  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy +RiI5.$=Z  
     plants S$40nM  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants u35"oLV6}#  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 LU@1Gol  
nq+6ipx  
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 68<W6z  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 U(OkTJxv+  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to +nB0O/m'U  
   Athens. ;v.J D7  
   (A) the distance is  #3RElI  
   (B) that the distance is v:w^$]4  
   (C) is that the distance V_n tS& 2o  
   (D) the distance cBOt=vg,5  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 )1GJ^h$l  
 =Uo*-EH  
九、比较结构 3rJ LLYR  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 uz20pun4B  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less Ul 85-p  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. ~6QV?j  
    (A) does 497l2}0  
    (B) in pu ?CO A  
    (C) it does in $ )2zz>4  
    (D) in it does ?=-/5A4K  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 F8/n;  
*&+zI$u (  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. e(&u3 #7Nn  
    (A) rays more than infrared h\~!!F  
    (B) rays are more infrared than }6{00er  
    (C) more than infrared rays WOeLn[  
    (D) more infrared rays than 8A-*MU`+  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 #8BI`.t)j  
z-sq9 Qp&x  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 1 C*mR%Q  
例3:The activities of the international marketing k!WeE#"(  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. #P!M"_z  
   (A) the domestic marketer has Of9 gS-m  
   (B) the domestic marketer does q$ j  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer 43rV> W,  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer k!6m'}v  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 H_1&>@ 3  
K &" X7fQ  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing Df(+@L5!  
   is greater than --. E4_,EeC#  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined D C_k0V Bn  
   (B) mining and farming combination LA/Qm/T  
   (C) that mining and farming combined ~9;udBfwF  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming Bc b '4*:  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 M}=>~TA@  
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十、定语从句省略结构 D& &71X '  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 qHd7C3  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture >S{8sN  
   and overpower. 2 zX9c<S=5  
   (A) can   jL'R4z  
   (B) they can [O]rf+NZ(5  
   (C) which can u1. 0-Y?  
   (D) and r{Mn{1: O  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 w2lO[o~x}  
S&J5QZjC  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can 3Lv5>[MnN  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the >8$Lqj^i  
   food they eat. rcH{"\F_/  
    (A) require Tv~Ho&LS  
    (B) requires Re*~C:  
    (C) requiring K7i@7  
    (D)to require J L1]auO*  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 |nqN95'u+]  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 3'SN0VL  
Ip *8R]W  
pP# |: %  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 M(^ e) 7a1  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of 5%@~"YCo  
    A p )WRsJ8  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 4sC)hAx&f  
   B          C      D d-8{}Q  
   the world. &(|Ot`el]v  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to 10N0?K"  
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive OgHqF,0MN  
          A  B      C u0qTP]  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. F4ylD5Y!  
              D ^}J,;Zhu5  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more 19%zcYTe  
d vo|9 >  
十一、状语从句省略结构 gQ<{NQMzvd  
Metals expand when they are heated. 4RH>i+)pS\  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: B^{~,'  
T#vY(d  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; vV"I}L  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出,  2 av=W  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 SEE:v+ 3|  
as!P`*@  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of su\`E&0V+  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand <vb7X  
   considerable impact. aNwx~t]G  
   (A) apparently @3~W ukc  
   (B) are apparently %:sP#BQM  
   (C) apparently their ]K%d   
   (D) are they apparently +I}!)$/  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 }j!C+i  
?D(aky#cyc  
voJJoy%  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: O[p c$Pi  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 'QTa<Z)E  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) 1 qp"D_h  
_94R8?\_V7  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the {s6hi#R>  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly c6iFha;db  
   white. P0k.\8 qz  
   (A) when, pure which 1@F>E;YjL=  
   (B) when, which pure "I@akM$x  
   (C) which, pure when ;wZplVB7y  
   (D) which, when pure 9%m^^OOf  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, gJg+ ]-h/  
Z4m+GFY  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine m6Qm }""  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing U8</aQLGF  
   infrequently G+\&8fi0  
   (A) Even m @)Ya*=<  
   (B) It is phwBil-vUU  
   (C) Even though E5Ls/ H K  
   (D) There is $&i8/pD  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。  xS="o  
$J0o%9K   
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 R~;8v1>K  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 tqL2' (=  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; mApl;D X  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 kPO+M~+n  
i8#:y`ai  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: &G?w*w_n  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 j9BcoEl:;  
  The starring troops have to surrender. }|nEbM]#  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; 6.a|w}C`  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 `9A`pC  
rmdg~  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is MOm+t]vq1  
y!|4]/G]?t  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often //bQD>NBO  
   called scapegoating. b27t-p8  
   (A) Eliminate problems 7 4hRG~  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) -67!u;  
   (C) Eliminating problems G\(*z4@Gz  
   (D) Problems are eliminated V|<'o<h8  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 Q,};O$h  
gyU=v{].  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them X9rao n  
   from damage due to weather. _<?z-K_;I  
    (A) Painting L:.Rv0XT  
    (B) Painted  :j`XU  
    (C) The paint :J+ANIRI  
    (D) By painting x6vkd%fCj  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 ojVN -*5  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 sGa "  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting yP34h*0B  
ciW;sK8  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to SUL\|z`5  
   conserve water in the winter. nd5.Py$  
   (A) when losing leaves >VG*La' c  
   (B) leaves are lost 8A 'SMJi  
   (C) that losing leaves 8SCXA9}  
   (D) the leaves losing 8 v da"  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 EWWCh0 {  
eUD 5 V  
十三、make结构 GZmfE`  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) +KIBbXF7  
共有三种形式: q~{O^,4S  
   make it possible+to do iZ ( Jw Y  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 f^Q)lIv  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) gU?M/i2  
#=Whh 9-d  
做题技巧: G%CS1#  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it <B+ WM  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it rgEN~e'  
)?( _vrc<  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and ,5x9o"N!  
