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主题 : 2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法
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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 ClZyQ=UAD  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 P`"DepeD  
2)基本用法 2wsZ&y%  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 g(H3arb&  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , Tou~U[V+  
seldom等。例如: xyz86r ^u  
The sun rises in the east. '=* 5C{  
He usually goes to work by bus. .X1niguXH  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. LL+rd xJO^  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 74#@F{w  
如: {*9i}w|2  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. #cb6~AH  
The project starts early this year. qW^l2Jff  
There is a conference tonight. _Hk`e}}  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: $h9!"f[|j  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. ]3'd/v@fT  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. qcF{Kex"  
2 、一般过去时 U"]i.J1  
1)构成:动词过去式 o ++Hdvai  
2)基本用法 XjbK!.  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: +6*I9R  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 VK#zmEiB  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: RP9||PFS~~  
He died five years ago. Zj;!7ZuT1  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. ) LG/n  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 6BnjT  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. &AVi4zV  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. $B2@mC([S  
3 、一般将来时 $&!U&uMt  
1)构成 ilP&ctn6+c  
will +动词原形 :lAR;[WFS  
2)基本用法 ;z68`P-  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 7o<RvM  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. @WmB0cc_  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 ^RyrUb  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 *K;~V  
明即将发生的事。例如: B06/mKZ7  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. v:chr$>j5  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 ;3!TOY"j;e  
可能性。例如: LYX+/@OU2  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. TsQMwV_h  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 p82qFzq#  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: Q|>y2g!  
We're leaving on Friday. D|xS O~M5  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. ,Y*f]  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: >QyMeH  
He is about to retire. Y4_i=}\*vf  
4 、现在进行时 W`Soa&9  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 fROhn}<**[  
2)基本用法 $oNkE  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: { "/@,!9rJ  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. (Yx rZ_F'b  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. Y4i-Pp?  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 ZXco5,1  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: U $+rlw}  
He is constantly complaining about his job. mFvw s  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 4 0Du*5M  
5 、现在完成时 uy B ?-Y+  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 VQX#P<  
2)基本用法 QutQG  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 Qd@`jwjS  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since Chjth"  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: )2\6 Fy0S  
We’ve just back. &359tG0@P  
We have studied English for more than ten years. GXsHc,  
He has lived here since 1995. '*2 2j ]  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. }4+S_b  
Have you booked your hotel yet Y(<>[8S m  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 D7 .R N Xo  
(1)过去与现在的关系 _pW\F(+8  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 Nk]r2^.z[  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 3 bGpK9M~  
造成的影响。 6N6d[t"  
(2)时间状语不同 J5IQ  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, wz;IKdk[  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till N-;e" g  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: '@rGX+"  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) |odl~juU  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 &rk /ya[  
开着的。) %J7 ;b<}To  
6 、过去进行时 T[L  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 zR">'bM:  
2)基本用法 PWx2<t<;9  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: sZ7{_}B  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. H/Y ZwDx,i  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. cl30"WK!  
7 、过去完成时 o%5^dX&[  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 Fz~-m#T s  
2)基本用法 v|"Nx42  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的  Gr}Lp  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: O#uTwnW  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning A#\NVN8sk  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. /9QI^6& SX  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. M9[Fx= qY  
8 、过去将来时  _p <s!  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 *am.NH\  
2)基本用法 S9U,so?  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 M8oI8\6[  
时的宾语从句中。例如: 4#{i  
He said he would stop smoking next month. `B}( Ln  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. %(79; #2`  
9 、将来完成时 @2yi%_ ]h  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 ?kqo~twJ  
2)基本用法 Kz:g9  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: VImcW;Xa  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. Xt %;]1n  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. id="\12Bw  
10 、现在完成进行时 o7' cC?u  
1)构成 !VUxy  
2)基本用法 !$P +hX`  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 /^v?Q9=Y  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 WX$mAQDV  
状语连用。例如: FjYih>  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. '~Uo+<v$w  
He has been studying English for years. %upnXRzw  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. HO%atE$>  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 $xqI3UaX  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: J`}5bnFP  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) iy_' D  
They have built a ship.(已完成) /Ud<4j-  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) Ba==Ri8$  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! U%oh ?g  
(表达不满情绪) <j"}EEb^  
II. 动词的语态 NMq#D$T  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 $t.i)wg +  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: F)P"UQ!\  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 Omy4Rkj8bh  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called LDDeZY"xd  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called 5c50F{  
将来 shall/will be 7d&_5Tj:  
called TS0x8,'$q  
------ shall/will have been called Fe8JsB-  
应注意的事项: 8vFt<k}G  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 jIY    
He was beat severely by the gunman. 1 o<l;:  
The cup was broken by Tom. ]L0GIVIE  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 08)X:@ w?  
或副词。例如: 3V")~ m  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. '[u=q -Lv  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. En&bwLu:s  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 <~aQ_l  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: Y|ONCc  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) mNcoR^(VN  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) =)Z!qjf1U  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) eIVCg-l}  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 !]bXHT&!R  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: KP)BD;  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. ]W,K}~!   
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. XD\RD  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: l!2hwRR  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: s3m]rC  
She got her purse stolen. ?3 :OPP`s  
I must get my hair cut. GH%'YY3|  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 +3VDapfin  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: S@suPkQ<>  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. a/@<KnT  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. y^; =+Z  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, OCy\aCp  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: mT57NP  
The book sells very well. L2ePWctq}  
The parachute opens easily. % '>S9Ja3  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: Zl]Zy}p*+  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; cmDskQ:  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 W>b(hVBE  
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