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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 "]oO{'1X  
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一、主句单一原则 nl(WJKq'  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 6'kS_Zu{<  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 YY&l?*M<  
D\@m6=L  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. +Vo}F  
   (A) They occur where they are KhCzD[tf  
   (B) Occuring where o q4}3bQ  
   (C) Where they occur uch>AuF:  
   (D) Where do they occur Tneq6>  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 :(a]V"(&Eq  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 ! iptT(2  
Aub]IO~  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center $we]91(: :  
   (A) Fort Wayne 4q'B<7{Q  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne &?uz`pv2  
   (C) For wayne is in UK$ms~H  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in ^K7ic,{  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 JOb*-q|y  
:}h>by=  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 b{d4xU8'  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 bn(`O1r[(  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 &-czStQ  
"+z?x~rk  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” ~%/Wupf  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with ari7iF ~j  
   social issues. 'qArf   
    (A) covers .fi/I  
    (B) covers it ( 7ws{)  
    (C) which covers ]Ni;w]KE  
    (D) which it covers jYVE8Y)my  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 xrqv@/kJ  
F,GN[f-  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused {/ LZcz[  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on 6AvHavA^Y  
   the paper. R*zO dxY  
   (A) the impression is KQld YA|m  
   (B) if the impression is R//$r%a  
   (C) impressions X 6 lH|R  
   (D) the impression >sD4R}\})  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression Vvt  ;  
三、平行结构 R0;ef D  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 joXfmHB}  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: J9%@VZut  
A and B, 451'>qS  
A , B, and C T;\^#1  
tfkr+ /  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- +'#oz+  
   is known as accounting. ukuo:P<a  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary 'P laMOy  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's C;Ic  
     transactions /}5B&TZ=(3  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are V5D2\n3A  
     summarized V% CUMH =U  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an p|XAlia  
     enterprise t~M $%)h  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 -Dzsa  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 b!$}ma;B  
/.V0ag'G  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed G Z }/leR  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and ohc1 ~?3b  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on F9XT lA  
   human patients. :a3LS|W  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in -NM0LTF  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures :WXf.+IA  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures  ?RD *1  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull 2H[)1|]l  
     fractures noA-)  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 *j*Du+  
+nZRi3yu=  
四、宾语从句结构 Ff"gadRXd  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 h(xP_Svj>  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: oEzDMImJ5  
     state(陈述,表明)+that MV+i{]  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that #i@h{ R01  
t 6u-G+}  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light,  Iao[Pyk  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite a0d ,  
   units called quanta or photons. c<qe[iyt/  
    (A) energy that PHR#>ZD  
    (B) that it is energy UR>_)*  
    (C) it is energy Ao`_",E  
    (D) that energy  t.3 \/  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 INLf#  N  
%yw=[]Vjze  
O@`J_9  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth 5upShtC  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is Hptq,~_t  
   placed on them. ~PUsgL^  
   (A) although its crust and mantle q0|Z oP  
   (B) its crust and mantle to SL*DK.  
   (C) that its crust and mantle  Rkv  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to 8*k oxS  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 92(~'5Qr  
五、介词+ which结构 xT+ ;w[s  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 XIN5a~[z*  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, 7ti<  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 M7U:g}  
}B*,mn2 N  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, | M _%QM.  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 fB[\("+  
.q0AoM  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is Z]e4pR6!  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees 5)x6Q|-u  
   for public office. 4 f3=`[%  
    (A) that t!l/`e%J  
    (B)by which :D^Y?  
    (C)is that 7n<#y;wo  
    (D)by those J2Y 3er  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 ,? #*eJD  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 S^)WYF5  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 H&u4v2  
w2K Wa-BO  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players sMN>wbHwh[  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called p( HyRCH  
   wickers. S--/<a2  
   (A) when b3P9Yoj-  
   (B) which wFn@\3%l`  
   (C) is when {4o\S  
   (D) in which 3[,wMy"  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 %h3L  
)Xq@v']%~9  
六、in that结构 y`\mQ48V  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, tru;;.lj8K  
  because of +名词, (q~R5)D  
  consequently是副词 P}+2>EU  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 e!.7no  
^l&nB.  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals ,*q#qW!!  
   ---- it is a liquid. 0,;E.Py?.  
