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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 }dAb} 0XK.  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 >LgV[D#=&o  
2)基本用法 hNyYk(t^  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 nDiD7:e7=  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , &%f y  
seldom等。例如: &hB~Z(zS!  
The sun rises in the east. [k@D}p x  
He usually goes to work by bus. cGsP0LkHC  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. {Ylj]  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 >P>.j+o/  
如: 4D$$KSa  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. 6DaH+  
The project starts early this year. zST# X}  
There is a conference tonight. qoB   
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: <H}"xp)j0  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. KP _=#KD  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. x2Y1 B  
2 、一般过去时 T oy~\  
1)构成:动词过去式 -R~;E[ {%  
2)基本用法 "LaNXZ9  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: S'Yg!KwX  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 Z)P x6\?+  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: I y8gQdI  
He died five years ago. 45/f}kvy  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. `r_qvrC  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he =ub&@~E  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. duXv [1  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ef f6=DP  
3 、一般将来时 "!E(= W?  
1)构成 ?tqTG2!(  
will +动词原形 DXSZ#^,S[W  
2)基本用法 TjD`< k  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 FLEf(  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. Haj`mc!<D0  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 4mNL;O  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 *N\U{)b\  
明即将发生的事。例如: jGR_EE  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. _m3PAD4  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 Q!GB^ P  
可能性。例如: Va(R*38k  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. PS`)6yn{_  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 hP3I_I[qF}  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: 2~R"3c+^  
We're leaving on Friday. G A2S  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. ll[U-v{  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: VH#]67  
He is about to retire. }k\a~<'X  
4 、现在进行时 1@CI7j  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 :'1ePq  
2)基本用法 Iimz  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: l:j9lBS  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. n U$Lp`  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. j,EE`g&  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 bC?t4-W  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: ;op+~@*!  
He is constantly complaining about his job. FT`y3 ~  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. <X|"5/h  
5 、现在完成时 i1FFf[[L  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 il5WLi;{  
2)基本用法 kj@#oLd%  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 '(^p$=3|@D  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since >@ h0@N  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: N5%~~JRO  
We’ve just back. t!D=oBCro  
We have studied English for more than ten years. [#3:CDT  
He has lived here since 1995. 3~s0ux[  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. 'qQ DM_+  
Have you booked your hotel yet }-: d*YtK  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 yq6!8OkF  
(1)过去与现在的关系 hLx*$Z>  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 1hi^  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 GlQ=M ) E  
造成的影响。 -7m;rD4J  
(2)时间状语不同 7-W(gD!`  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, rAP+nh ans  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till  78qf  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: u+8_et5T  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) gJ vc<]W8!  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 t m5>J)C  
开着的。) 4.H!rkMM  
6 、过去进行时 =wS:)%u  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 PcDPRX!@  
2)基本用法 9Ki86  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: -cY /M~  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. Nm OQ7T  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. 6kIq6rWF9  
7 、过去完成时 ,,fLK1  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 ',juZ[]_ {  
2)基本用法 -bo0!@MK  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 szmjp{g0  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: g\ <Lb  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 3'1O}xO  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. "GZhr[AW  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. Pw$'TE}  
8 、过去将来时 &,NHk9.aq  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 J0o U5d=3  
2)基本用法 2uiiTg>  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 ]*):2%f  
时的宾语从句中。例如: ?;^_%XSQ*  
He said he would stop smoking next month. zg8m(=k'  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. EWH'x$z_q  
9 、将来完成时 [DjdR_9*I  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 #n~/~*:i92  
2)基本用法 k`\DC\0RG  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: FUq@ dUv  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. d&R/fIm  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. Vfc 9 +T+  
10 、现在完成进行时 1*>a  
1)构成 2"V?+Hhz  
2)基本用法 F_V~UX1D  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 3ck;~Ncj<  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 $lV0TCgba8  
状语连用。例如: <=19KSGFt  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. {#Gr=iv~N  
He has been studying English for years. `"-)ObOj}  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. ShGR !r<  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 rBgLj,/`U/  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: *h-nI=  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) VQqEsnkz  
They have built a ship.(已完成) -Frx{3  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) qx`*]lX  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! "d.qmM  
(表达不满情绪) A "S})  
II. 动词的语态 M[TgNWl/[  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 `n5|4yaG~  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: w6#hsRq[C  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 /=Q7RJ@P  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called Cww$ A %}  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called =xa`)#4(  
将来 shall/will be cB?HMLbG>  
called q] ,&$d^@  
------ shall/will have been called Ij{{Z;o3  
应注意的事项: -?'u"*#1,  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 YSv\T '3  
He was beat severely by the gunman. C=9|K`g5 R  
The cup was broken by Tom. n*bbmG1  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 GH^i,88  
或副词。例如: :5h&f  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. ogjm6;  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. \JN<"/  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 R.>  /%o  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: ::adT=  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) [ &R-YQ@  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) hDVD@b  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) Y@#~8\_  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 DB%=/ \U  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: ##R]$-<4dQ  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. 8+gSn  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. vxbO>c   
5) 表示被动的其他形式: G 7zfyw}W  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: Z@~8iAgE  
She got her purse stolen. <8j n_6  
I must get my hair cut. c#U x{^ZE  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 ilzR/DJMa  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: 9$#2+G!J  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. 5_=&U-? H  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. KDHR} `  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 7J0 PO}N  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: S{ fNeK  
The book sells very well. QN*'MA"M  
The parachute opens easily. .@1\26<  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: =o+t_.)N  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; g($y4~#  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 Q,)G_lO  
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