填空题常考结构 Y=Om0=v
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一、主句单一原则 *vOk21z77d
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 czT]X
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做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 :ka^ztXG
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. &/(JIWc1su
(A) They occur where they are 3,1HD_
(B) Occuring where OM81$Xo=
(C) Where they occur MzE1he1
(D) Where do they occur =s&ycc;-5}
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 2yV^'o)
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 mI5!rrRD|
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center KpT
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(A) Fort Wayne pj Md
(B) Although Fort Wayne r9n:[A&HE
(C) For wayne is in L| ;WE=
(D) Fort Wayne, in R# ZO<g%'
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 u>/Jb+
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二、谓语动词专一原则 Sl'{rol'
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 4+MaV<!tU^
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 3Scc"9]
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” 5YYBX\MV
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with L;v.X'f
social issues. |)S*RQb\
(A) covers 51;[R8'w
(B) covers it *Tr9pq%m
(C) which covers KxDp+]N]
(D) which it covers nO#x"
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 /@U bN\
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused tVh"C%Vkr
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on Pbt7T
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the paper. @M"(
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(A) the impression is D 9UM8Hxi
(B) if the impression is U+zntB
(C) impressions ja6V*CWb
(D) the impression fk!9` p'
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression sKk+^.K}|
三、平行结构 <v=s:^;C0
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 y+KAL{AGK
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: fXh{_>
A and B, 1 J}ML}h)
A , B, and C vM50H
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- Mmg~Fn
is known as accounting. | AiMx2
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary >GLoeCRNu
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's 2[qoqd(
transactions E^$8nqCL:
(C) transactions of an enterprise are =T\=,B
summarized (][-()YV
(D) summarizing the transactions of an x
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enterprise #2Iag'4T
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 e\O-5hp7
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 g> ~+M
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed H:XPl$;
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and :Zx|=
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on T]nAz<l),
human patients. boHbiE
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in )W InPW
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures v$w}UC%uf
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures b*H*(}A6"'
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull h(<>s#=E
fractures szb
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分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 JgA{1@h
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四、宾语从句结构 ~KYzEqy
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 iy_Y!wZ{
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: z;F HZb9t,
state(陈述,表明)+that N-_APWA
indicate(指明,表明)+that Em^~OM3U$q
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, gPT_}#_GxM
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite U$~6V%e
units called quanta or photons. b9m`y*My
(A) energy that o-7{\%+M
(B) that it is energy Z"%.
(C) it is energy C\~}ySQc.e
(D) that energy T^(W _S
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 Sk/@w[
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth Qrg- xu=
indicate--yield when unusual weight is )E*f30
placed on them. }7(+#ISK6
(A) although its crust and mantle *1{A'`.=\
(B) its crust and mantle to GWWg3z.o"W
(C) that its crust and mantle >
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(D) for its crust and mantle to <
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分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 }DS%?6}Sy
五、介词+ which结构 wT\BA'VQ
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 7@%qm|i>w
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, |1(x2x%}D^
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 U
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, F
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因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 `G1"&q,i
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is m+;U,[%[*E
a method ---- voters select the nominees ''@Tke3IG6
for public office. PdqvXc
(A) that Zf3(!
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(B)by which G\dPGPPM
(C)is that Os'E7;:1h
(D)by those x-k-Pd
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 Si]?4:E7=
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 M$%ON>Kq
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 #$xtUCqX
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players i@nRZ$ K
hit wooden balls through wire arches called Awxm[:r>^
wickers. mc%.
