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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 Vqv2F @.  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 Lu#@~  
2)基本用法 /S=;DxZ,r  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 Jj^<:t5{rN  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , ~:RDw<PWp  
seldom等。例如: 37M[9m|D*  
The sun rises in the east. !\D] \|Bo  
He usually goes to work by bus. me}Gb a  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. DHujpZXQ  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 K&gc5L  
如: +/_B/[e<>  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. DGuUI}|)  
The project starts early this year. J'Mgj$T $  
There is a conference tonight. g J[q {b  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: :z,vJ~PW  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. pfn#~gC_=  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. ([XyW{=h!  
2 、一般过去时 '8pPGh9D  
1)构成:动词过去式 Z-sN4fr a  
2)基本用法 Kd[`m kmS  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: A = Az[  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 ws(} K+y_  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: >p#d;wK4_  
He died five years ago. g #<?OFl  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. Cq;K,B9  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he BMsy}08dQ  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. PNxO \Rc  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. Q\> SF  
3 、一般将来时 } PD(kk6fX  
1)构成 &\D< n; 3  
will +动词原形 exMPw ;8  
2)基本用法 o6yZ@R  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 QR"O)lP  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. (IQ L`3f%  
3)表示将来时的其他形式  ~9jP++&  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 +q?0A^C>  
明即将发生的事。例如: u2m{Yx|  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. T`0gtSS  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 0+`*8G)  
可能性。例如: 91S b= 9  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. 0lq4   
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 "YU~QOGx@  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: k  5kX  
We're leaving on Friday. 6D]G*gwk[  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. QF6JZQh<  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: @uD{ `@[  
He is about to retire. ?PtRb:RHt  
4 、现在进行时 h/~BUg'  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 *wyLX9{:  
2)基本用法 :@'0)7  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: ^u&Khc~ y  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 7n]%` Yb  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. $6%;mep  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 3Ya6yz  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: ;XuE Mq,Di  
He is constantly complaining about his job. mV]g5>Q\  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. -zkL)<7  
5 、现在完成时 vK~KeZ\,p=  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 pC Is+1O/  
2)基本用法 ]a~LA7VHO  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 QP0X8%+p  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since V2skr_1  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: xM,(|p(  
We’ve just back. HKw4}FC*  
We have studied English for more than ten years. 6V E5C g  
He has lived here since 1995. JPKZU<:+V  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. $o H,:x?}  
Have you booked your hotel yet 1yc@q8  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 >x gd<  
(1)过去与现在的关系 y5h[^K3  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 y Dw!u[:  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 wB"Gw` D  
造成的影响。 54%}JA][  
(2)时间状语不同 [)u{-  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, 9x,+G['Zt  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ywte \}  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: BT0hx!Ti  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) z6(Q 3@iO  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 4VgDN(n0@  
开着的。) }C}_ I:=C  
6 、过去进行时 h (2k;M^s  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 {*Pp^ r  
2)基本用法 _r'M^=yx[  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: ry"zec B  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. q5PYc.E([  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. k6S<46}h|  
7 、过去完成时 :B~ c>:  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 nrBitu,  
2)基本用法 T(F8z5s5  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 2oLa`33c1  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: F eLP!oS>  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning R kzBn  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. +_Z/VQv  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. K-3 _4As  
8 、过去将来时 =d }3>YHS  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 #C^m>o~R  
2)基本用法 mZyTo/\0  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 A$cbH.  
时的宾语从句中。例如: -yeT$P&|  
He said he would stop smoking next month. !=:c8V  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. E3!twR*Aw  
9 、将来完成时 -w B AFr  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 M %~kh"  
2)基本用法 9&cZIP   
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: 1oPT8)[U  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. q]x@q  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. ,"o \_{<z  
10 、现在完成进行时 jPfoI-  
1)构成 '#PT C,0UJ  
2)基本用法 bb{+  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 !_@%/I6  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 D6w0Y:A{.  
状语连用。例如: q) *0G*  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. Z>l>@wNm  
He has been studying English for years. art{PV4-  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. S4w/ kml3  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 Qxwe,:  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: qb Q> z+c  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) P]n ' q  
They have built a ship.(已完成) 5j]%@]M$Z  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) KjadX&JD  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! {-xnBx  
(表达不满情绪) ]arP6 iN+  
II. 动词的语态 mIyaoIE|$  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 d1-QkW^0y  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: Z]tz<YSkG  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 wQ5__"D  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called &~i1 @\]  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called 1 !sYd@iD@  
将来 shall/will be <*[(t;i  
called W;=ZQ5Lw  
------ shall/will have been called <t8})  
应注意的事项: "ggq7cJ}_  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 YW*ti|u|w  
He was beat severely by the gunman. B-RaAiE@  
The cup was broken by Tom. *d=pK*g  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 wegBMRQVp  
或副词。例如: ]?^mb n  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. uZfo[_g0S  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. 8 =d9*lm  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 =#W6+=YN8  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: o\N),;LM  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) J&Ah52  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 8qT/1b  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) "zugnim  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 ^W^%PJ D |  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: oZQu& O'  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. Z',pQ{rD  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 3oh(d. Z  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 8"+Kz  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: ,ecFHk T>  
She got her purse stolen. p?5zwdX+`  
I must get my hair cut. =oBV.BST u  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 ig6F!p  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: >y5~:L  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. ]`LMy t0  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. z&w@67 >j  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, BV|LRB}G  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: n;[ d{bU  
The book sells very well. uT_bA0jK  
The parachute opens easily. {$Qw]?Yv  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: |Gz(q4  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; F&^u1RYz  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 _G@)Bj^*  
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