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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 "s@q(J  
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一、主句单一原则 :!FGvR6  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 <L2z|%`  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 D}N4*L1  
jY ;Hdb''  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. mILCC} K t  
   (A) They occur where they are Oe;1f#` 5  
   (B) Occuring where iT+t  
   (C) Where they occur s=Kz9WLy  
   (D) Where do they occur 5fLp?`T  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 +=*ND<$n/E  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 Fw^^sB  
+;bZ(_ohG  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center UgOhx- 8  
   (A) Fort Wayne uX6rCokr  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne ^Of\l:q*  
   (C) For wayne is in FMitIM*]   
   (D) Fort Wayne, in 7324#HwS  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 {5+ 39=(  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 :zpT Gk8Z  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 IU"8.(;o  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 H)rJ >L  
] ^J  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” E_{P^7Z|Jg  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with !|cM<}TF,  
   social issues. B|=S-5pv*  
    (A) covers zv^+8h7k  
    (B) covers it ;x/. 8fA  
    (C) which covers _Ecs{'k  
    (D) which it covers ]puDqu5!  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 r'@7aT&_  
y-Lm^ GW4  
Iomx"y] 9  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused m`4N1egCt  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on +hs:W'`%  
   the paper. Xod/GY G  
   (A) the impression is A^4#6],%v  
   (B) if the impression is \8k4v#wH  
   (C) impressions 5{-54mwo  
   (D) the impression kAW2vh  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression }xgs]\^,73  
三、平行结构 H< q z rO  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 -JclEp  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: SN$3cg]z  
A and B, $`L |  
A , B, and C Jb)xzUhES  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- .8wF> 8  
   is known as accounting. %)e&" mq!|  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary Z[kVVE9b?  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's "rpP  
     transactions SOS|3q_`  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are /5?tXH "  
     summarized k?_uv  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an ]'z 5%'  
     enterprise 1.nYT*  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 $$'[ %  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 iq5-eJmq  
LE g#W  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed P[H 4Yp  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and BD M"";u  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on  X$_z"t  
   human patients. O#)YbaE  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in bFJ>+ {#  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures r$,Xv+}  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures Z jXn,W]~  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull xBE}/F$ 45  
     fractures I8\R7s3  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 t]ID  
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四、宾语从句结构 7<LCX{Uw  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 c(s: f@ 1  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: t*Z4&Sy^  
     state(陈述,表明)+that h<g2aL21?F  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that Z3-=TN  
z:A_  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, (:RYd6i  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite xQNGlVipZ@  
   units called quanta or photons. PD-*rG `  
    (A) energy that h~ehZJys  
    (B) that it is energy aoGns46Y  
    (C) it is energy H2yPVJ\Y)"  
    (D) that energy ,]tMZ?n8  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 Xj<xen(  
K#R|GEwr  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth *b"aJ<+  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is Z5@E|O&  
   placed on them. ?BU?c:"f  
   (A) although its crust and mantle @u:q#b  
   (B) its crust and mantle to jPs{Mr<  
   (C) that its crust and mantle cvjZ$Fcc%(  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to 8`Tj*7Y=  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 FaKZ|~Y e  
五、介词+ which结构 n m.5!.  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 #r@>.S=U]  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, 88l{M[B2  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 6Z;D`X,5  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, dlMjy$/T  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 sc z8 `%  
t6~~s iQI'  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is 9jllW[`2F  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees -'Z-8  
   for public office.  k.\4<}  
    (A) that )#,a'~w  
    (B)by which jm[f|4\  
    (C)is that :e\M~n+y  
    (D)by those |wuN`;gc"  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 Or-LQ^~  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 U:8cz=#  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 Bd[H@oKru  
vX$|/74  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players W2A!BaH%  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called y 48zsm{  
   wickers. Rj-4K@a8#N  
   (A) when rWJKK  
   (B) which ULxgvq  
   (C) is when *7),v+ET  
   (D) in which @`HW0Y_:  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 _;:B@Z  
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六、in that结构 R%Xz3Z&|  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, t]xR`Rr;X  
  because of +名词, `r0MQkk  
  consequently是副词 cq8JpSB(  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 E-#C#B  
ty8E;[ '  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals ![m6$G{y  
   ---- it is a liquid. dRBWJ/ 1T  
   (A) whereas mE bj  
   (B) in that D*ZswHT{y  
   (C) because of l)Mi?B~N  
   (D) consequently 5zH_yZ@+  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 Y5<W"[B!  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 E+Dcw  
4C 9k0]k2  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual |^gnT`+  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. c=p!2jJ1K~  
   (A)they BxesoB  
   (B)in they )%HIC@MM6  
   (C)that they Z5[g[Q  
   (D)in that they /$|-!e<5b\  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 0Q[;{}W}  
lDZ~  
2FR 5RG oD  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 Tj! rAMQk  
8*&YQId~  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ WLCr~r^  
   great inspiration for her poems. Myh?=:1~(c  
   (A) that she drew 4j<[3~:0 o  
   (B) by drawing her N: 5 N}am  