   thus make--details that are otherwise _gpf9ad  
   impossible to observe . "a<:fEsSE  
   (A) it visible qI[AsM+  
   (B) visibly unr`.}A2>  
   (C) visible HrR w  
   (D) they are visible Z0M|Bv9_  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 02^Nf7DMR  
uzS;&-nA  
k?Njge6@  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large k40`,;}9  
   amount of information on a single map. 6dRvx;d  
   (A) possible - P4X@s_;  
   (B) it possible d\tA1&k71  
   (C) it is possible $;)A:*e  
   (D) that possible +0:]KG!Zs.  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 B D mF+  
4u1au1 c  
F*y7 4j,  
十四、the more …the more…结构 Z_Y gV:jc  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: (,RL\1zJ  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 ?%b#FXA  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 x, 'KI?TyQ  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 eX'V #K#C  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 SYgkYR  
ZD4:'m`T/  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the mwF{z.t"  
   number of lines of magnetic force. S]gV!Q4%  
   (A) of ?p>m ;Aq  
   (B) the uFfk!  
   (C) is the I@(3~ Ab  
   (D) is of the )p{,5"0u  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B IJLuu@kRm,  
<#)Q.P  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the sLc,Dx"+  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.   bDq<]h_7  
   (A) the stress it is greater WFvVu3  
   (B) greater is the stress WA#y&  
   (C) greater stress is m=60a@o]  
   (D) the greater the stress 4UMOC_  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 m-Qy6"eW  
#d$lN}8  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 ]#W9l\  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 2F/oWt|w?  
##s :Ww  
m1RjD$fM  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , Q3[nS(#Z/=  
             A     B D@m3bsMwe  
   thus making it possible the gentle ;Ao`yC2(v  
       C            u&e?3qKX(  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. n9V8A[QJ  
         D 5a:YzQ4  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 96%N  
'T]Ok\  
HE+D]7^  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more q,=YKw)*  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, A $l  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the C-H6l6,  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” ;7(vqm<V2~  
    (A) however vg5fMH9ZZ  
    (B) thus ;ao <{i?  
    (C) and E4<#6q  
    (D) moreover dlMjy$/T  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 '2SZ]   
_!%@V=  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the xiF}{25a  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. -'Z-8  
    (A) to save the seeds  k.\4<}  
    (B) saving the seeds )#,a'~w  
    (C)which saves the seeds -$`q:j  
    (D) the seeds saved 2nSK}q  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B c&"1Z/tR  
_OB^ywHn.  
H^g&e$d0  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 7/dp_I}cO  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. afjEN y1  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. x #t?`  
}{.V^;  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. e?;  
   (A) the tallest y4Nam87;/?  
   (B) the tallest that is 6. vwK3\>~  
   (C) which is the tallest l;h5Y<A%?  
   (D) which the tallest is GZ.KL!,R!  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 U \jFB*U  
v Sk1/  
}1NNXxQ  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of I3YSW  
       A  B       C th+LScOX  
   domestic animals. ?*cCn-|  
    D T!>sL=uf  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 x'V:qv*O  
.<6'*X R  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 >eX9dA3X  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: 3GXmyo:o$  
  program, programmed, programmed }q:4Zh'l!  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: H~W=#Cx  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 JY$;m3h  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be MkM`)g 5  
5zH_yZ@+  
Y5<W"[B!  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona {Bb:\N8X  
   features structures built of red sandstone by |^OK@KdL1  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. HaQox.v%  
   (A) That the @E=77Jn[px  
   (B) In the ^(7Qz&q  
   (C) Around the *Z3b6X'e  
   (D) The LB^xdMXi  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 jH37{S-  
mnU8i=v0 A  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called <A&Zl&^1  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. fD%20P`.  
   (A) to be made Kr+#)S  
   (B) making iK8jX?  
   (C) made 5JS*6|IbD{  
   (D) are made Ij:yTu   
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 l$m}aQ%h  
NdC5w-WY  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given ~gg&G~ ET  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of =0SJf 3  
   human beings. \og2\Oh&gH  
   (A) without =tl~@~pqI  
   (B) lack _!9I  f  
   (C) minus GF*uDJ Kp  
   (D) not having A| y U'k  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 P[jh^!<j  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 IaO*{1re  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 6Ia[`x uL  
CW+g Z!  
