首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷

首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷
Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)
Directions：In this part, there are 20 incompletesentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked byletters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET lwith a single line through the centre.
1. After the snow storm, the government plans to______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.
A. revive B. replace C. renovate D. remove
2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________ina few days.
A. die off B. wear off C. get off D. go off
3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could notchange the policeman’s decision to give her a fine.
A. plea B. flattery
C. distress D. demonstration
4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be_______before the objective has been achieved.
A. transferred B. transformed C. terminated D. testified
5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ withsuccess, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.
A. tickled B. tricked C. trickled D. tackled
6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the firstartificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.
A. embarked B. initialed C. commenced D. originated
7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________givesatisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.
A. faithful B. invariably C. voluntarily D. habitually
8. These old houses are in good state of ________ exceptfor the wooden floors.
A. preservation B. observation C. compensation D.conservation
9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure thatthe result would ______her long effort.
A. verify B. rectify C. testify D. justify
10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________inwhich business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.
A. sanction B. accession C. flourish D. recession
11. The river is already ____its banks because ofexcessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.
A. level in B. flat on C. parallel to D. flush with
12. Because of his outstanding achievements, theuniversity _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.
A. conferred B. dedicated C. awarded D. presented
13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.
A. compliment B. condemnation C. complement D. complaint
14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers.If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so.
A. miner B. inferior C. awkward D. humble
15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people weresaddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.
A. periodic B. panic C. pathetic D. patriotic
16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have knownbetter than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.
A. denied B. declined C. denoted D. denounced
17. As the nation attaches excessive importance tofootball, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely todrive many of her nationals ______________.
A. overexcited B. turbulent C. overwhelmed D. hysterical
18. On Labor Day the workers will march in__________though the town.
A. process B. procedure C. procession D. progress
19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting,they made no _____to speed up deliveries.
A. trial B. action C. attempt D. progress
20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in thetown, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.
A. offence B. rage C. hostility D. revenge
Section II Reading Comprehension(40%)
Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Eachpassage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark thecorresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.
Passage 1
An invisible border divides those arguing for computersin the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing forcomputers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to theheart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting student a certain kindof job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different fromwhy education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raiseeveryone’sjob prospects that all children are legally required to attend school intotheir teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, acharacter who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihoodand happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was notalways the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attendschool until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to beeducated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for apessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusionbetween educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools,computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduatesover their educational achievement.
There are some good arguments for a technical educationgiven the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept ofprofessional training early in order to make sure children are properlyequipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuousto insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so manybusiness-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to producethe needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as oursand where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so manyinternational corporations.
But, for a small group of students, professional trainingmight be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors beingequal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, thebasics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take alifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted tobecome a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story.Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months tolearn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host ofreal skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It shouldbe observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by aconfusion over its purpose.
21. The author thinks the present rush to put computersin the classroom is ________________.
A. far-reaching B self-contradictory
C. dubiously oriented D. radically reformatory
22. The belief that education is indispensable to allchildren ______________________.
A. originated from the optimistic attitude ofindustrialized countries
B. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer educationadvocates
C. came into being along with the arrival of computers
D. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
23. It could be inferred from the passage that in theauthor, s country the European model of professional training is__________________________.
A. dependent upon the starting age of candidates
B. worth trying in various social sections
C. attractive to every kind of professional
D. of little practical value
24. According to the author, basic computer skill shouldbe ______________________.
A. highlighted I acquisition of professionalqualification5
B. included as an auxiliary course in school
C. mastered through a lifelong course
D. equally emphasized by any school, vocational orotherwise
Passage 2
The prevention of illness through exercise and nutritionwas a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healingpowers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise couldbe beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx ofa large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unifiedexercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connectionbetween mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill Schoolat Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In themid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called theTurnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groupsdeveloped nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, andcelebrations of German culture.
Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women,and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformedwomen’s bodies, and could even be passed on to futuregenerations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improvingnutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食),believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Otherschampioned vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomachdiscomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the foodreformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder.Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping thebody and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.
The physical fitness movement declined in the yearspreceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers andtook sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," amovement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moralChristians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favoriteexercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports becamepopular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular wasbaseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformedthe Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into theepitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ Itbecame the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers inAmerica.
25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that asto the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.