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(A) when Q4-d|
(B) which (0q`eO2
(C) is when
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(D) in which 3WF]%P%
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 $I*}AUp
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六、in that结构 8(Te^] v#
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, Kt*fQ
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because of +名词, ^6kl4:{idE
consequently是副词 k1xx>=md|C
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 2~f*o^%l
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals N.q~\sF^
---- it is a liquid. =@M9S
(A) whereas C]mp<
(B) in that BedL `[,
(C) because of XLpn3sX$
(D) consequently \-]Jm[]^
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 I\6C0x
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 eR5q3E/;G
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 5l8F.LtO\
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. /c=8$y\%@
(A)they Q"
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(B)in they yO7H!}y_
(C)that they Xk%eU>d
(D)in that they oe^JDb#
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 `Z>=5:+G@2
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 d1g7:s9$0
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ ]#shuZ##>0
great inspiration for her poems. 2<J2#}+\
(A) that she drew dRzeHuF92
(B) by drawing her sqh
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(C) from which she drew j-J/yhWO&
(D) drawn from which NKFeND
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ] rqx><!
七、what结构 cy6YajOk7
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: Da[#X`Kp$
what=the thing that cCiDe`T\F
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend VgbT/v
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. 7R5ebMW
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(A) it grows a6h+?Q7uF
(B) what grows |AExaO"jk
(C) does it grow Xajt][
(D) what does it grow % mPv1$FH
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 FU*q9s `
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ODRy
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory 7ieAd/:_
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. Zr6.Nw
(A) there }vP(SF6
(B) where )j}#6r
(C) that FnOahLS
(D) what ]T5\LNyN
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 Dh}d-m_
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八、同位语结构 @+Nf@LJ
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 M;AvOk|&
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) M|@@
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例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing Hv'
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and swallowing . XCxxm3t
(A) is the chief organ of taste }=|{"C
(B) tasting the organ chiefly rN .8-
(C) the chief organ of taste }[c.OJ:
(D) the organ chiefly tastes iM1E**WCtv
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 :YX5%6
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 5}5oj37x
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) }=gD,]2x8
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of ^)
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Native Americans in her novel, Century of Ed_Fx'
Dishonor. F]N?_ bo
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause h^,L) E
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson -I*vl
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause Y>8
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(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. IZ Q*D
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分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 K2v[_a~@
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as &b%2Jx[+
hosts to many insect pests. bl10kI:F
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than `q | )_
goldenrods jWvi%Iqi
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods N<Ym&$xR
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy +RiI5.$=Z
plants S$40nM
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants u35"oLV6}#
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 LU@1Gol
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 68<W6z
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 U(OkTJxv+
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to +nB0O/m'U
Athens. ;v.J
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(A) the distance is #3RElI
(B) that the distance is v:w^$]4
(C) is that the distance V_ntS&2o
(D) the distance cBOt=vg,5
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 )1GJ^h$l
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九、比较结构 3rJ LLYR
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 uz20pun4B
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less Ul
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snow than --eastern Nebraska. ~6QV?j
(A) does 497 l2}0
(B) in p u?COA
(C) it does in $
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(D) in it does ?=-/5A4K
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 F8/n;
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. e(&u3 #7Nn
(A) rays more than infrared h\~!!F
(B) rays are more infrared than }6{00er
(C) more than infrared rays WOeLn[
(D) more infrared rays than 8A-*MU`+
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 #8BI`.t)j
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 1
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例3:The activities of the international marketing k!WeE#"(
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. #P!M"_z
(A) the domestic marketer has Of9 gS-m
(B) the domestic marketer does q$ j
(C) those of the domestic marketer 43rV> W,
(D) that which has the domestic marketer k!6m'}v
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 H_1&>@ 3
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing Df(+@L5!
is greater than --. E4_,EeC#
(A) that of its mining and farming combined D
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(B) mining and farming combination
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(C) that mining and farming combined ~9;udBfwF
(D) of its combination mining and farming Bcb
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分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 M}=>~TA@
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十、定语从句省略结构 D& &71X '
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 qHd7C3
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture >S{8sN
and overpower. 2zX9c<S=5
(A) can jL'R4z
(B) they can [O]rf+NZ(5
(C) which can u1.0-Y?
