该错题常考要点 ][Y^-Ak1
一、代词 .V%*{eHLL
代词中主要讲解六个问题 S=gW(c2'
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 `HUf v@5
主格、宾格、所有格 iUr xJh
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) L)-*,$#<oW
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(二) 反身代词 LCQkgRs}~{
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 QJ];L7Hbo
He killed himself. (他自杀了) I{dl% z73
He killed him. (他杀了他) +Z?[M1g
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating D6!t VdnVe
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a series of indicators that could help sT<{SmBF
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themselves to predict earthquakes. r`]7S_t5T
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ug6r]0]
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 'P/taEi=R
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 5X;?I/9
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 $DV-Ieb
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies nx :)k-p_[
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the |p'i,.(c_W
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Pacific. OQ|,-
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 w$% BlqN
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 J_/05(48
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 0HPO"x3-O
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 E<a.LW@
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined _&mc8ftT
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the word“normalcy”to express social and g!5#,kJM
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economic conditions they promised the nation. d:3= 1x
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ~6fRS2u
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important V"U~Q=`K
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John ,m"l\jP
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Keats, published the year of her death. ;>'SV~F
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 1[#
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(四) Who和which的区别 \ /sF:~=
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 5\5~L
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 1dXh\r_n
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who <|wmjW/D
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. g')?J<z
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 MQ
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人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 FJ nG<5Rh
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(五) that和which的区别 l'P[5'.
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 WJP`0f3
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 7=AO^:=bx
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would affect society could not have been foreseen.
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Es_
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 r(748Qc4f?
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, O7E;W| ]
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when oo"JMD)
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. u~j'NOv
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which !NQf< ch
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly *NKC\aV`0
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. GhaAvyN
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 L8%=k%H(1
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has E}E7VQjM
affected the way people in the United States----. p2M?pV
(A) living and working \Mh4X`<e
(B) they live and work gb ^UFD L
(C) live and work A_8`YN"Xk
(D) to live and to work `-E.n'+
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 GNj/jU<o!
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二、介词 GHJQ d&G8G
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 mw%[qeLV
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(一) 介词搭配 8*Nt&`@
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those G> 5=`
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Bwi[qw
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 {{#a%O
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. n=Z[w5
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分析:B错改为be rich in %i
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the T(fR/~:z?
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. J 6d n~nPK
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 yz&q2
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 t&?v9n"X
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 =-B3vd:LF
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. ]mGsNQ ].H
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 +#*z"a`
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has J\8l%4q3
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on /;(%Xd&:
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. <t|9`l_XW
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 xo"4mbTV
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2、介词by 8GAQVe^$-
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by u5)A+.v
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing g!|E!\p
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ;<GTtt#D
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. ";Xb
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 D/6@bcCSY
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Xm[r#IA
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to w`!foPE
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supply moccasins and field rations. ,* vnt6C*
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 cz~FWk
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with F`}w0=-*(
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements +rw3.d
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that are often represented at symbols. q9(}wvtr
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 d_qVk4h\
三、谓语动词 hLD;U
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(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 d7zE8)D U7
①、主谓分割原则 EUS]Se2
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, sO-R+G/^7
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. g]Ny?61
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 x=+I8Q4:
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②、与后者一致原则 ?0&>?-
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not…but, 强调but后面的名词, >c>ar>4xF
not only…but also G7JZP T
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③、与前者一致原则 ]F-6K
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名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, }}2hI`
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ;9sVWJJCw
例:The athlete, together with his coach and >n\Q[W
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. >Cc$ P
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is
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④、就近原则 g8yZc}4
or, either…or, neither…nor, Ob+c*@KiW
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 7w({ GZ
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is {,srj['RS
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 A
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如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 z [{%.kA
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are c+VUk*c3
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ibL;99 #
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 Ok\UIi~
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 !).dc.P
There are five apples that are red. E2cmT$6
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 %/p5C
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets &
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. >EG;2]M&
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 Wit1WI;18
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 x8t1g,QA
The rich are not always happier than the poor. &kGSxYDk%
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 -)/>qFj)
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 O4{&B@!
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: "wc $'7M
a. there be 句型 dx#N)?
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ^;e`ZtcI
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 Fwtwf{9I
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 0nX5
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is lB3X1e9
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ft5 Bk'ZJ
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 $%<gp@Gz
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miles in width. 5|Uub,
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分析:倒装句,are改为is B{Rig5Sc
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and jWQB~XQY
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film i
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. kG E|17I
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 t]V)3Ww
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