A. hydropathy was popular
B. not all groups had a German focus、
C. Germans were fitter than Americans
D. Harvard became a leader in America
26. It can be inferred from the passage that theTumverein was ________________.
A. successful in the mid-west
B. 1imited to Germans
C. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult topronounce
D not popular with many non=Germans because theycelebrated German culture
27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive afterthe Civil War?
A. Because people returned to their usual occupations
B. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.
C. Because of urbanization.
D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.
28. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The prevention of illness through exercise andnutrition.
B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition andphysical fitness.
C. Development of the physical fitness movement.
D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.
Passage 3
An industrial society, especially one as centralized andconcentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services,for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours.The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital andambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer andinformation services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, thewhole economic system is in danger.
It is this economic interdependency of the economicsystem that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Singletrade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic bloodsupply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, inpart because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of Britishworkers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. Forhistorical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended todevelop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on anindustry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industryand the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
There are considerable strains and tensions in the tradeunion movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficientstructure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrialchanges. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers innew trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, whichmeans that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of badfeeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out ofexistence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs tothe point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed.The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain hasfrequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to theirtraditional highly-paid jobs.
Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication justas managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or inthose which bring workers in very different industries together into a singlegeneral union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; othersare elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to workwith a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shopstewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory orworks level.
9. What is the main point of the first paragraph?
A. Great Britain is a highly centralized industrialcountry.
B. The public services of Britain have widely spread toremote areas of dependency.
C. As a highly-concentrated country, Britain dependsheavily on some vital public services.
D. The economy of Britain is frequently confronted withcrises.
30. Arguments among unions arise because ___________.
A. different unions fight to win more members
B. some unions are engaged in protecting their ownmembers
C. the printing of newspapers has been suspended forseveral times
D. some unions pay little attention to the disputes
31. By comparing trade unions with companies, the authorsuggests _____________________.
A. both companies and trade unions have lots ofredundancies
B. both of them are in conflict with workers
C. both of them fail to communicate with the outside
D. neither of them has succeeded in passing oninformation
32. The issue of trade union power is important inBritain because _________________________.
A. the economy of Britain is an interdependent system
B. there are many disagreements between unions
C. Some unions have difficulties in internalcommunication
D. The unions’ leader are elected and appointed for life
Passage 4
Many Americans harbour a grossly distorted andexaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, headof the department of food science and nutrition at the University ofMassachusetts—Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacteriallycontaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, "the streetswould be littered with people lying here and there."
Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food,there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department atthe University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10%of a plant’s weight is made up ofnatural pesticides. He says: "since plants do not have jaws or teeth toprotect themselves, they employ chemical warfare." And many naturallyproduced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory teststo be strong carcinogen—a substance which can cause cancer.Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that applyto food additive. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at CornellUniversity: "We’ve got far worse natural chemicalsin the food supply than anything man-made."
Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans haveno reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have everyreason to demand significant improvement in food and water safety. Theyunconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals.If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense toadd dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the smallamount of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individualswill probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink.
To make good food and water supplies even better, theGovernment needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspectionprogram and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry modify somelong-accepted practices turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps mostimportant, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle andcook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along thefood-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.
33. What does the author think of the Americans’ view of their food?
A. They overstate the government’s interference withthe food industry.
B. They are overoptimistic about the safety of theirfood.
C. They overlook the risks of the food they eat.
D. They overestimate the hazards of their food.
34. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-riskfood because_________________.
A. no food id free from pollution in the environment
B. pesticides are widely used in agriculture
C. many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicals
D. almost all foods have additives
35. By saying "they employ chemical warfare’’ underlined inparagraph 2, Bruce Ames means "______________".
A. plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests anddiseases
B. plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growth
C. farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the naturalchemicals in plants
D. farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pestsand diseases
36. The reduction of the possible hazards in foodultimately depends on ____________________.
A. the government B. the consumer
C. the processor D. the grower
Passage 5
A large part of effective leadership is dependent onsomething called "style". But style is difficult to teach, and whatmakes one leader great and another mediocre is not easily defined. Leadershipalways implies power, and a broad definition in this context is that leadershipincludes the power to influence thoughts and actions of others in such a waythat they achieve higher satisfaction and/or performance. Over the pastcentury, there have been three major approaches to understanding leadership.