   (A) whereas d'x<- l9  
   (B) in that AlA h S<  
   (C) because of (r a:?B  
   (D) consequently HKq2Js  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 J(3gT }z-  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 *(@L+D0N  
uWJ#+XK.  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual L*kh?PS;  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. oV%( 37W9=  
   (A)they <K=@-4/Bp  
   (B)in they ?/o2#iJx  
   (C)that they D[?k ,*  
   (D)in that they r78u=r  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 GI0x>Z+  
S3j]{pZ(z  
Yio>ft&g]  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 zbF: R[)  
aF; ]7i@  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ hqhu^.}]  
   great inspiration for her poems. CT$& zEIm  
   (A) that she drew dv1x 78xG>  
   (B) by drawing her \Owful  
   (C) from which she drew rX|y/0)F  
   (D) drawn from which 2uJNc!&  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 kT Z?+hx  
七、what结构 NB!'u) lFD  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: pmow[e  
  what=the thing that 5 WN`8?  
m>Yo 9/XpZ  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend XEvGhy#  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. t+W=2w&  
   (A) it grows h a,=LV  
   (B) what grows .b_0k<M!p  
   (C) does it grow Q+u#?['  
   (D) what does it grow ]RJb;  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 1Rb XM n  
`PQ?8z|  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle |%2/I>o  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory y'0dl "Dy\  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. |&0"N[t  
   (A) there  xnRp/I  
   (B) where E1{:z"  
   (C) that &k_wqV  
   (D) what M0Kh>u  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 c`$`0}  
:EQme0OW  
Hl3XqR  
八、同位语结构 NrI 5uC7  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 evg 7d  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) }{kTh% ^  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing 'wB Huq  
   and swallowing . avxn}*:X.  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste OFQi&/  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly 4xAlaOw5M  
   (C) the chief organ of taste  rs 1*H  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes picP_1 L  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 -t~B@%  
~0^,L3M  
|IcxegE  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 d*\C^:Z  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) 1$!RKqT  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of U3 8wGSG  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of wx"6",M  
   Dishonor. i[t=@^ |  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause kO3k| 6f=  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson );uZ4PNK/?  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause WtdkA Sj  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. @X6#$ex  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 wM4g1H%s  
/6+%(f}7l  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as V+a%,sI  
   hosts to many insect pests. 3JE;:2O~P  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than rLw [y$2  
     goldenrods ~"r wP=< }  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods (z1%lZ}(  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy &G,o guo  
     plants vS t=Ax3]  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants o27`g\gDR,  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 sV'.Bomq  
j5Wx*~@(  
s=~7m.m  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 H 6JMN1#t$  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 4"X>_Nt6  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to hic$13KuP  
   Athens. ?{z$ { bD  
   (A) the distance is pH:|G  
   (B) that the distance is y{?jr$js<  
   (C) is that the distance %y7wF'_Y  
   (D) the distance R:R@sU  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 bfI -!,  
}0nB' 0|y  
九、比较结构 (@o />T  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 LXF%~^^@d  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less eC`f8=V  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. nW%=k!''  
    (A) does vhEs+ j  
    (B) in Odtck9L   
    (C) it does in 1V3J:W#;  
    (D) in it does <T/L.>p4  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 2^ZPO4|  
&8i{'k,l  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. }o:sx/=u_  
    (A) rays more than infrared y]Tn#4 ,/  
    (B) rays are more infrared than RcM0VbR"EU  
    (C) more than infrared rays ,:4w$!;  
    (D) more infrared rays than _rJ SkZO  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。  +5mkMZ  
76r s)J[*w  
kj=2+)!E7  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 >t }D5ah  
例3:The activities of the international marketing 3'e 4{  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. km^+ mK  
   (A) the domestic marketer has SZD2'UaG  
   (B) the domestic marketer does ^v5hr>m  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer '="){  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer w>Sz^_ h  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 cS7 !,XC  
8|Y^Jn\p5u  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing S IK{GWX  
   is greater than --. O;?~ #E<6w  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined mXaUWgO  
   (B) mining and farming combination 'Jr*oru  
   (C) that mining and farming combined Y,\mrW}K   
   (D) of its combination mining and farming C$gLi8|m  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 rep"xV&|>o  
Oh4WYDyT  
十、定语从句省略结构 FQ)Ekss~C  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 gNQJ:!  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture h!~yYNQ"  
   and overpower. 9Wrcl ai  
   (A) can   GqxK|G1  
   (B) they can 1*jm9])#  
   (C) which can ,[#f}|s_  
   (D) and V'/%)oU\"  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 p~ItHwiT  
m 0PF"(  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can i`L66uV  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the ;A!i V |  
   food they eat. L 3@wdC ~0  
    (A) require mH .I!  
