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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 ][Y^-Ak1  
一、代词 .V%*{eHLL  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 S=gW(c2'  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 `HUf v@5  
  主格、宾格、所有格 iUr xJh  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) L)-*,$#<oW  
!Y;<:zx5  
(二) 反身代词 LCQkgRs}~{  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 QJ];L7Hbo  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) I{dl%z73  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) +Z? [M1g  
= cfm=+  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  D6!tVdnVe  
    A                 B    I$N7pobh  
  a series of indicators that could help sT<{SmBF  
             C      \; bW h  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. r`]7S_t5T  
    D PN\V[#nS  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 u g6r]0]  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 'P/taEi=R  
s piDm:Xe  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 5X;?I/9  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 $DV-Ieb  
a R#Co t  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies nx :)k-p_[  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the |p'i,.(c_W  
     A   B      C          D d2ofxfpg+  
  Pacific. OQ| ,-  
--/- D5  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 w$% BlqN  
)tPl<lb  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 J_/05( 48  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 0HPO" x3-O  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 E<a.LW@  
F25<+ 1kr  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined _&mc8ftT  
                       A   t!savp  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and g!5#,kJM  
             B RD9Y k  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. d:3= 1x  
   C       D C!kbZTO[p"  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ~6fRS2u  
.6I%64m  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important V"U~Q=`K  
        A     I9:%@g]uYw  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John ,m"l\jP  
   B        C      tpz=} q  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  ;>'SV~F  
      D sK[Nti0  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 1[# = ,  
fIlIH  
3V!W@[ }:  
(四) Who和which的区别 \ /sF:~=  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 5\5~L  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物  1dXh\r_n  
vkh;qPD  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who <|wmjW/ D  
              A            B gFgcxe6  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. g')?J<z   
   C                  D w`"W3(  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 MQ hYJ01i  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 FJ nG<5Rh  
Z|f^nH#-C  
(五) that和which的区别 l'P[5'.  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 WJP`0f3  
'$lw[1  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 7=AO^:=bx  
              A        B :s? y,  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen.  ; \Y-  
      C              D x Xl$Mp7  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Es_ SCWJ  
>V3W>5X  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 r(748Qc4f?  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, O7E;W| ]  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when oo"JMD)  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. u~j'NOv  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which !NQf< ch  
C%qtCk_cN  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly *NKC \aV`0  
              A         B   .f[\G*   
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. GhaAvyN  
         C      D DRS;lJ2  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 L8%=k%H(1  
D <$j`r  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  E}E7VQjM  
  affected the way people in the United States----. p2M?pV  
   (A) living and working \Mh4X`<e  
   (B) they live and work gb^UFD L  
   (C) live and work A_8`YN"Xk  
   (D) to live and to work `-E.n'+  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 GNj/jU<o!  
1L(Nfkh  
二、介词 GHJQ d&G8G  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 mw%[qeL V  
Qg86XU%l  
(一) 介词搭配 8*Nt&`@  
#z1ch,*3;  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those  G> 5=`  
    A         B   C      XJV3oj   
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Bwi[qw  
                D Vtc)/OH  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 {{#a%O  
ML9T (th6v  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. n=Z[w5  
A       B     C  D jwtXI\@MS  
分析:B错改为be rich in %i JU)N!  
xaq=?3QOH  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the T(fR/~:z?  
    A         B      C %V" +}Dr  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. J 6d n~nPK  
             D K:Xrfn{s  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 yz&q2  
s D8xH  
\?`d=n=  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 t&?v9n"X  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 =-B3vd:LF  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. ]mGsNQ ].H  
          A      B  C     D e7j]BzGvl  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 +#*z"a`  
ch2e#Jf8  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has J\8l%4q3  
                 A  B     Up2\X#6  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on /;(%Xd&:  
      C TB3T:A>2  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. <t|9`l_XW  
      D dvdBRrf  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 xo"4mbTV  
06 W=(fY  
2、介词by 8GAQVe^$-  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by u5)A+.v  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing g!|E!\p  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ;<GTtt# D  
    A         B       %TggNU,  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. ";Xb r;N  
   C     D  $.]t1e7s  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 D/6@bcCSY  
>wm$,%zk  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Xm[r#IA  
   A                      |JQP7z6j]  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to w`!foPE  
     B    C       D 5J#g JFA  
   supply moccasins and field rations. ,* vnt6C*  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 cz~FWk  
* R6eykp  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with F`}w0=-*(  
        A                ={0{X9t?'j  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements +rw3.d  
        B          C   !eoec2h#5  
  that are often represented at symbols. q9(}wvtr  
              D a ^/20UFq  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 d_qVk4h\  
三、谓语动词 hLD;U J?S  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 d7zE8)DU7  
①、主谓分割原则 EUS]Se2  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, sO-R+G/^7  
     A     E1v<-UPbA  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. g]Ny?61  
        B      C      D H#` ?toS  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 x=+I8Q4:  
F5q1VEe  
②、与后者一致原则 ?0&>?- ?  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, >c>ar>4xF  
not only…but also G7JZP T  
DNO%J^  
*Yjs$'_2  
③、与前者一致原则 ]F-6K eBc  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, }}2hI`   
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ;9sVWJJCw  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and > n\ Q [W  
     A      B  C     e%>E| 9*u  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. >Cc$ P  
         D #Og_q$})f  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 7s i.]  
