(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 Vqv2F @.
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 Lu#@~
2)基本用法 /S=;DxZ,r
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 Jj^<:t5{rN
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , ~:RDw<PWp
seldom等。例如: 37M[9m|D*
The sun rises in the east. !\D]\|Bo
He usually goes to work by bus. me}Gb a
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. DHu jpZXQ
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 K&gc5L
如: +/_B/[e<>
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. DGuUI}|)
The project starts early this year. J'Mgj$T $
There is a conference tonight. gJ[q
{b
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: : z,vJ~PW
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. pfn#~gC_=
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. ([XyW{=h!
2 、一般过去时 '8pPGh9D
1)构成:动词过去式 Z-sN4fr a
2)基本用法 Kd[`m
kmS
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:
A
=Az[
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 ws(}
K+y_
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: >p#d;wK4_
He died five years ago. g#<?OFl
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. Cq;K,B9
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he BMsy}08dQ
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. PNxO\Rc
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. Q\>
SF
3 、一般将来时 }
PD(kk6fX
1)构成 &\D<
n;3
will +动词原形 exMPw;8
2)基本用法 o6yZ@R
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 QR"O)lP
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. (IQ L`3f%
3)表示将来时的其他形式 ~9jP++&
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 +q?0A^C>
明即将发生的事。例如: u2m{Yx|
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it.
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(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 0+`*8G)
可能性。例如: 91S
b=9
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. 0lq4
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 "YU~QOGx@
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: k 5kX
We're leaving on Friday. 6D]G*gwk[
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. QF6JZQh<
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: @uD{ `@[
He is about to retire. ?PtRb:RHt
4 、现在进行时
h/~BUg'
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 *wyLX9{:
2)基本用法
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(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: ^u&Khc~
y
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 7n]%`
Yb
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. $6%;mep
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 3Ya6yz
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: ;XuEMq,Di
He is constantly complaining about his job. mV]g5>Q\
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. -zkL)<7
5 、现在完成时 vK~KeZ\,p=
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 pC
Is+1O/
2)基本用法 ]a~LA7VHO
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 QP0X8%+p
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since V2skr_1
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: xM,(|p(
We’ve just back. HKw4}FC*
We have studied English for more than ten years. 6V
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g
He has lived here since 1995. JPKZU<:+V
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. $o H,:x?}
Have you booked your hotel yet 1yc@q8
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 >x
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(1)过去与现在的关系 y5h[^K3
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 y Dw!u[:
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 wB"Gw` D
造成的影响。 54%}JA][
(2)时间状语不同 [)u{ -
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, 9x,+G['Zt
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ywte\}
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如:
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I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) z6(Q
3@iO
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 4VgDN(n0@
开着的。) }C}_
I:=C
6 、过去进行时 h (2k;M^s
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 {*Pp^r
2)基本用法 _r'M^=yx[
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: ry"zec
B
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. q5PYc.E([
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. k6S<46}h|
7 、过去完成时 :B~
c>:
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 nrBitu,
2)基本用法 T(F8z5s5
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 2oLa`33c1
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: FeLP!oS>
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning R
kzBn
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. +_Z/VQv
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. K-3 _4As
8 、过去将来时 =d
}3>YHS
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 #C^m>o~R
2)基本用法 mZyTo/\0
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 A$cbH.
时的宾语从句中。例如: -yeT $P&|
He said he would stop smoking next month. !=:c8V
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. E3!twR*Aw
9 、将来完成时 -wB AFr
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 M %~kh"
2)基本用法 9&cZIP
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: 1oPT8)[U
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. q]x@q
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. ,"o\_{<z
10 、现在完成进行时 jPfoI-
1)构成 '#PT C,0UJ
2)基本用法 bb{+
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 !_@%/I6
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 D6w0Y:A{.
状语连用。例如: q)
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I have been reading this novel the whole morning. Z>l>@wN m
He has been studying English for years. art{PV4-
He has been playing computer games since early morning. S4w/
kml3
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 Qxwe,:
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: qb Q> z+c
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) P]n
'q
They have built a ship.(已完成) 5j]%@]M$Z
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) KjadX&JD
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! {-xnBx
(表达不满情绪) ]arP6iN+
II. 动词的语态 mIyaoIE|$
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 d1-QkW^0y
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: Z]tz<YSkG
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 wQ5__"D
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called &~i1 @\]
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called 1 !sYd@iD@
将来 shall/will be <*[(t;i
called W;=ZQ5Lw
------ shall/will have been called <t8})
应注意的事项: "ggq7cJ}_
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 YW*ti|u|w
He was beat severely by the gunman. B-RaAiE@
The cup was broken by Tom. *d=pK*g
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 wegBMRQVp
或副词。例如: ]?^mb n
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. uZfo[_g0S
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. 8=d9*lm
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 =#W6+=YN8
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: o\N),;LM
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) J&Ah52
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 8qT/1b
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) "zugnim
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 ^W^%PJD|
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: oZQu&
O'
We were made to work twelve hours a day. Z',pQ{rD
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 3o h(d.Z
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 8"+Kz
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: ,ecFHk
T>
She got her purse stolen. p?5zwdX+`
I must get my hair cut. =oBV.BST u
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 ig6F!p
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: >y5~:L
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. ]`LMyt0
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. z&w@67
>j
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, BV|LRB}G
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: n;[
d{bU
The book sells very well. uT_bA0jK
The parachute opens easily. {$Qw]?Yv
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: |Gz(q4
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; F&^u1RYz
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 _G@)Bj^*