    (B) requires }3lF;k(2g  
    (C) requiring I5?LD=tt  
    (D)to require ]:fHvx_?`7  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 'L/TaP/3  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food DYK|"@  
?VsZo6Z"  
qW^l2Jff  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 6I0MJpLW  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of OQvJdjST  
    A lc7]=,qyF  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around H l@rS  
   B          C      D f *vziC<m  
   the world. GkFNLM5'  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to ?M2@[w8_  
ntejFy9_  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive o ++Hdvai  
          A  B      C C2v7(  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. _guY%2% yR  
              D v*LL7b0 A  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more QR)eJ5<  
{w++)N2sh  
十一、状语从句省略结构 /2@@v|QL  
Metals expand when they are heated. G'Y|MCKz>  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: zqkmsFH{  
q8J/tw?%v  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; ;D:v@I$I  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, QZfnoKz  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 `*a,8M%  
8 _J:Yg  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of YAo g;QL  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand ?m6E@.{  
   considerable impact.  G r)+O  
   (A) apparently C1J'. !  
   (B) are apparently VWi-)  
   (C) apparently their 3]i1M%'i  
   (D) are they apparently RUEU n  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 fCKcv |  
rZEu@63  
.1@5*xQ5O  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: " O4Z).5q3  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; -[=`bHo  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) d={}a,3?  
<  5ow81  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the Q|>y2g!  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly xiI!_0'  
   white. W +S>/`N  
   (A) when, pure which QMIXz[9w  
   (B) when, which pure ()r DM@  
   (C) which, pure when B 5?(gb"  
   (D) which, when pure by {~gu  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, $j:0*Z=>  
_]\mh,}  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 43eGfp'  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing GXAcy OV  
   infrequently G -;Yua2\  
   (A) Even e1H.2n{y^  
   (B) It is ~"-wSAm  
   (C) Even though .(sT?M`\J  
   (D) There is th]9@7UE,  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 xzy9~))o  
9+L! A  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 &t4j p x  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 ?Z;knX\?J  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; <_NF  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 f[.]JC+,  
;a68>5Lm*  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: F Hv|6zUX  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 @A)gsDt9A  
  The starring troops have to surrender. 7c+u+Yet  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; 0 s4% 22  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 gSP|;Gy  
2lGq6Au:  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is Q.!8q3`  
Gs-'  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often j88H3bi0  
   called scapegoating. ;X\!*Loe  
   (A) Eliminate problems -tDmzuD6  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题)  |,.glL  
   (C) Eliminating problems C[~b6 UP  
   (D) Problems are eliminated sB /*gO  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 p#3P`I>ZrT  
1MOQ/N2BR  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them +f|u5c  
   from damage due to weather. -[ F<u  
    (A) Painting n- p|7N  
    (B) Painted 514;!Q4K  
    (C) The paint c>I^SY (r%  
    (D) By painting a WW|.#L  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 pi+m`O   
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 :)bm+xWFF  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting 5y@JMQSO  
3<?#*z4]_  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to h@l5MH=|%  
   conserve water in the winter. /)6<`S (  
   (A) when losing leaves )j!22tlL  
   (B) leaves are lost |odl~juU  
   (C) that losing leaves p ^T0(\1  
   (D) the leaves losing 4R@3jGXb8q  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 l[.RnM[v  
:jgwp~l  
十三、make结构 1+v)#Wj  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) * r$(lf  
共有三种形式: *tO7A$LDT  
   make it possible+to do V6Z2!Ht  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 r@^h,  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) u:NSPAD)  
x-mRPH  
做题技巧: %jim] ]<S[  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it O8r9&Nv  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it v 4DF #O  
rhsSV3iM  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and :dLfM)8}  
   thus make--details that are otherwise mn)kd  
   impossible to observe . A#\NVN8sk  
   (A) it visible ![P1Qv p  
   (B) visibly Z>{3t/`  
   (C) visible t[Xx LG*  
   (D) they are visible ehPrxIyC  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 Jo1n>Mo-j  
V \,Z (  
)#N)w5DU  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large m(L]R( t  
   amount of information on a single map. 06|+ _  
   (A) possible %+ynrg-  
   (B) it possible 3.Oc8(N^}  
   (C) it is possible PF+v[h;,  
   (D) that possible G'{$$+U^K  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 7y1J69IK  
I9-vV>:z  
_@3@_G E  
十四、the more …the more…结构 X>(?  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: Xt %;]1n  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 gNY}`'~hr  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 E"ijNs  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 z|; 7;TwA  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 ?>SC:{(  