I2Q?7p  
④、就近原则 g8y Zc}4  
or, either…or, neither…nor, Ob+c*@KiW  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 7w({ GZ   
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is { ,srj['RS  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 A 7 6yz`D  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 z [{%.kA  
jqmP^ZS  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are c+VUk*c3  
        A      B        Jy$-)  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ibL;99#  
    C              D r|8..Ll  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 Ok\UIi~  
[c~zO+x  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 !).d c.P  
There are five apples that are red. E2cmT$6  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 %/p5C  
wvY$ s ;  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets & [xJfL  
      A            .v'8G)6g  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. >EG;2]M&  
   B   C    D w}?\Q,  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 Wit1WI;18  
C_o.d~xm  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 x8t1g,QA  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. &kGSxYDk%  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 -)/>qFj )  
-lHJ\=  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 O4{&B@!  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: "wc $'7M  
a. there be 句型 dx#N)?  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ^;e`ZtcI  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 Fwtwf{9I  
$vd._j&  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 0nX5 $Kn  
   A     B      C    D    `*B8IT)  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is lB3X1e9  
o3yZCz  
uPpP")  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ft5Bk'ZJ  
             A     B    UqH7ec  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 $%<gp@Gz  
     C         3!I8J:GZ:  
  miles in width. 5|Uub ,  
     D  {u7E)Fdl  
分析:倒装句,are改为is B{Rig5Sc  
rW6LMkt72  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and jWQB~XQY  
   A    B       C         MFVFr "  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film i ):el=  
                    D qsLsyi|zG  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. kG E|17I  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 t]V)3Ww  
oR~+s &c  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 yy9Bd>  
fifty percent of + 名词 |KA8qQI]%  
one percent of + 名词 D/U o?,>8  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: m<j ^cU#J  
  one percent of my students + are <1ai0]  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. oY{*X6:6<  
{KR/ TQ?A  
这里要强调两个结构 Lbd_L  
half of =fifty percent PRs[:we~~  
most of + 可数名词 + are ~j UK-E  
most of + 不可数名词+ is E3`KO'v%  
Dq\#:NnKvx  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been "~GudK &  
   A       B         C   :D&QGw(n  
  found in central and eastern Canada. %e _WO,R  
           D (|Xf=q,Le  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 z8A`B VqI  
7%JXVP}A  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized i2y?CI  
                 A   B  _,vJ0{*  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. g-6!+>w*>e  
              C     D ? [ =P  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 dNIY `u  
vG<Mz?wr  
(二) 谓语动词的时态  =#8J9  
①、主要考察时间状语 5-n N8qs  
|i1z47jN6P  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. s*rtm  
   A        B  C     D 5FzG_ w  
w W-GBY3  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ; <3w ,r  
A*W QdY  
(Iu5QLE  
②、For和since的区别 *,mbZE=<  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 aRfkJPPa[  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 t'~:me!  
  I has been a teacher for three years. 3"%:S_[  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. * _U z**M  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 uI.4zbgl[  
gn7pIoN  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became g`\Vy4w  
   A      B              yv,90+k  
  the primary responsibility of the president. c~ @I1M  
     C    D fFMG9]*  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 Wu%;{y~#}  
Xo }w$q5  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of <#sB ;  
             A  B  C   F^KoEWj[H  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. iQS?LksQX  
            D %/s:G )  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 DH @*Oz-  
.GLotc  
zaR~fO  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  C'kd>LAGu  
   A       B        C     D G`gYwgU;  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live u]CW5snz  
sLb[ZQ;j  
(三) 谓语的语态 fytgS(?I'  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 D6c4tA^EO  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: 4e1Zyi !  