   (C) from which she drew UtHloq(r  
   (D) drawn from which &5hs W1`  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 #j"GS/y"  
七、what结构 .d+zF,02Z  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: .>Fpk7  
  what=the thing that N\Ab0mDOV.  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend ul!q)cPb{  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. \+k~p:d_8  
   (A) it grows IaO*{1re  
   (B) what grows 6Ia[`x uL  
   (C) does it grow '30JJ0  
   (D) what does it grow 7yOBxb   
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 Ti>}To}B5  
IH.EvierJ  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ;Pvnhy  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory u/FC\xJc  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. bb$1zSA  
   (A) there ,Qj\_vr@  
   (B) where >S%}HSPKq  
   (C) that i*mI-l  
   (D) what uxL3 8d]  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 T#HF! GH]  
(Z8wMy&:  
?<^^.Si  
八、同位语结构 qJR8fQ  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 ?\zyeWK0L  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) ;Hi aX<O!  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing rY)m"'puP  
   and swallowing . wV,=hMTd&\  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste \U'*B}Sz  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly o%K1!'  
   (C) the chief organ of taste 6mjD@  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes {'#7b# DB>  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 |RD E/  
)4H0Bz2G  
4}] In/yA  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 :)Da^V  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) =q[ynZ8O\w  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of nyOvB#f  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of 3w! NTvp  
   Dishonor. S(:|S(  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause DXK\3vf Ot  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson @FN1o4&3  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause x_= 3 !)  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. t`1~5#?Du(  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 FQcm =d_s  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as uFaT~ 4  
   hosts to many insect pests. 3) XS^WG  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than E Dg; s-T=  
     goldenrods }mS +%w"j  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods )F6p+i="  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy -U@ycx|r  
     plants &pAmFe  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants 1c`Yn:H^  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 p(A[ah_  
s$/ Z+"f(  
+^a@U^V  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 ) 3 I|6iS  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 qtp-w\#S$  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to = {~A} X01  
   Athens. ^1X nnQa  
   (A) the distance is 1["IT.,f.  
   (B) that the distance is "mcuF]7F  
   (C) is that the distance [V;Q#r&+  
   (D) the distance "=0JYh)%_  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 ,D`\ R V  
u6*mHkM  
九、比较结构 Na`vw  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 z!^3%kJJ>  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less iRL|u~bj  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. @oFuX.  
    (A) does wQX%*GbL2  
    (B) in UujKgL4  
    (C) it does in {-s7_\|p(  
    (D) in it does T2k# "zD  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 ( z.\,M  
R?l={N=Wf  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. L%4Do*V&  
    (A) rays more than infrared RZI4N 4o  
    (B) rays are more infrared than .p\<niu7  
    (C) more than infrared rays L(3} H,t  
    (D) more infrared rays than ](^BQc  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 t%30B^Ii%K  
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9'h4QF+Y  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 qF4pTQf  
例3:The activities of the international marketing P\.1w>X  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. !T26#>mV  
   (A) the domestic marketer has 2(NN QU@Uz  
   (B) the domestic marketer does 8f-B-e?k  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer ~@EBW3>~5  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer PH] ui=  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 c"CF&vTp  
=VDtZSa!$^  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing F5/,H:K\  
   is greater than --. ~er4w+"  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined (Qz| N  
   (B) mining and farming combination Ed&M  
   (C) that mining and farming combined vhu5w#]u*  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming 5SmgE2}  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 9N{"ob Z  
$eUJd Aetk  
十、定语从句省略结构 # >L^W7^  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 wU bL w  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture WG.J-2#3  
   and overpower. k6W  [//  
   (A) can   <bxp/#6D  
   (B) they can CGN:=D<  
   (C) which can Xw[|$#QKM  
   (D) and '9#h^.  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 ]NgEN  
] R  s  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can gay6dj^  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the +id p1SJ4  
   food they eat. Um\_G@  
    (A) require ^N_?&pgy  
    (B) requires $+.!(Js"K  
    (C) requiring {!rpE7P-  
    (D)to require +XN/ bT  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 iH""dtO  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 0"to]=  
*wetPt)~v_  
G.#sX  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 D,J yb0BW  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of !K$qh{n  
    A |ydOi&  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around %1oG<s  
   B          C      D B&oP0 jS  
   the world.  E\! <=  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to p&~= rp`E  
/}=Bi-  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive R8<'m   
          A  B      C M;Dk$B{;R  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. /Sag_[i  
              D j[Xc i<m  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more aV'r oxM  
[C"[#7  
十一、状语从句省略结构 ^Gs=U[**  
Metals expand when they are heated. L)Iv] u  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: <(U :v  
sjISVJ?  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; bez_|fY{T  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, ]7ZY |fP2  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 A!&hjV`  
pl{Pur ;i  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of )ZA3m _w]  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand 17nONhh  
   considerable impact. $stBB  
   (A) apparently C/{tvY /o  
   (B) are apparently s28rj6q  
   (C) apparently their g}\Yl.  