`)Y 5L}c=  
十八、逻辑主语结构  gOy{ RE  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 :c(#03w*C  
l)V646-O,~  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. LdnTdh?  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members TW=N+ye^1(  
    of the committee _WI~b  
   (B) the committee members discussed the iDYm4sY  
    problem )/Oldyp  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee Q+Eqaz`  
    members the problem ^cuH\&&7  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by >2NsBS(  
    the members of the committee k7M{+X6[  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B ::@JL  
ajX] ui  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until 8yM8O #S  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. |*L/ m0'L  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch (@S 9>z4s  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn ,<[x9 "3\  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch %cASk>^i  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn a~zh5==QD  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 GE\({V.W  
R9UC0D:-x  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her <ILi38%Y  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her ac8su0  
   first article in print. ,? Q1JZPy@  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane /K_*Drk>  
    Hawes had 4 &0MB>m  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane M->#WGl\B  
    Hawe's first ~O 4@b/!4  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first zoj w^%W  
    teaching position 8an_s%,AW  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching \p)eY#A  
    position 2-^ ['R  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 _HkQv6fXpE  
lT'V=,Y t  
例4: Even at low levels, --. =-G4 BQ  
   (A) the nervous system has produced ")w~pZE&+  
     detrimental effects by lead $C8s  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the N]G`]  
    nervous system 4hUUQ;xj  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the <O{G&  
    nervous system VGOdJ|2]Wr  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on Gn<e&|4>i}  
    the nervous system 'JAe =K H  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 pH0MVu(W  
^{-Z3Yxd  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking +lJD7=%K]Z  
            A   B     C 5 gwEr170  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. YV6w}b:  
       D :Y)G-:S+  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 UDb  
wT :mfS09N  
(- {.T  
十九、复合宾语结构 ),0Ea~LB4  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 # twl  
We played soccer. 7gt%[r M  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 gn[h:+H&  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 r7v 1q  
b>| d Q  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 q?# w%0}  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, 9RY}m7  
例:We appoint him monitor. kk aS&r>  
  We elected him president. Y IVN;:B.  
Mey=%Fv  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck UujKgL4  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not {-s7_\|p(  
   consider them --because they are now primarily Y^ ,G} &p  
   kept as pets. e'dZ2;X$zo  
   (A) where sporting dogs wdEQB-dA  
   (B) sporting dogs 0+_:^z  
   (C) when sporting dogs )H<F([Jri  
   (D) they are sportingdogs fMZc_dsW9  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 L(3} H,t  
 IaRq6=[  
二十、It结构 5i&+.?(Z=  
一、强调句型 K$~Ja  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 fngk<$lvg  
[f-<M@id/  
这个句型需要注意几点: fvw&y+|y!  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; YDiru  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; q=uJ^N  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 I$1~;!<  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: {b26DKkQS  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. 98t|G5  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. A*+Kl hT  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. =VDtZSa!$^  
HiDL:14  
二、形式主语 .k:Uj-&  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 2W=am_\0e.  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 )\0LxsZ  
"(SZ;y  
3']=w@~ O[  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than aG/L'we R  
    A               B 4Nz]LK%@  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are K@+(6\6I  
                  C '5m`[S-IU  
   the main focus of social psychology. "r.eN_d  
           D p+d?k"WN?  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is ys$X!Ep  
+UC-  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of <)$b=z  
   educational films. U4$CkTe2Y  
   (A) It is  9<S};I;  
   (B) There is  Zp*0%x!e  
   (C) Though there is 7Yd]#K{$  
   (D) Although it is / qo`vk A  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 # ~T K C|G  
4mJ[Wr\y  
)rFcfS+/  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 74q |FQ  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, {QRrAi  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 1 3 e @  
U:o(%dk  
in which+完整的句子 $*[-kIy  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 7* &$-Hv  
-v7O*xm"  
名词+of which+谓语动词 v&i,}p^M5  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 ^-i<TJ  
' ;PHuMY#X  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of )dgo oq  
   which are accented. 4?)-;Hx_X  
   (A) line consists of each &;O)Dw  
   (B) consists of each line P<WCW3!JZ  
   (C) each line consists zgh~P^Z  
   (D) it consists of each line ^sA"&Vdr^  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 f~NGIlgR  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 EsR$H2"  
J(JqusQd !  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a 9 L^:N)-  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. U F ]g6u  
   (A) traps   P,@ :?6  
   (B) trap its  ~HH6=qjU)  
   (C) which traps <CnTiS#  
   (D) which it traps &:" [hU  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 $ }D9)&f;  
]7ZY |fP2  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists _PR> <L_  
  have paid little attention to cultural bq<DW/  
   A             f*}H4H EO  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of 1hQeuG  
         B      C .;&1"b8G  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. UFox v)  
           D C;&44cU/]  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 ~J Xqyw}  
s}pn5zMp:8  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin ~A5MzrvIO2  
   became interested in the art movement PafsO,i-  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, rg^  
   both --her novels and short stories. i!!1^DMrw  
   (A) in which the influence 85Hb~|0  
   (B) of which influenced zu~E}  
   (C) to have influence /5y*ZIq]e  
   (D) its influence in 2sOV3~bB  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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