①、prove O zY&^:>  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 bQEQHqY5  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; rn U2EL  
X 2T)]`@  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming Mt<TEr}7Z=  
                      A   fGY. +W_  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be N^CD 4l  
    B                  C !&ac}uD^g  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. =M ?  
                  D -i7W|X"  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 315Rk!{AJ  
67')nEQ9  
=A GsW  
②、Locate,Situate [gQ* y~N  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 hyVuZ\9B  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 teQ%t~PJ-&  
这两个词也可以用作被动 R/A40i  
  My school was located near the river. >/eQjp?:  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 {pm>F}Cwy  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. J'.U+XU  
   (A)locates V<?t( _Y  
   (B)locating ;HgV(d#X  
   (C)to locate }I9\=jT  
   (D)is located TCv}N0  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 DU|0#z=*t5  
r,EIOcz:  
③、表示需要概念的动词 W{?7Pn?1`  
need, want, require等 8 U B?X  
vn KKK.E  
My watch needed repairing PGOi#x  
My watch needed to be repaired. Lg sQz(-  
*U)!9DvA  
④、表示人的情感的动词 K #}DXq  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 $7T3wv9  
x{6/di  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 XA-DJ  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 (sq4  
H"N o{|^<  
主动和被动技巧总结: w q% 4'(  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 CVyqr_n65/  
EX~ U(JB6  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the tT ~}lW)Y  
                 A      >c|u |^3zt  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, f.!)O@HzH  
                 B ?PO~$dUc]  
  power structures, and flood-control works along .#2YJ ~  
                    C Q?B5@J  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. jV;&*4if  
                D I!%T!B540  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Bmm#5X@*  
%fGS< W;  
四、非谓语动词 ZqsI\"bj  
R%Gh4y\nF  
(一) 分词 (Eq0 |"cj  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 x00"d$!  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 yQ?N*'}$  
OW<i"?0  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then HeZ! "^w  
   A _%Sorr  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. AB 'q!7NR  
     B      C            D L1D{LzlBti  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning >:%i,K*AM  
]&`_5pS  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 US A!N  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in !([Q1r{u  
      A               B   JhRXfIK>{  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. "K5n|{#  
               C         D TBHIcX  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living al$G OMi  
3 [: x#r  
}A3(g$8KR  
一些动词后面必须用doing Adp:O"-H1o  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 (" <3w2Vlh  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, F/sXr(7  
 advocate, suggest ( >zXapb2  
 delay, quit -H5n>j0!{  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, -&I%=0q  
 avoid, escape(逃避) t33/QW r  
 spend+名词+doing; -e_ IDE  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing ;|Id g"2  
H RJz  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 7K>FC T  
   A     B    C              D t-*oVX3D  
  crops. Ve#VGlI  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 GzxtC  &  
-f IX6  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, yb*P&si5bY  
               A        B NPc]/n?vDj  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 0 1<~~6A  
        C          D 0j\?zt?  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing V1 T?T9m  
<;< _f U  
(二) 不定式 [<`K%1GQ  
A. 动词不定式的省略 ~Fp,nE-B  
①、help后面可以省略to HTiqErD2_  
  help do tn!z^W  
  help sb. to do &.D3f"  
Qfx(+=|  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid !N:! x[5  
              A      B   +ptVAg+  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. #ky]@vyO  
         C     D LN}eD \  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 dYV'<  
!i=LQUi.  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ^*(*tS|M  
  make, j]th6  
  let, A8 V7\  
  have sb. do sth 1H sfCky{  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. ): HjpJv F  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians & 1)4B  
        A               B ,>%2`Z)  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. )N h67P3X"  
   C     D |hms'n0  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know wz^Q,Od  
z%-Yz- G9  
③、感官动词 a9S0glbwf  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe s%F}4W2s  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 6[fpe   
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 `B6~KZ  
\HX'^t`  
^Xv_y+  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 qgREkb0  
(1)表示第一人 )yvI  {   
the first woman to do sth. #x-@ >{1k&  
+vOlA#t%Z  
(2)表示迫使的动词 k"_i7  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do Y_m/? [:  
Cm@e^l!  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis sf{r s*bgp  
     A                 B    H",w$$e F  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. "f^s*I  
       C           D g}>Sc=e <  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 x'IVP[xh`A  
}diB  
\Tf[% Kt x  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 #oBMA  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ZH'- >/  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 hM}rf6B  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 *12,MO>go  
  be apt to do R^8L^8EL  
lmmB=F  
(4)表示目的的名词, "rhU2jT=c  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 z&fXxp  
固定的句式: Fk&W*<}/;  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. "9mVBa|Q  
the objective 目标 Ql~9a [8T~  
aim #jY\l&E  
goal ?&qa3y)wX:  
reason理由 |jh&a+4W  
function功能 )- 2sk@y  
intension意图 2oY.MQD7iW  
+y%"[6c|  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing CcF$?07 i  
                       A  DV={bcQ  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. "Jd!TLt\x  
           B          C     D n^} -k'l  
分析:the function to provide, A错 YH_mWN\Wu  
aT9+] Ig  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure gmCW__oR  
                  A       oJ r&9.S  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 5AX AIPn)  
     B   z]/;?  