Identifying leadership traits, or the physical andpsychological characteristics of leaders, was the first formal approach, andhad a lot of intuitive appeal. It owed its origins to the turn of the century(about 1904) when trait studies began. At this time most American leaders camefrom certain wealthy families, the vast majority were white males, and therewere some social norms about what leaders looked like (tall, square jaw, wellgroomed etc.). The original assumption that "leaders are born notmade" has been discredited, because there were too many exceptions to thetrait to give them any credibility. Beginning after World War II, in sharpcontrast to the trait approach the behavioral approach looked at what a leaderdoes, what behaviors leaders use that set them apart from others. This approachassumed that leadership could be learned. Virtually all of the studies focusedon classifying behaviors according to whether they fed into a process of ‘‘people approach’’ (satisfying individual needs), or a "task approach"(getting the job done). The basis for this classification was in the both theseroles in the group for it to be effective. The earliest of these studies beganin Ohio State University and the University of Michigan in the late 1940s. Manyof the early trait and behavioral writers tries to make their ideas applicableto all leadership situations. The earliest situation approach to leadership wasdeveloped in l958. This approach strived to identify characteristics of thesituation that allowed one leader to be effective where another was not. Thetrend later developed toward the third approach, understanding the uniquecharacteristics of a situation and what kind of leadership style best matcheswith these.
37. The assumption that "leaders are born notmade" has lost credibility because _____________.
A. better theories have since been developed
B. it was disproved after World War II
C. it was found not to be the most important factor
D. there are too many exceptions to the rule
38. What was the assumption of the behavioral approach?
A. Leaders are born not made.
B. Leadership could be learned.
C. Leadership could be classified into two functions.
D. Every effective group needs someone to fill each thetwo roles.
39. What is the foundation for the classification ofbehaviors in the behavioral approach?
A. An effective group needs both task and process rolesfulfilled.
B. Getting the job done h a more important task thansatisfying needs.
C. Both could be taught.
D. Both could be applied to all leadership situations.
40. Which of the three approaches tended to later gainmost acceptance?
A. Behavioral. B. Trait.
C. Power. D. Situational.
Section Three Cloze Test(10%)
Directions：In the following passage, there are lo blanksrepresenting words that are missing from the context。Youare to pot back in each of the blanks the missing word. Write your answers onANSWER SHEET 2.
Research has shown that 90% of people naturally use theirright hands for most tasks. But hundreds of millions of people use their lefthand. 4l why are some people left-handed? Scientists have 42 trying to answerthat question for many years. A study 43 in 1992 found that men are more likelyto be left-handed than women. 44 also found that Asian or Hispanic people areless likely to be left-handed than white people, black people or North AmericanIndians. Some cultures accept people who do things mostly with their lefthands. 45 do not.
Scientists want to know the reasons for left-handedness46 it is closely linked to mental problems and language difficulties. One ideaabout the 47 of left—handedness is the genetic theory. It gays that people are right-orleft-handed because of 48 passed to them by their parents. For example, it hasbeen shown that the handedness of 49 children is more likely to follow that oftheir birth parents than their adopted parents. Other evidence of geneticinvolvement can be found in some families. One famous example is the left-handed50 of the present British royal family. These include Queen Elizabeth II,Prince Charles and Prince William.
Section Four Translation(10%)
Directions：There are two short passages in this section.Passage A is for you to translate from English to Chinese and passage B is fromChinese to English. Please write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Passage A
Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways inwhich we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life. These cues, which maybe words, gestures, facial expressions are acquired by all of us in the courseof growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we spoke orthe belief we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiencyon hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level ofconscious awareness.
Passage B
在中国, 病人常常抱怨在医院得不到令人满意的服务。但是医生和护士也有他们的难言之隐。在接受调查的4353名医务人员中有60%的人说他们亲眼看到他们同事在正常情况下受到病人及其家属的虐待。接受调查的一大半人表示面对这种待遇他们曾想到不干了, 且反对自己的孩子当医生。
Section Five Writing (20%)
Directions：According to some newspaper, starting fromJuly l this year, all department stores are required not to provide consumerswith free plastic bags. What do you think of it? You are asked to write acomposition of no less than 200 words to state your idea。
Please write your composition on ANSWER SHEET 2.
My Opinion on the Banning of Plastic Bags

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