加入VIP 上传考博资料 您的流量 增加流量 考博报班 每日签到
   
主题 : 2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法
级别: 初级博友
显示用户信息 
楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
来源于 考博资料 分类

2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 -(| }:J  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 X*rB`M7,  
2)基本用法 R5'_il  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 lK #~lC  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , }3y Q*<  
seldom等。例如: a: [m;  
The sun rises in the east. <^B!.zQ  
He usually goes to work by bus. ?XO}6q<tM  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. g<N3 L [  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 >s"kL^  
如: ?=\_U  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. d,%@*v]S  
The project starts early this year. Fj0h-7L  
There is a conference tonight. B,RHFlp{  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: !8Q9RnGn  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. ( {p @Ay  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. S:xG:[N@  
2 、一般过去时 !FJ_\UST0  
1)构成:动词过去式 aW#_"Y}v'  
2)基本用法 h OF>Dj  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: >rzpYc'~w  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 1dX)l  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: #ui7YUR=2  
He died five years ago. Ue]GHJ2  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. >l|dLyiae  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he OX/}j_8E^(  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. *`.4M)Ym~  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. k84JDPu#  
3 、一般将来时 s7TV@Y)  
1)构成 B%d2tsDw  
will +动词原形 B |+tK  
2)基本用法 ;R.l?Bg  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 za@`,Yq  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. iv62Fs'  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 k,nRC~Irh  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 _jCjq   
明即将发生的事。例如: S  H5G  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. d>qxaX;  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 l+1GA0'JP  
可能性。例如: mf)o1O&B  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. 7T3ub3\  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 Qv @Z#  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: <e&*Tx<8  
We're leaving on Friday. <C9_5C e~  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. D*R49hja {  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: X%b.] A  
He is about to retire. "cUCB  
4 、现在进行时 e.|_=Gd2/  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 s) vHLf4T  
2)基本用法 IL]VY1'#  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: Jh'\ nDz@e  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. VfiMR%i}  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. R)w|bpW  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 O0gLu1*1v  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: Q7 Clr{&  
He is constantly complaining about his job. ~agzp`!M  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. yw%5W=<  
5 、现在完成时 lll]FJ1  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 '}{J;moB  
2)基本用法 < g<Lf[n$  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 x^| J-  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since [~ sXjaL8  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: 'V5^D<1P  
We’ve just back. . f V-puE  
We have studied English for more than ten years. ^ )Lh5   
He has lived here since 1995. zOpl #%"  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. _|S>, D'  
Have you booked your hotel yet >Udb*76 D  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 kN4nRW9z  
(1)过去与现在的关系 q9RCXo>Y+1  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 {g2cm'hD  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 )K8k3]y&  
造成的影响。 4-4lh TE(  
(2)时间状语不同 .[hQ#3)W  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, *Rv eR?kO  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till hv'~S  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: \#[W8k<Z  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) bh&,*Y6=  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 *J!oV0#1  
开着的。) "-y\F}TE  
6 、过去进行时 z I`'n%n=  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 z= -u89]  
2)基本用法 >wjWX{&?  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: aC>r5b#:  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. Hw5\~!FX  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. jMUE&/k  
7 、过去完成时 YNbs* i&  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 kL^;^!Nt  
2)基本用法 GBvB0kC)c  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 V-CPq  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: !%NxSJ  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning _Kx  /z  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. []0`>rVq  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. 6)P~3 C'  
8 、过去将来时 4x=rew>Ew  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 epm  t  
2)基本用法 C81+nR  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 a=k+:=%y  
时的宾语从句中。例如: bK; -Xcm  
He said he would stop smoking next month. (o{-1Dg)  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. (`4^|_gw  
9 、将来完成时 WUAjb,eo  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 /^qCJp`  
2)基本用法 pq*b"Jku1  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: LLg ']9  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. GY<Y,  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station.  OnF +  
10 、现在完成进行时 q#I/N$F  
1)构成 Ka2U@fK"  
2)基本用法 9 # /z [!  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 u~Q0V J~  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 zUXqTcj  
状语连用。例如: /J3e[?78u  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. #@Zz Bf  
He has been studying English for years. O?D*<rwD  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. 6YrkS;_HS  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 &pK1S>t  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: DkA cT[  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) @= 6}w_  
They have built a ship.(已完成) TuBg4\V  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) fV Ah</aZ  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! C#p$YQf  
(表达不满情绪) WUGPi'x  
II. 动词的语态 ;QW6Tgt11  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 !V Zl<|  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: n O$(\ z)  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 QZ"Lh  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called W*u Yb|0  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called my[)/'  
将来 shall/will be hrN r i$  
called CP|N2rb  
------ shall/will have been called G!8O*4+A  
应注意的事项: W.-[ceM  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 [O&2!x  
He was beat severely by the gunman. X{9D fgW  
The cup was broken by Tom. 4M6o+WV  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 @m Nf(&  
或副词。例如: 3 {\b/NL$  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. 'vhgR2/  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. /wKW  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 Ii,e=RG>  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: {Rc/Ten  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) 6s Rn_y  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 4G;+ETp  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) $iEM$  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 @7" xDgA  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: B$ +YK%I  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. c;&m}ImLe.  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. O9r3^y\>I  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: ]~U4;  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: R KFz6t  
She got her purse stolen. @r%[e1.  
I must get my hair cut. PM=Q\0  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 5H6m{ng  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: m[LIM}Gu  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. oA(jtX[(  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. =V5<>5"M?  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 2_x}wB0P  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: QjWv?tm  
The book sells very well. `pn]jpW9  
The parachute opens easily. f+}? $'  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: "6[' !rq0  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; !l?Go<^*L  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 pD9*WKEf*  
评价一下你浏览此帖子的感受

精彩

感动

搞笑

开心

愤怒

无聊

灌水

  
描述
快速回复

验证问题:
2+6=? 正确答案:8
按"Ctrl+Enter"直接提交