  that make up various components of a living cell. ejr9e@D^  
    C    D D'{NEk@  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 s^atBqw,  
&E {CQ#k  
(5) 其他同根名词 Xv1 SRP#  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 Y]zy=8q  
 attempt to do 企图 pQQN8Y~^Y  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 tl:V8sYTP  
 ambition, W^a-K  
 be ambitious to do  #hp 7@ Tu  
 effort K;:_UJ>t  
cst}/8e  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation fGeDygV^`  
  A                    B   E{LLxGAEZ  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. n! Dr:$  
          C       D iMT[s b  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 _Q9Mn-&qQ  
QR ?JN\%?  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great |S0w>VH>  
  A                   B   O c[F  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. uW%(ySbq  
       C            D Qu  x1N  
分析:efforts to register, C错 ab}Kt($  
0[# zn  
s%& /Zt  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 }Wk^7[Y  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 A^2n i=b  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. .83{NF  
?M/H{  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 [%0{7pz}  
I am glad to see you. 483/ZgzT`  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. $_ Bo G  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. |]Eli%mNe  
 kS7`g A  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 nxjP4d>  
It is difficult to decide. Z!& u_  
j;MQ_?"iN  
+W%3VV$  
五、句子的结构 >p`ZcFNs"  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 d:L|BkQ7*  
m]?C @ina  
(一) 主语的重复 =pCO1<wR  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 lz [s  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any !U "?vSl  
          A      B      )Jaq5OMA/  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the n/6qc3\5i  
          C          D Yo*.? Mq'  
  League of Nations. 9 WO|g[Y3  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 '@ {Mq%`  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson fZtuP1- 4  
=j~vL`d2]  
VR XK/dZ  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are )j+G4  
        A        B  JC.nfxG@:  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. f.G"[p  
    C         D tJvs ?eZ)  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 wj2z?0}o  
O%)Wo?)HM  
(二)谓语的重复 };;k5z I%  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 g2%fla7r  
d`  X1cG  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  C0 }@0c  
    A            B    >pm`(zLn  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. 8)ykXx /f@  
         C   D ?`/DFI'_G  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 DS|q(O=7~t  
Y[rRz6.*(  
(三)谓语的缺少 ,92wW&2  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body gVI{eoJ  
          A     B    eL_Il.:  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. Bp-e< :  
         C               D ;R([w4[~  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 X#k:J  
}u]7x:lh  
(四)主句的重复 =`EC M7  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 {u[_^  
D@)L?AB1f  
:E.T2na  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 4+J>/ xiZ  
      A         B        C   dC>(UDC  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. >o1,Y&  
     D 2j&0U!DX  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 'Pe;Tp>`  
@~bP|a  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow ?&-$Zog  
        A   B       { u3giB  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. g?N^9B,$2  
      C    D e F)my  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ~?:>=x  
"(mF5BE-E  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided tYp 185  
   A                     B  / 5/m x  
  names for towns, only George Washington TN/y4(j  
      C ]app9  
  is remembered in the name of a state. hi/Z>1ZOX  
          D n&2OfBJ  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 7Vu f4Z 5  
六、比较级和最高级 85USMPF  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 A 8g_BLj!e  
Sx1|Oq]  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 tn;{r  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which UrO& K]Z  
      A               V -_MwII-  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. rX0 ?m:&m  
     B       C           D M+I9k;N6&  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 `I8ep=V Z  
mkq246<D~  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 5uV_Pkb?8  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 7\N }QP0"u  
     A      B     C  D v\E6N2.S  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 vdigw.=z  
i-?mghe8  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 4 !m'9  
     A       B     C   D !ST7@D  
  is the grizzly bear. T-h[$fxR_  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 SLNq%7apx  
K' B*D*w  
_2{2Xb  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 _SkiO }c8  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 {|@}xrB  
#=)!\   
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ^rd%{ 6m  
   A           B  RI+Y+z  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. AxeQv'e  