(D) and r{Mn{1:
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分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 w2lO[o~x}
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can 3Lv5>[MnN
get all the calcium their bodies----from the >8$Lqj^i
food they eat. rcH{"\F_/
(A) require Tv~Ho&LS
(B) requires Re*~C:
(C) requiring K7i@7
(D)to require J
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分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 |nqN95'u+]
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 3'SN0VL
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 M(^ e)
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例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of 5%@~"YCo
A p
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bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 4sC)hAx&f
B C D d-8{}Q
the world. &(|Ot`el]v
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to 10N0?K"
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive OgHqF,0MN
A B C u0qTP]
than the Sun dies and exploded. F4ylD5Y!
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more 19%zcYTe
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十一、状语从句省略结构 gQ<{NQMzvd
Metals expand when they are heated. 4RH>i+)pS\
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: B^{~,'
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; vV"I}L
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, 2av=W
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 SEE:v+
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of su\`E&0V+
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand <vb7X
considerable impact. aNwx~t]G
(A) apparently @3~W
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(B) are apparently %:sP #BQM
(C) apparently their ]K%d
(D) are they apparently +I}!)$/
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 }j!C+i
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voJJoy%
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: O[p c$Pi
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 'QTa<Z)E
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) 1qp"D_h
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the {s6hi#R>
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly c6iFha;db
white. P0k.\ 8
qz
(A) when, pure which 1@F>E;YjL=
(B) when, which pure "I @akM$x
(C) which, pure when ;wZplVB7y
(D) which, when pure 9%m^^OOf
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, gJg+
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Z4m+GFY
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine m6Qm }""
is highly efficient and needs servicing U8</aQLGF
infrequently G+\&8fi0
(A) Even m@)Ya*=<
(B) It is phwBil-vUU
(C) Even though E5Ls/ HK
(D) There is $&i8/pD
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 xS=" o
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 R~;8v1>K
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 tq L2' (=
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; mApl;D X
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 kPO+M~+n
i8#:y`ai
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: &G?w*w_n
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 j9BcoEl:;
The starring troops have to surrender. }|nEbM]#
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; 6.a|w}C`
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 `9A`pC
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在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is MOm+t]vq1
y!|4]/G]?t
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often //bQD>NBO
called scapegoating. b27t-p8
(A) Eliminate problems 74hRG~
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) -67!u;
(C) Eliminating problems G\(*z4@Gz
(D) Problems are eliminated V|<'o<h8
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 Q,};O$h
gyU=v{].
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them X9rao n
from damage due to weather. _<?z-K_;I
(A) Painting L:.Rv0XT
(B) Painted
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(C) The paint :J+ANIRI
(D) By painting x6vkd%fCj
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 ojVN-*5
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 sGa "
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting yP34h*0B
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to SUL\|z`5
conserve water in the winter. nd5.Py$
(A) when losing leaves >VG*La'c
(B) leaves are lost 8A'SMJi
(C) that losing leaves 8SCXA9}
(D) the leaves losing 8 v da"
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 EWWCh0
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十三、make结构 GZmfE`
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) +KIBbXF7
共有三种形式: q~{O^,4S
make it possible+to do iZ
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make it possible+that引导的从句 f^Q)lIv
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) gU?M/i2
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做题技巧: G%CS1#
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it <B+
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如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it rgEN~e'
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and ,5x9o"N!
thus make--details that are otherwise _gpf9ad
impossible to observe . "a<:fEsSE
(A) it visible qI[AsM+
(B) visibly unr`.}A2>
(C) visible HrR
w
(D) they are visible Z0M|Bv9_
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 02^Nf7DMR
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large k40`,;}9
amount of information on a single map. 6dRvx;d
(A) possible - P4X@s_;
(B) it possible d\tA1&k71
(C) it is possible
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(D) that possible +0:]KG!Zs.