6r4o47_t8#  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the q-P$ \":  
   number of lines of magnetic force. ~3< Li}W  
   (A) of X YO09#>&  
   (B) the _C$ JO   
   (C) is the  P#m/b<  
   (D) is of the P~$FgAV  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B mZDL=p  
*u^N_y  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the i>#[*.|P  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  =LEKFXqM  
   (A) the stress it is greater -h+=^,  
   (B) greater is the stress VDq4n;p1  
   (C) greater stress is H. U wM  
   (D) the greater the stress a=}JW]  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 8@S7_x  
8q*MhH>6I  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 eV$pza  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 # ~SuL3  
*IL x-D5qr  
oxT..=-  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , VU6nu4   
             A     B Mr'P0^^  
   thus making it possible the gentle Qwl=/<p1  
       C            mNS7/I\  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. s *$ Re)}S  
         D z*?-*6W  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 &E|2-)  
Itn7Kl  
%Ci`O hT  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more U(#)[S,  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, oL?( ; `"&  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the 6b1f ?0  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” V mxVE=l  
    (A) however x;A"S  
    (B) thus Q|40 8EM  
    (C) and 0uX"KL]Elf  
    (D) moreover P(OgT/7A  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 S;a'@5  
h%'4V<V  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the yh9fHN)F  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. jtqH3xfy  
    (A) to save the seeds gq9D#B  
    (B) saving the seeds !e~Yp0gX#  
    (C)which saves the seeds {v&c5B~,\  
    (D) the seeds saved d D6I @N)X  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B f tBbO8e  
Cj~45)r  
Nda,G++5(  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 I5RV:e5b  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. !N5+.E0j  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. ^/;W;C{4  
|ocIp/ $  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. x!\FB.h4!(  
   (A) the tallest J?/.|Y]e  
   (B) the tallest that is >dH5n$Gb  
   (C) which is the tallest YG2rJY+*  
   (D) which the tallest is `c 3IS5  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 -fF1vJ7L  
npcB+6  
%9.] bd|%F  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of +R7";.  
       A  B       C 6;/>asf  
   domestic animals. "BB#[@  
    D q|PB[*T  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 1VW;[ ocQ  
K`.wj8zGY  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 F",]*> r  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: D;bQ"P-m47  
  program, programmed, programmed c"ukV_6~J  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: XQEGMaZ  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 OCy\aCp  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be ?f+w:FO  
y<YVb@O.  
#plwK-tPR  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona &s!"pEZWck  
   features structures built of red sandstone by Y""-U3;T~  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. 9kPwUAw  
   (A) That the 9%\<x  
   (B) In the W>b(hVBE  
   (C) Around the fFXG;Q8&  
   (D) The (_ov _3  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 _I_Sq,Z#  
8 ?' ]W\)  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called hCO*gtA)M  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. zypZ3g{vz  
   (A) to be made 9vL`|`Vau  
   (B) making LGT\1u  
   (C) made ToJV.AdfT  
   (D) are made L@?Dmn'v  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 8?W!U*0aS  
!@-j!Ub  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given 7\^b+*  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of P0$q{ j  
   human beings. Y',s|M1})\  
   (A) without TQK>w'L  
   (B) lack NTiJEzW}  
   (C) minus 1rC8] M.N  
   (D) not having H;,cUb  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 hC}A%_S  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 fl~k') s  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 1o o'\  
-]5dD VSO  
iAf, :g  
十八、逻辑主语结构 1* ? IDYB  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 E?z 3&C  
iUA2/ A  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. *P:`{ZV7=W  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members ,{itnKJC  
    of the committee 3Q[]lFJ}F  
   (B) the committee members discussed the ?C.C?h6F5B  
    problem )rhKWg  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee @Sub.z&T{  
    members the problem 60~{sk~E  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by F.?:Gd1  
    the members of the committee UOF5&>MLb  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B nP'ab_>b  
zDa*n:S  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until :@_CQc*yB  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. |Y/iq9l  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch @[zPN[z .  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn 1$@k@*u\  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch aU4'_%Y@  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn k6[t$|lMy  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 PhKJ#D Rbr  
F8b*Mt}p  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her W@"M/<r@/  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her ~DqNA%Mb  
