虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜疑、建议或与事实不符的假设等,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语从句的特殊形式表示出来的。freekaobo将对2016考博英语语法虚拟语气做归纳和用法。 $}AbR:z
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一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型 @H<*|3J
(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气 u>]3?ty`
A.用wish表示对现在的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:过去式(be动词用were)。 |Iw glb!k
B.用wish表示对将来的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:would, could, might+ 动词原形。 `/Rqt+C
C.wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时,宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为:had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。 J&s$Wqf
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. Rpv[rvK'
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” S@Rd>4
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” -|Zzs4bx
I wish that he weren’t so lazy. ggL/7I(
(2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形,表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 b*.aaOb
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
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(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况,表示希望或婉转的责备。例如: J
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I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。 w|6/ i/X
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。 vc&v+5Y
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。 b _<n]P*)
(4)It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式,即动词要用过去式。 uD
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It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. )
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It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。 D;NL*4zt
(5)as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形,引导让步虚拟从句,这种用法通常采用倒装结构: \yu7,v
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. 6^WNwe\
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. v
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(6)由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟形式,即should(might, would)+动词原形,例如: GdcXU:J /
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。 !8[T*'LJ-
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself. `hZh}K^
(7) if it were not for…与现在事实相反, if it had not been for与过去事实相反,两个都相当于but for:
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If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded. 8W{M}>;[9
(8) 虚拟语气用于as if(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中,其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如:She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑,而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样,常常流露出来。 =`QYy-b X
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着,就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。 ,puoq{
She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。 |67Jw2
(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等 j(Lz& *4
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry. Yu\$Y0 {]
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二、特殊形式的虚拟语气 \0x>#ygX
虚拟语气的特殊形式,即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式,其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。
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A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中,这类动词有: dazNw
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ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求 u"=]cBRWL6
command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望 le\-h'D
determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张 pE&G]ZC
move建议,动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令 IQ@9S
prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心 B{`adq?pW
recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定,规定 urge强调,促进 /"8e,
vote公认,提议 decree颁布(法令) pray请求 oI{.{]
注意:这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外,也可以接doing或者to do…来表达,一般情况下,意思没有什么差别。
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She advised that we should keep the gate locked.(书面体) {&,p<5o
She advised us to keep the gate locked.(口语) bE/|&8
She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便) ^)~Smj^d
B、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中,这类形容词或分词有: <"5l<E
advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的 q*UHzE:LI
determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的,基本的 {P8d^=#q
complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的 /e0B$UymFu
desirable合意的 better较好的,更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要 bg i_QB#k\
asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的 E2'Wzrovlo
natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议 PaI\y!f
urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的 ;DuVb2~+
possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable (好一点) proposed提议 ^~H{I_Y
requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的 ^YLC {V
probable(可能的) pity可惜,憾事 shame遗憾 ,%TBW,>
注意:这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外,也可以for…to do… o}v<~v(
来表达,一般情况下,意思没有什么差别。 U3{<+vSR
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It is essential that he should be prepared for this. Mp`$1Ksn
It is essential for him to be prepared for this. ,p d-hu
C.用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中,这类名词常见的有: i!%bz
advice忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望 8gP1]xD
insistence坚持 motion提议 necessity必要性 order命令 0V1GX~2
preference偏爱 proposal提议 pray恳求 recommendation推荐 t(#9.b`W)
request要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、忠告 =~+ WJN
例如: -Q n-w
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This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议:要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。 *6/IO&y1a
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。 ]bY|>q
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