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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。  UN[rW0*  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 F)g.CDQ!c  
2)基本用法 #rM/  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 '0D 2e  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , XZhuV<  
seldom等。例如: v+A$CGH96  
The sun rises in the east. ;=>4 '$8  
He usually goes to work by bus. oUXu;@l  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. H Yt& MK  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 (5rH 72g(  
如: #FKo:id`K  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. )B.NV<m  
The project starts early this year. 833KU_ N  
There is a conference tonight. >7. $=y8b  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: /M(FuV  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. vUh.ev0  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. 6[>UF!.=  
2 、一般过去时 T<kyxbjR  
1)构成:动词过去式 |uVhfD=NG  
2)基本用法 RGh `=D/yE  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: F }l_=  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 m~ :W$x1+  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: n }X)a-=  
He died five years ago. ;hU56lfZ)X  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. &o*/6X  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 8t3@ Hi  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. E&r*[;$  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. } _Yk.@J5  
3 、一般将来时 N }Ozm6Mc  
1)构成 wZN<Og+;  
will +动词原形 ~t\Hb8o  
2)基本用法 0Pw?@uV  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 KY$6=/?U_  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. OO5k _J  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 +o})Cs`|=A  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 'V=w?G 5  
明即将发生的事。例如: C(7uvQ  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. qg?O+-+  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 W _(  
可能性。例如: _ q`$W9M+k  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. GW a_^  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 13(JW  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: Cn4o^6?"  
We're leaving on Friday. NltEX14Af  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. vG9A'R'P  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: >!:uVS  
He is about to retire. ilL] pU-  
4 、现在进行时 ~9#[\/;"  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 [|<2BQX  
2)基本用法 Ftu~nh}  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: g@]G [(  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. hKP!;R  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. 8d.5D&  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 to@ O  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: H/m -$;cF3  
He is constantly complaining about his job. `ro~l_U;A  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. ek6PMZF:'  
5 、现在完成时 yZFm<_9>  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 #x Z7%    
2)基本用法 6c-y<J+&s  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 n]G!@- z  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since +:@HJ XwK  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: KO/Z|I  
We’ve just back. 4A(kM}uRB  
We have studied English for more than ten years. vL~nJv  
He has lived here since 1995. 2:0'fNXop  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. Y(QLlJ*)/  
Have you booked your hotel yet E'qGKT  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 v: 0.  
(1)过去与现在的关系 `0a=A#]1o  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 t3%[C;@wB  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 B ^>}M  
造成的影响。 MU2ufKq4)  
(2)时间状语不同 z/zUb``  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, 3B|?{U~  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till Xk=bb267  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: .9X,)^D  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) <:=}1t.Z  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 F!m/n!YR  
开着的。) R zG7Xr=t  
6 、过去进行时 7!.#:+rg5#  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 s^:8bFn9$  
2)基本用法 )*!"6d)^  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: ~zdHJ8tYp  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. M'Fa[n*b?!  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. )tc"4lp -  
7 、过去完成时 Mf [v7\  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 u~kfz*hz  
2)基本用法 p'# (^  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 6|# +  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: tl.I:A5L  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning a~#MMl  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 'rWu}#Nb  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. 3aMfZa<=  
8 、过去将来时 H"~]|@g-p  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 T)QZ9a  
2)基本用法 '<(S*&s  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 EvA{@g4>  
时的宾语从句中。例如: Q<TD5t9  
He said he would stop smoking next month. CHeU`!:  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. a(|YLN  
9 、将来完成时 {z":hmt  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 zGm#er E  
2)基本用法 z&a%_ ]Q*  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: ] qT\z<}  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. WD"3W)!  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. )e,Rp\fY$  
10 、现在完成进行时 *hJ&7w ~  
1)构成 :g1C,M~  
2)基本用法 )(&Z&2~A  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 a[Q\8<  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 gEWKM(5B}  
状语连用。例如: - v\n0Jt  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. Mi|PhDXMh  
He has been studying English for years. N$Pi4  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. O a[G #  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 j%|#8oV  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: *rs@6BSj  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) {J`]6ba  
They have built a ship.(已完成) 7/p&]0w  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) sbWen?  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! D1Yc_  
(表达不满情绪) /}%$fB  
II. 动词的语态 DK!QGATh  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 W u4` 3  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: a4zq`n|3U  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 SGuR-$U`)  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called sTn}:A6  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called [2]Ti_ >D  
将来 shall/will be =qQH,{]c6  
called p};B*[ ki  
------ shall/will have been called -k$*@Hq  
应注意的事项: xJ/<G$LNJ0  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 `y1ne x-0  
He was beat severely by the gunman. \Lp|S:u  
The cup was broken by Tom. JG]67v{F  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 .?1 6w`Y  
或副词。例如: m|:O:<  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. NU>'$s  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. Ya%-/u  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 : h"Bf@3  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: 0QWc1L  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态)  b7]MpL  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 5Op|="W.  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) 7W)*IJ  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 ~,*=j~#h  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: K *<+K<Tp  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. `R9}.?7  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. ,*y\b|<j  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: Cb`2"mpWS  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: N ,8^AUJ3&  
She got her purse stolen. <)f1skJsP  
I must get my hair cut. m$ubx I)  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 "@P )  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: EFd9n  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. 1FkS$ j8:  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. c.<bz  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, u\&F`esQ2  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: E`M, n ,  
The book sells very well. vs*Q {  
The parachute opens easily. =>y%Aj&4  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: q_J)68BR  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; \$Jz26 -n  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 R6xJw2;_  
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