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 B
D mF+
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c
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十四、the more …the more…结构 Z_Y gV:jc
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: (,RL\1zJ
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 ?%b#FXA
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 x,
'KI?TyQ
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 eX'V
#K#C
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 SYgkYR
ZD4:'m`T/
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the mwF{z.t"
number of lines of magnetic force. S]gV! Q4%
(A) of ?p>m;Aq
(B) the uFfk!
(C) is the I@(3~ Ab
(D) is of the )p{,5"0u
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B IJLuu@kRm,
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the sLc,Dx"+
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. bDq<]h_7
(A) the stress it is greater WFvVu3
(B) greater is the stress W A#y&
(C) greater stress is m=60a@o]
(D) the greater the stress 4UMOC_
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 m-Qy6"eW
#d$lN}8
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 ]#W9l\
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 2F/oWt|w?
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例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , Q3[nS(#Z/=
A B D@m3bsMwe
thus making it possible the gentle ;Ao`yC2(v
C u&e?3qKX(
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. n9V8A[QJ
D 5a:YzQ4
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 9 6%N
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HE+D]7^
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more q,=YKw)*
than sixty-five million items of scientific, A$l
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the C-H6l6,
popular title, “attic of the nation.” ;7(vqm<V2~
(A) however vg5fMH9ZZ
(B) thus ;ao <{i?
(C) and E4<#6q
(D) moreover dlMjy$/T
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 '2SZ]
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the xiF}{25a
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. -'Z-8
(A) to save the seeds k.\4<}
(B) saving the seeds )#,a'~w
(C)which saves the seeds -$`q:j
(D) the seeds saved 2nSK}q
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B c&"1Z/tR
_OB^ywHn.
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 7/dp_I}cO
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. afjEN
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最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. x#t?`
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. e?;
(A) the tallest y4Nam87;/?
(B) the tallest that is 6.vwK3\>~
(C) which is the tallest l;h5Y<A%?
(D) which the tallest is GZ.KL!,R!
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 U \jFB*U
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of I3 YSW
A B C th+LScOX
domestic animals. ?*cCn-|
D T!>sL=uf
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 x'V:qv*O
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 >eX 9dA3X
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: 3GXmyo:o$
program, programmed, programmed }q:4Zh'l!
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: H~W=#Cx
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 JY$;m3h
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be MkM`)g 5
5zH_yZ@+
Y5<W"[B!
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona {Bb:\N8X
features structures built of red sandstone by |^OK@KdL1
ancestors of the Hopi people. HaQox.v%
(A) That the @E=77Jn[px
(B) In the ^(7Qz&q
(C) Around the *Z3b6X'e
(D) The LB^xdMXi
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 jH37{S-
mnU8i=v0A
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called <A&Zl&^1
lymphocytes and plasma cells. fD%20P`.
(A) to be made Kr+#)S
(B) making iK8jX?
(C) made 5JS*6|IbD{
(D) are made Ij:yTu
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 l$m}aQ%h
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given ~gg&G~ET
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of =0SJf 3
human beings. \og2\Oh&gH
(A) without =tl~@~pqI
(B) lack _!9I
f
(C) minus GF*uDJ Kp
(D) not having A|yU'k
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 P[jh^!<j
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 IaO*{1re
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 6Ia[`xuL
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十八、逻辑主语结构 gOy{ RE
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 :c(#03w*C
l)V646-O,~
例1:Having been served lunch, --. LdnTdh?
