Before printing was invented,a scholar had to copy characters one by one if he wanted to publish a new book.During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented the movable-type printing after many years of experimentation.He engraved the characters on small pieces of clay,and heated them until they became hard movable characters.When print in ga book,people placed the move able characters in order into a whole block and then ran off aprint.After printing, they took the block apart and reused the characters later.This method was both economical and time-saving.China's movable-type printing first spread eastward intoKorea and Japan,then westward into Persia and Egypt,and at last,around the world.The invention of movable-type printing greatly promoted the cultural exchanges among countriesall over the world. ={0{X9t?'j
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参考翻译 8GZjIW*0oq
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印刷术发明之前,想出版新书的学者必须一字一字地抄写。北宋时期,经过多年的实验,毕昇发明了活字印刷术(movable-type printing)。他把汉字刻在一小块泥胚(pieces of clay)上,加热汉字直到其变成硬的活字。印书时,人们按顺序将活字摆在一起,印出印迹。印刷完后,他们把字分开,以后重复使用。这种方法既经济又省时。中国的活字印刷术首先向东传至朝鲜和日本,之后向西传至波斯(Persia)和埃及,最后传遍全球。活字印刷术的发明大大促进了世界各国的文化交流。 4<>:]
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1.印刷术:可译为printing。 D>^ix[
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2.出版新书:可译为publish a new book。 3.刻:即“雕刻”,可译为engrave。 <%f%e4
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4.泥胚:可译为pieces of clay。clay意为“黏土,陶土”。 5.按顺序:可译为in order。 0A4|
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6.向东传至朝鲜和日本:可译为spread eastward into Korea and Japan。 jCv+m7Z
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Relativity theory has had a profound influence on our picture of matter by forcing us to modify our concept of a particle in an essential way. (1)(In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material substance, with some “stuff” of which all things were thought to be made.)Relativity theory showed that mass has nothing to do with any substance, but is a form energy. Energy, however, is a dynamic quantity associated with activity, or with processes.(2)(The fact that the mass of a particle is equivalent to a certain of energy means that the particle can no longer be seen as a static object, but has to be conceived as a dynamic pattern, a process involving the energy which manifest itself as the particle’s mass.) 5|t&qUV
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(3)(This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac when he formulated a relativistic equation describing the behavior of electrons.) Dirac’s theory was not only extremely successful in accounting for the fine details of atomic structure, but also revealed a fundamental symmetry between matter and anti-matter. It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass as the electron but with an opposite charge. This positively charged particle, now called the positron, was indeed discovered two years after Dirac had predicted it. The symmetry between matter and anti-matter implies that for every particle there exists an antiparticles with equal mass and opposite charge. Pairs of particles and antiparticles can be created if enough energy is available and can be made to turn into pure energy in the reverse process of destruction.(4)(These processes of particle creation and destruction had been predicted from Dirac’s theory before they were actually discovered in nature, and since then they have been observed millions of times.) *4VP5]!
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The creation of material particles from pure energy is certainly the most spectacular effect of relativity theory, and it can only be understood in terms of the view of particles outlined above.(5)(Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered as being either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objects which could be broken up into their constituent parts;)and the basic question was whether one could divide matter again and again, or whether one would finally arrive at some smallest indivisible units. &4iIzw`
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全文翻译指导 |
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1.在古典物理中,某一物体的质量总是与一种不可毁灭的物质相关联。这是一种构成一切物质的“东西”。 ;9sVWJJCw
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2.某一粒子的质量相当于一定的能量,这一事实意味着该粒子不再被看作是一个静态的物体,而应该被看成是一种动态的形式,一种与能量表现为粒子质量相关的过程。 u)MA#p {
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3.这一新的粒子观是由迪拉克首创的,他列出了描述电子运动行为的相对论方程。 U]3JCZ{]0E
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4.粒子生成和毁灭的过程在真正被发现之前,迪拉克的理论已经对它们作出了预测,从那时起人们对此做过数百万次的观测。 ^i7a2<
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5.在相对论粒子物理学诞生之前,人们一直以为物质的构成成分要么是不可毁灭和不可改变的基本单位,要么是可以分解为其构成部分的合成物。 j*
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本文是一篇关于粒子物理理论的文章。 (U<