   C                 D X(BX+)YR  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 m WHyk"l  
*3]2vq  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 l-Ha*>gX[j  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as "G,,:H9v  
#;5Q d'  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 O hRf&5u$  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 !D?(}nag  
the taller boy >?_}NZ,y  
9_4(}|"N|  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 uF1&m5^W  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed mkfDDl2 GP  
          A            B ;<mcvm  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is j9yOkaVEg  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. u+ hRaI;v  
    C          D <lNNT6[/r  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 8B]\;m  
cK2;)&U7  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 3)L#V .  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, 8'_MCx(  
  A  B         C     }K`KoM  
  the Navajos form largest group. WW+ F9~S  
         D >I<}:=   
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 mq:WBSsV  
)Vrp<"v  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, ?m+];SJk  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language Gy;Fe=  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the Ihr[44#  
[b&V^41W  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many m@lUJY  
            A      B         C ^TjC  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. = Ezg3$ %-  
            D M2RkrW#  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ]~Vu Y:abH  
S:Jg#1rww-  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the ya5HAs  
例如:my best friends MxUbx+_N  
7E#h(bt j  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial mPqK k  
            A    B     C n qx0#_K-E  
  and banking center. x7G)^  
        D w ^^l,  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。  LAM{ ,?~  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 :8`$BbV  
t#8QyN  
KaS*LDzw  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary ?Q+*[YEJ5  
                 A         DfU= i'R  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. 0VNpd~G$  
    B   C     D auX(d -m  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 "w0~f6o  
SK& 1l`3  
七、平行结构 iPY)Ew`Im  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 "PWGtM:L8Y  
|,S]EHIy  
w-$iKtb.  
(一) 对等连接词 ,)!%^ ~v  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 ,quUGS  
单一式: and, or ,but $c uBd  
相关式: both…and, not … but, Y,yU460T8  
     either …or, neither…nor 0%;| B  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as !FyO5`v  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, 1:- M<=J?f  
没有so...as... hR:i!  
between…and, $I/ !vV  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also w S?Kc^2O  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, #*lDKn[vO  
uHbbPtk  
短语式: as well as sa/9r9hc+  
     rather than (而不是) 0)\(y   
     other than (除…之外) Y*A y=@z=y  
     instead of (代替) 7bE`P[  
8'zfq ]g  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 #nft{AN  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  p[%~d$JUq  
       A     B   n ~&ssFC  
  but he is now living in Detroit. D'{ o3Q,%K  
       C   D vl}}h%BC  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 -iW>T5f  
!B{(EL=g  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics  ]SL+ZT  
       A         B [I'q"yRu]i  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford LV 0gw"  
  remained active in city and regional planning. -;HZ!Lf  
          C    D  +]yVSns 3  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 qX6zk0I a  
(二)平行的内容 dvY3=~'  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 wa&:86~l?  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of z5<&}Vh;P  
             A         B   A]o3 MoSt  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, &?y|Pn  
         C            D i*09m^r  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. +:c}LCI9<  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 eUgKwu;  
6/(Z*L"~6k  
JE$ $6X  
第二、名词单复数的平行 ,s@S`KS0  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 P; &U3i  
\tS| N40  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, (~b0-3s  
  A     B          C   -*?{/QmKb  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. I;P!   
                 D   ry* 9  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 5hAs/i9_  
g J$m'kC;  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, Z$)jPDSr  
                   A         B (1Jc-`  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 0=OvVU;P  
      C          D IF ?  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have q }9n.  
{?IUf~<  
第三、时态的平行 OnE~0+  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated 6" . v6  
                A     ~~WX#Od*$  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops $[(FCS  
                   B x&FBh !5H  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. KVpQ,x&q~  
          C    D t;[?Q\  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 (G {2ec:?  