   first article in print. K* [cJ cY+  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane 'y-IE#!5  
    Hawes had +t.T+` EG  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane a;*&q/{o  
    Hawe's first _z,/!>J  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first p4{?Rhb6  
    teaching position sS5#Q  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching =5dv38  
    position *XtZ;os]  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 +|#sF,,X4g  
lt,x(2  
例4: Even at low levels, --. .vpQ3m>  
   (A) the nervous system has produced _?q\tyf3  
     detrimental effects by lead #"i}wS  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the Mv4JF(,S  
    nervous system 9=3V}]^M  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the ctt5t  
    nervous system u =rY  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on OY"{XnPZ  
    the nervous system [&+wW  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 Grjm9tbX}  
#+Vvf  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking >b{%j8u M  
            A   B     C :4Q_\'P  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. b GwLfU  
       D $)7-wCl</  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 7z%zXDe~T[  
uE5kL {Fv  
_HGDqj L  
十九、复合宾语结构 I9>1WT<Yy  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 ~= 0zZTG  
We played soccer. /5yW vra  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 5,?9#n\E,  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 -u{k  
zD)2af  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 m! p'nP  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, X.T.^}=  
例:We appoint him monitor. UTs0=:+,t  
  We elected him president. Wgx lQXi-B  
s*]1d*B!  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck 0kC! v,  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not ,GR(y^S  
   consider them --because they are now primarily M:C*?;K:  
   kept as pets. )cOm\^ ,  
   (A) where sporting dogs },[j+wx  
   (B) sporting dogs @~a52'\  
   (C) when sporting dogs g<.VW 0  
   (D) they are sportingdogs g7d)YUc  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 ^QFjBQ-Hai  
YQYN.\  
二十、It结构 7i/?+|  
一、强调句型 J-I7K !B  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 Lb/a _8<E?  
+o_`k!  
这个句型需要注意几点: 6=  9  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; ] >`Q"g~0  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; Wxp^*._q3I  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 1S_ KX.  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: ]bS\*q0Zf(  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. !5=3Y4bg1  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. ,Xb:f/lB  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. 7 H<_ wW  
(cA=~Bw[=  
二、形式主语 zHx ?-Q&3  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 xp,H5 m%  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 e=_*\`/CN  
s'5 jvlG  
}*0%wP  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than FiFZM  
    A               B %0"o(y+zt  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are K$K[fc j  
                  C 7f 7*id  
   the main focus of social psychology. BKJW\gS2  
           D Xv'64Nc!;  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is H)(Jjk-O  
VoP(!.Ua>7  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of j[=f;&1  
   educational films. 3 #jPQ[+  
   (A) It is  6:h!gY  
   (B) There is  wGbD%=  
   (C) Though there is 7Qq>?H -  
   (D) Although it is uRUysLIw  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 $R"~BZbt;  
7$b78wax  
`cVG_= 2  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 Le_?x  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, Yz{UP)TC  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 i%-c/ lop  
^>]p4Q3 6  
in which+完整的句子 u6|7P<HUfb  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 sd#a_  
m#8mU,7  
名词+of which+谓语动词 3B;B#0g50  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 v`no dI  
O^`Y>>a  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of  3D%I=p (  
   which are accented. +}*]9nG  
   (A) line consists of each YZ'gd 10T  
   (B) consists of each line G?YKm1:w   
   (C) each line consists V =1Y&y  
   (D) it consists of each line My=p>{s  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 -CxaOZG  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 Ue~M .LZb  
z) Bc91A  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a ~F DJKGK  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. "TG}aS  
   (A) traps   Fe`$mtPu.  
   (B) trap its  "4i(5|whp?  
   (C) which traps 7 2luTR Q  
   (D) which it traps )I`B+c:  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 P62g7>B5^  
bIwt# :v  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists )*$'e<?`  
  have paid little attention to cultural o3j4XrK  
   A             \*a7DuVw  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of iv:[]o   
         B      C =d&  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. mI9~\k&9  
           D K^?/  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 n: Ka@  
Lk=f^qJ ]  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin jh2D 9h  
   became interested in the art movement B]0`b1t  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, #tGW|F  
   both --her novels and short stories. bp;b;f>  
   (A) in which the influence mp>,TOi~s7  
   (B) of which influenced >t3%-Kc  
   (C) to have influence Rw=g g >\  
   (D) its influence in ~Wf&$p<|  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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