   (D) are they apparently `V1D &}H+G  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 V!Q1o!J  
mz~aSbb|  
0WjPo  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: Ew|VDD(.  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; BrQXSN$i  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) c9 UJ=  
c8'! >#$  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the _k,/t10  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly ?1z." &  
   white. n' \poB?  
   (A) when, pure which '01ifA^  
   (B) when, which pure T@ [*V[  
   (C) which, pure when ) DzbJ}  
   (D) which, when pure 7n1@ m_7O  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, nbpGxUF`]  
KKz{a{ePY%  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine AC$:.KLI  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing o0nKgq'w|x  
   infrequently PN!NB.  
   (A) Even 8}& O7zO?  
   (B) It is <3wfY #;><  
   (C) Even though Hvn{aLa.  
   (D) There is K&t+3O  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 JO4rU- n  
=+T$ 1  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 ,<[Q/:}[  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 [f'V pId8  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; [dK5kO  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 a)+;<GZ~  
,~@Nhd~k  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: Q1fJ`A=  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 7j&iHL  
  The starring troops have to surrender. 8\+Q*7~@i  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; ohFUy}y  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 6gLk?^.  
D0(%{S^  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is pNN6PsLt  
K5O#BBX=  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often (p2jigP7a[  
   called scapegoating. _H:mBk,,  
   (A) Eliminate problems 6]=$c<.&  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) `u%`N j  
   (C) Eliminating problems j4v.8;  
   (D) Problems are eliminated }uJH!@j  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 RT2%)5s  
n+db#qAj5  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them B|Y6;4?  
   from damage due to weather. 481SDG[b  
    (A) Painting +Ar=89  
    (B) Painted UenB4  
    (C) The paint 29(s^#e8A  
    (D) By painting Nr\[|||%  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 'lPt.*Y<u  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 :wn9bCom?M  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting a?4'',~  
(^fiw  %#  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to W 7k\j&x  
   conserve water in the winter. '.jr" 3u  
   (A) when losing leaves KZFnp=i  
   (B) leaves are lost x>5"7MR`  
   (C) that losing leaves *~~&*&+  
   (D) the leaves losing 3<ikMUq&  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 N/ 7Q(^  
!"w1Pv,  
十三、make结构 ,G,'#]  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) W ,<P])  
共有三种形式: DH(Q md  
   make it possible+to do )24c(  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 Q{hXP*5  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) =|)W#x9=  
pBW|d\8  
做题技巧: &/K:zWk3mx  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it ! &f(X s  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it Y|eB;Dm1q  
}pP<+U  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and +8tdAw  
   thus make--details that are otherwise 9,h'c f`F  
   impossible to observe . fv1pA+zN[  
   (A) it visible *XRAM.  
   (B) visibly >heFdKq1  
   (C) visible rFY% fo  
   (D) they are visible ich\`j[i  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 K OZHz`1!  
ES~ykE  
&&Sl0(6x[T  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large {1H3VSY q  
   amount of information on a single map. y#[PQ T  
   (A) possible J|k~e,C  
   (B) it possible }R.<\  
   (C) it is possible &|t*9 D  
   (D) that possible ?S9!;x<  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 L;a> J  
&yFt@g]  
fD8A+aA  
十四、the more …the more…结构 iV8j(HV  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: l1X& Nw1W  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 bL`O k  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 ISy\g`d`C  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 i#$N ,kt  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 \ "193CW!  