v%Su#xq /  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 6uWPIM;  
  spread from its home in Central America and ~T'$gl  
  now grows throughout the tropics. 88atj+N]  
   (A) to be    (B) it   >vQKCc|93  
   (C) the     (D) its I;?np  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? Hb9r.;r<EW  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow N*>&XJ#  
)/?s^D$,  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 6 Zv~c(   
  commercially for their meat and eggs. AjO|@6  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised dv \aP  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised |f"1I4K g  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 K>`*JJ,  
0Y ld!L  
第四、排列位置的平行 3VmF1w 2  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. VaylbYUCT/  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode A ]~%<=b  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  Gv }~  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes IgtTYxI  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes se]QEd7]7  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 YU%U  
]Saw}agE[%  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: uze5u\  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 }q[IhjD%  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 H=7Nh6v  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 /7XVr"R  
++M%PF [ {  
八、词序的颠倒 6I$:mHEhd  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 Y^J/jA0\B  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 E,:E u<  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage @ Yzj  
              A    B        t_ZWd#x+;  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. )1S"D~j-  
      C       D    %W]" JwRu  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 D<XRu4^;  
9q f=P3  
:~+m9r  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 kv'gs+,e  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 9$:+5f,%a  
          A      B     Gf1O7L1rX  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. {oc7Chv=/H  
    C         D dsUY[X-<6  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 /0I=?+QSo  
xKC{P{:  
&C7HG^;W9  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 \H5{[ZUn  
C1KO]e>  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were f$^+;j  
          A   B     C   gR:21*&cz  
  in what is now the United States. "sU  ~|  
    D /*yPy?  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 @ag*zl  
D&r2k 9  
所有的系动词分为三大类: '+{dr\nJ  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, PofHe  
    is, remain, keep, stay, /i)1BaF  
    lie, exit(表示位于) qEbzF#a-:  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 .}l&lj@#  
    become, turn, grow, ^9C9[$Q  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) X@n\~[.B  
L/R ES  
第三种,感官动词 XUyoZl?  
    seem(好像是) .wfN.Z  
    look(看起来好像是) Ut xe  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste NJglONO  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 ]XH}G9X^  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe hj.Du+1  
    A               B     br9`77J8  
   to cause numerous deaths. Ag!#epi{0  
        C   D  G$D6#/rR  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 >%D=#}8l@  
!cWnQRIt_F  
九、词性的混用 9#;UQ.qA  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 *I}_B\kY  
i Y2%_b!5  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 !r8Jo{(pb  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; m9Uoq[1  
ew n/@;E  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high Nv iPrp>c  
          A        B      H5N(MihT  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and QJG]z'c+  
              C 2ju1<t,8)  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. D^Z~>D6  
          D O;A/(lPW+  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) JAA P5ur  
i`g>Y5   
T_} \  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 QsmG(1=  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 BX),U  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds b'N"?W^YQ  
         A       B      ;D/'7f7.}  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to omV.Qb'NS  
          C        F|V co]"S1  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. J<_&f_K0]  
            D ,gU9y wg  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 jkNZv. )p  
0zpP$q$  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, [,5clR=F  
            A       .)Se-'  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of #k=!>%+E  
      B      C CRWO R pP  
   urban Black people in the United States. PyHE >C%  
   D !9o8v0ZI  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 2$NP46z}  
q@(N 38D  
rMlbj2T  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 73xI8  
表示时间有两种可能, ' d?8OV  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 JsPuxu_  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, v2@M,xbxF:  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 >5 5/@+^  
*pasI.2s#  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 1*-58N*  
       A     B     \iVYhl  
  were made while the American Civil War. w\t{'  
   C    D b'-gy0  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 j#p3c  
nj9hRiL n  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the oW+R:2I~O  
   A      B           C    <b Ta88,)  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. rWvJ{-%  
          D wOk:Q4OjL  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 |R[m&uOib  
.HtDcGp  
$K G?d>wx  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 MoF Z  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 xjX5PQu  
$4M3j%S  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social d~_OWCg`  
                   A     iCEX|T j;  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. <n`|zQ  
     B   C    D '/p5tw8  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 >3Y&jsh<  
*LhR$(F(  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples >%[W2L\'  
   A        B   C      [j/-(?+  
  easily under the stress of compression. CRf^6k_;(  
   D #\M<6n{  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 :dj@i6  
 ~.Gk:M  
%$}iM<  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 b13>>'BMB  
X3 >(K1  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ?:2Xh/8-  
    A         B Q7s1 M&K  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. mU_O64  
          C            D $200?[  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 S&0x:VW  
{J]|mxo  
#-`lLI:w0  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, | jkmh6  
         A *!Dzst-J3  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. 0Nfj}sXCWE  
   B      C      D t Z%?vY~!  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 G1 l(  
e'`oisJU?q  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ^/+sl-6/F  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; x<l1s  
two hundred diligent students
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