(A) the problem was discussed by the members TW=N+ye^1(
of the committee _WI~b
(B) the committee members discussed the iDYm4sY
problem )/Oldyp
(C) it was discussed by the committee Q+Eqaz`
members the problem ^cuH\&&7
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by >2NsBS(
the members of the committee k7M{+X6[
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B
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例2:--was not incorporated as a city until 8yM8O
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almost two centuries later, in 1834. |*L/
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(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch (@S9>z4s
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn ,<[x9 "3\
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch %cASk>^i
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn a~zh5==QD
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 GE\({V.W
R9UC0D:-x
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her <ILi38%Y
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her ac8su0
first article in print. ,? Q1JZPy@
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane /K_*Drk>
Hawes had 4 &0MB>m
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane M->#WGl\B
Hawe's first ~O
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(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first zoj
w^%W
teaching position 8an_s%,AW
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching \p )eY#A
position 2-^['R
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 _HkQv6fXpE
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例4: Even at low levels, --. =-G4BQ
(A) the nervous system has produced ")w~pZE&+
detrimental effects by lead $C8s
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the N]G`]
nervous system 4hUUQ;xj
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the <O{G&
nervous system VGOdJ|2]Wr
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on Gn<e&|4>i}
the nervous system 'JAe=K
H
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 pH0MVu(W
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例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking +lJD7=%K]Z
A B C 5gwEr170
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. YV6w}b:
D :Y)G- :S+
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 UDb
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十九、复合宾语结构 ),0Ea~LB4
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 #twl
We played soccer. 7gt%[r M
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 gn[h:+H&
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 r7v1q
b>|d Q
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 q?#w%0}
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, 9RY}m7
例:We appoint him monitor. kk
aS&r>
We elected him president. Y IVN;:B.
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例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck UujKgL4
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not {-s7_\|p(
consider them --because they are now primarily Y^,G}
&p
kept as pets. e'dZ2;X$zo
(A) where sporting dogs wdEQB-dA
(B) sporting dogs 0+_:^z
(C) when sporting dogs )H<F([Jri
(D) they are sportingdogs fMZc_dsW9
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 L(3}
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IaRq6=[
二十、It结构 5i&+.?(Z=
一、强调句型 K$~Ja
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 fngk<$lvg
[f-<M@id/
这个句型需要注意几点: fvw&y+|y!
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; YDiru
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; q=uJ^N
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 I$1~;!<
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: {b26DKkQS
原句: Ann bought these books last year. 98t|G5
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. A*+Kl
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强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. =VDtZSa!$^
H iDL:14
二、形式主语 .k:Uj-&
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 2W=am_\0e.
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 )\0LxsZ
"(SZ;y
3']=w@~ O[
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than aG/L'we
R
A B 4Nz]LK%@
the events that occur in their lives , that are K@+(6\6I
C '5m`[S-IU
the main focus of social psychology. "r.eN_d
D p+d?k"WN?
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is ys$X!Ep
+UC-
例2: --an increasing international exchange of <)$b=z
educational films. U4$CkTe2Y
(A) It is 9<S};I;
(B) There is Zp*0%x!e
(C) Though there is 7Yd]#K{$
(D) Although it is / qo`vk A
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 # ~T
KC|G
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二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 74q|FQ
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, {QRrAi
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 1
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in which+完整的句子 $*[-kIy
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 7*
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名词+of which+谓语动词 v&i,}p^M5
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 ^-i<TJ
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例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of )dgooq
which are accented. 4?)-;Hx_X
(A) line consists of each &;O)Dw
(B) consists of each line P<WCW3!JZ
(C) each line consists zgh~P^Z
(D) it consists of each line ^sA"&Vdr^
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 f~NGIlgR
five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 EsR$H2"
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例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a 9L^:N)-
sticky substance on them ------ insects. UF ]g6u
(A) traps P,@ :?6
(B) trap its ~HH6=qjU)
(C) which traps <CnTiS#
(D) which it traps &:"[hU
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 $ }D9)&f;
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例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists _PR><L_
have paid little attention to cultural
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interpretations given to silence, or to the types of 1hQeuG
B C .;&1"b8G
social contexts in which tends to occur. UFox
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分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 ~J Xqyw}
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例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin ~A5MzrvIO2
became interested in the art movement PafsO,i-
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, rg^
both --her novels and short stories. i!!1^DMrw
(A) in which the influence 85Hb~|0
(B) of which influenced zu~E}
(C) to have influence /5y*ZIq]e
(D) its influence in 2sOV3~bB
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。