AplXl=  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the wIi_d6?  
   number of lines of magnetic force. :-x F=Y(;  
   (A) of w!{g^*R+!  
   (B) the K8 Y/sHl  
   (C) is the =i jGB~  
   (D) is of the P$MAURFm  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B I2JE@?  
RC5b'+E&#  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the 1n7tmRl  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  Xrpzc~(  
   (A) the stress it is greater +(d\`{A  
   (B) greater is the stress Q>y2C8rnJ/  
   (C) greater stress is #`P4s>IL1  
   (D) the greater the stress %zg&eFRHI  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 ,@2d <d]  
ax7]>Z=%d"  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 Ql-RbM  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 OyVdQ".  
= E'\  
X5kIM\  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , 3DRXao  
             A     B F5 Tah{  
   thus making it possible the gentle xmz83Ll9  
       C            GJW>8*&&(  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. +J E h7  
         D XYD}OddO  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 :4|W;Lkd!  
d)m +Hc.  
4}B9y3W:v  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more  ajF-T=5  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, *7<5 G{  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the +o)o4l%3  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” >jU. R;H5  
    (A) however ks=j v:  
    (B) thus !%n3_tZC  
    (C) and '6*^s&H~  
    (D) moreover !gv/jdF  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 >pjmVl w?  
 _+%RbJ~H  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the I, 9!["^|  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. k4te[6)  
    (A) to save the seeds ikf6Y$nWfF  
    (B) saving the seeds l@ vaupg  
    (C)which saves the seeds 26|2r  
    (D) the seeds saved cA_77#<8  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B o9-b!I2  
[r%WVf.#d  
<oG+=h  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 k4iu`m@^H  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. t3!?F(&  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. Z_{`$nW  
wb^Yg9  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. UD6D![e  
   (A) the tallest F/z$jj)  
   (B) the tallest that is "X~ayn'@w,  
   (C) which is the tallest uKF?UXc  
   (D) which the tallest is e<s56<3j  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 '3S S%W  
9{bG @g  
gzDH~'8W  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of S'~Zlv 3`  
       A  B       C c(jF^ 0~  
   domestic animals. +!9&E{ pmo  
    D w5,p9f}.  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 O<nJbsl_w  
w5uOi}T\  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构  |/K+tH  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: 1{\{'EP{  
  program, programmed, programmed 7e$\|~<  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: Zj;2>  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 9!sx  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be ]Cd 1&  
{6Tw+/`P  
Pk444_"=  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona Hm2}xnY  
   features structures built of red sandstone by [OJ@{{U%  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. ;EstUs3  
   (A) That the Z M"J5}h  
   (B) In the 5P_%Vp`B2  
   (C) Around the h _6QVab@  
   (D) The U1(<1eTyu  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 /C"dwh"``  
`[\*1GpAo  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called j~!0n[F  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. 'T@K$xL8  
   (A) to be made B6r~4=w_  
   (B) making !f\,xa|M  
   (C) made q,-bw2   
   (D) are made 3DRbCKNL  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 Z\8TpwD2  
~6!{\un   
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given P6w!r>?6N  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of QUd`({/@:  
   human beings. @F)51$Ld  
   (A) without 9?B}CCE<LR  
   (B) lack FEgM4m.(G<  
   (C) minus C;2!c  
   (D) not having aW hhq@  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 e$>.x< Eq  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 68 d\s 4  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 %RA8M- d  
}.O,P'k  
K~"uZa^s  
十八、逻辑主语结构 B0I(/ 7  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 x,YC/J  
CuRYtY@9  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. .Ymoh>JRL  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members jSVIO v:  
    of the committee >?s [g)np  
   (B) the committee members discussed the |&Gm.[IX;q  
    problem  B[jCe5!w  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee =$3]%b}  
    members the problem &r s+x<  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by ) jBPt&  
    the members of the committee Hq'mv_}qG  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B lA}(63j+b  
Vg9n b  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until e1a8>>b cI  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. @-y.Y}k#$~  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch *aF #on{  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn  5,  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch k?-GI[@X  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn tow0/ Jt  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 fWo}gH~  
Ax &Z=  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her 1FC'DH!  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her JL0>-kg  
   first article in print. !DgN@P.o  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane D"kss5>w  
