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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 pymT-  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 sFGXW  
2)基本用法 9<Bf5d   
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 $;@s  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , }^QY<Cp|  
seldom等。例如: 9M7{.XR,  
The sun rises in the east. eF2<L[9  
He usually goes to work by bus. <oR Nd3d  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. Vb1@JC9b  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 O" z=+79q  
如: VRxBi!d  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. ~gV|_G  
The project starts early this year. E]g KJVf9[  
There is a conference tonight. $GYy[-.`  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: ;%% =G;b9  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 7?kvrIuY&  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. MBa/-fD  
2 、一般过去时 LN7;Yr  
1)构成:动词过去式 }X AoMp  
2)基本用法 sd=i!r)ya  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: Tn-H8;Hg  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 K|s+5>]W/[  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: Ak1f*HGl|  
He died five years ago. aEgzQono  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. >`lf1x  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he fygy#&}~  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. %i^%D  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. U2K>\/-~  
3 、一般将来时 jsL'O;K/  
1)构成 OCX?U50am  
will +动词原形 #_H=pNWe  
2)基本用法 ,@2O_O`:  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 V# Wd   
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. Qs4Jl;Y_  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 >w V$az  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 \;g{qM 8  
明即将发生的事。例如: .&L#%C  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. 2Gx&ECa,  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 8T1`TGSFC  
可能性。例如: T9(~^}_+9  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. ^^)Pv#[3  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 6C   
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: [.0R"|$sy+  
We're leaving on Friday. {)`5*sd  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. :yw0-]/DD  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: '1bdBx\<.  
He is about to retire. kR'!;}s  
4 、现在进行时 n /rQ*hr  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 w \85D|u  
2)基本用法 [5:F  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: .*v8*8OJ&  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. Oa*/jZjr  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. )0/ D Y  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 &?x^I{j  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: _{-GR-  
He is constantly complaining about his job. 6 )Oe]{-  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. "< [D1E\  
5 、现在完成时 z07!i@ue~  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 BEu9gu  
2)基本用法 =TyN"0@  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 e}7qZ^  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since G!%1<SLi.  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: 9;q@;)'5  
We’ve just back. 7CNEP 2}:R  
We have studied English for more than ten years. Pbz-I3+66  
He has lived here since 1995. e8P |eK  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. !+CRS9\D   
Have you booked your hotel yet kvryDM  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 DUY#RJf  
(1)过去与现在的关系 V .$<  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 6`F_js.a  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 #y2="$ V  
造成的影响。 .rax`@\8  
(2)时间状语不同 Dh J<\_;  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, aS:17+!  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till 5Sk87o1E(d  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: Ma wio5  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) |j c87(x <  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 vhdT"7`U  
开着的。) !d%OoRSU'  
6 、过去进行时 =suj3.   
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 5U%u S^%DP  
2)基本用法 Rnun() plJ  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: Ewu 7tq Z  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. 42 8kC,  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. >:h 8T]F  
7 、过去完成时 I)9;4lix  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 qD Nqd  
2)基本用法 ,8EeSnI  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 JrS/"QSA  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: q<.^DO~$L  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 3fn6W)v?  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. ]D%D:>9|/  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. {.;MsE  
8 、过去将来时 }JAg<qy}  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 dt^yEapjM  
2)基本用法 e,|"9OK  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 NuW9.6$Jrf  
时的宾语从句中。例如: RhXX/HFk  
He said he would stop smoking next month. a'XCT@B  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. Vad(PS0  
9 、将来完成时 /Y%) Y  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 J4xt!RW!  
2)基本用法 a{el1_DIGK  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: auaFP-$`f  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. |]Pigi7y-  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. ^FF{71;  
10 、现在完成进行时 r]" >  
1)构成 U7bG(?k)  
2)基本用法 `:?padZG  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 uWvl<{2  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 u A*Op45  
状语连用。例如: R qOEQ*k  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. 64o`7  
He has been studying English for years. 82efqzT  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. .@/5Ln  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 >")%4@  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: &=K-~!?  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) X}h{xl   
They have built a ship.(已完成) f+1)Ju~  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) 0ot=BlMu  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! VCkhK9(N  
(表达不满情绪) ukzXQe;l1  
II. 动词的语态 bXC ;6xZV  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 6pxj9@X+  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: W5EB+b49KM  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 b;Q cBGwKT  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called w9H%u0V?  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called e8--qV#<  
将来 shall/will be  }m\  
called ~Se/uL;*  
------ shall/will have been called \E]s]ft;+  
应注意的事项: adHHnH`,  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 =DcKHL(m  
He was beat severely by the gunman. /'!F \ kz  
The cup was broken by Tom. MpGWt#  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 Jg/WE1p>  
或副词。例如: y =G  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. .lOEQLt  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. ~,m6g&>R  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 oT_k"]~Q~2  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: L+9a4/q  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) L#m1!+J  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) haqL DVrf  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) ,.x1+9X  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 oypX.nye_  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: pV<18CaJ  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. GwxfnC Ki9  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. ;~tKNytD`B  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: pN1W|Wv2  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: OiJ1&Fz(  
She got her purse stolen. -YJ7ne]  
I must get my hair cut. 5 ,quM"  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 z;2kKQZm  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: #92MI#|n9  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. 'HH[[9Q  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. u\Tq5PYXt  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, X j.6A,}^  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: bX=A77  
The book sells very well. SB:-zQ5  
The parachute opens easily. @m<xpe l  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: gG&2fV}l6  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; 0\k2F,:%4  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 [(F.x6z)  
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