    Hawes had qRk&bF/  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane )`;Q]?D   
    Hawe's first LLE\;,bv  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first QN`K|,}H^  
    teaching position '%U'%')  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching epw*P x  
    position ^5j+O.zgN  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 !EO*xxQ  
J _PAWW  
例4: Even at low levels, --. G i 1Jl"  
   (A) the nervous system has produced !h\.w9o[  
     detrimental effects by lead ^ d2#J  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the P`ZzrN  
    nervous system ]Rah,4?9f  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the 3<Qe'd ^  
    nervous system $;GH -+  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on +qN}oyL  
    the nervous system 1!N|a< #  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 (i..7B:  
\gz(C`4{j  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking Kkfza  
            A   B     C o[$~  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. 5" ~F#vt  
       D 1Ce7\A  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 244[a] %&;  
:mYVHLmea  
'{>R-}o[3  
十九、复合宾语结构 +8xC%eE  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 r`dQ<U,  
We played soccer. &\Ze<u  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 \ 8v^ hb  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 0Dt-!Q7  
PTS dW~3  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 #fGI#]SG?  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, Q[n*ce7L0  
例:We appoint him monitor. ^-^ii 3G`  
  We elected him president. IGnP#@`5]  
 `1`Qu!  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck .Qv H7  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not .ZtW y) U  
   consider them --because they are now primarily m7#v2:OD+  
   kept as pets. =w5]o@  
   (A) where sporting dogs 0h-'TJg*sk  
   (B) sporting dogs UdOO+Z_K%  
   (C) when sporting dogs \[9^,Q P  
   (D) they are sportingdogs 1c\KRK4  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 Oq9E$0JW  
;F;Vm$  
二十、It结构 elGwS\sw  
一、强调句型 kNd(KQ<.17  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 Zmc"  
k>)Uyw$!  
这个句型需要注意几点: r"|UgCc  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; XiM d|D  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; o - v#Zl  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 LC, 6hpmh  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: _iF*BnmN  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. ^WkqRs  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. &+]-e;[  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. 5AK@e|G$w  
zRMz8 IC.  
二、形式主语 Cq -URih  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 Jsa]RA  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 l@0${&n  
N9#5 P!  
Z<iK(?@O  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than ^;sE)L6  
    A               B Iw4[D#o  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are if?X^j0  
                  C TQtHU6  
   the main focus of social psychology. y>X(GF^  
           D & }7+.^  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is . H}R}^  
^-Rqlr,F;  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of CXBFR>"  
   educational films. q|}O-A*wa  
   (A) It is  jwg*\HO,s  
   (B) There is  ;H3~r^>c  
   (C) Though there is  #uV J  
   (D) Although it is !+z&] S3s  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 e8E'X  
v 8EI   
1*e7NJ/.,  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 ->*~e~T  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, k8!:`jG  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 a)*(**e$*i  
!*3]PZ25a(  
in which+完整的句子 VN0KK 1 I  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 PC\p>6xT  
wA"d?x  
名词+of which+谓语动词 YCVT0d  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 K"[\)&WBG  
H]W'mm  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of ,:#h;4!VRF  
   which are accented. %O!TS_~9  
   (A) line consists of each *8+HQ[[#  
   (B) consists of each line ,@fx[5{  
   (C) each line consists  7PuYrJ  
   (D) it consists of each line *7=`]w5k1  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 t&p I  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 +* F e   
4e?bkC  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a >j7]gi(  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. %iME[| u&  
   (A) traps   H}lz_#Z  
   (B) trap its  tSnsjd<6.  
   (C) which traps eh>FYx( S  
   (D) which it traps 'r(g5H1}gi  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 e2BC2K0  
4<vi@,s  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists { ; th~[  
  have paid little attention to cultural Qg]A^{.1  
   A             v,8Q9<=O  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of f& \ Bs8la  
         B      C dz>Jl},`k  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. h@'CmIZc  
           D o2hk!#5[4  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 eE=2~ ylU  
-j2y#aP  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin i~AReJxt7  
   became interested in the art movement lzz;L z  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, () w;~$J  
   both --her novels and short stories. wr=K AsH<  
   (A) in which the influence fL d2{jI,  
   (B) of which influenced <3/_'/C  
   (C) to have influence F|R7hqf  
   (D) its influence in WRAL/  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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