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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 {~7V A  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 xJ H]>#XJ  
2)基本用法 w]Z*"B&h  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 g2p/#\D\J  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , !IlsKMZ  
seldom等。例如:  mD`v>L  
The sun rises in the east. cSy{*K{B  
He usually goes to work by bus. I\J ^@&JE  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. {p&M(W]  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 ],{b&\  
如: R<aF;Rvb5  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. Ia-`x/r*m  
The project starts early this year. >g8H  
There is a conference tonight. 9C[i#+_3M  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: `0a=A#]1o  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 1s5F jD?M  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. ^b)8l  
2 、一般过去时 Cisv**9  
1)构成:动词过去式 <RzGxhT  
2)基本用法 `BA wef  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: Eshc"U  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 JD1IL` ta;  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: kc#<Gr&Z&  
He died five years ago. ] ;X[xs  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. 0c*y~hUVZ  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he X1Vx 6+[  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. 5&V0(LT]C  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. FJ]BB4 K  
3 、一般将来时 /~`4a  
1)构成 26n+v(re  
will +动词原形 m,U Mb#7Y  
2)基本用法 t# cm |  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 $kPC"!X\  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. 8BP.VxX  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 .{,PC  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 .Y!] {c  
明即将发生的事。例如: OhUEp g[  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. 9I3vW]0x[  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 @uru4>1_dy  
可能性。例如: @wa2Z  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. 'n1-?T)  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 72J@Dc  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: A UCk]  
We're leaving on Friday. ')]K&  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. xw2dEvjgp%  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: XN+~g.0  
He is about to retire. frB~ajXK  
4 、现在进行时 Nr2 4Rv  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 u~kfz*hz  
2)基本用法 & w%%{lM  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: #Av6BGM|,  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. CUz1 q*):  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. R.KqTEs<k  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 *dB^B5  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: Dw\)!,,i7U  
He is constantly complaining about his job. \_H-TbU8  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. JY$B%R4;]  
5 、现在完成时 Yc5{M*w  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 ;=.i+  
2)基本用法 pVuJ4+`  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 p.Y =  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since wW5:p]<Y  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: B.:DW3  
We’ve just back. RL0#WBR  
We have studied English for more than ten years. *{3&?pxx  
He has lived here since 1995. ] qT\z<}  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. \\<waU''  
Have you booked your hotel yet irqNnnMGEa  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 d[h2Y/AR  
(1)过去与现在的关系 hqEn D  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 RPb/U8  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 1h.Ypz u  
造成的影响。 Oy U[(  
(2)时间状语不同 %by8i1HR  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, {Ac5(l i_  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ZS\ jbii8  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: ~ NO9s  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) ([Gb]0  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 A6?+$ Hr  
开着的。) +9 Uo<6}  
6 、过去进行时 RbexsBq  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 {J`]6ba  
2)基本用法 LyEM^d]  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: 'Q R @G  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. HM'P<<  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. };rxpw>ms  
7 、过去完成时 %t*_Rtz\o  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 %/b3G*$W  
2)基本用法 Ek0zFnb[Gx  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 dNQR<v\IL  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: D..dGh.MY  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning v() wngn  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. .X D.'S  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. &$\B&Hp@  
8 、过去将来时 ZGstD2 N$  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 'qhi 8=*  
2)基本用法 [M:ag_rm+f  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 @O&<_&  
时的宾语从句中。例如: 4|?y [j 6  
He said he would stop smoking next month. o09)esy  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. XI4le=^EM  
9 、将来完成时 )# ^5$5  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 :h4Nfz(  
2)基本用法  j|Q*L<J  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: @ m' zm:  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. +#|| w9p  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. ,Z2fVz~9  
10 、现在完成进行时 GFq,Ca~  
1)构成 :\]TAQd-  
2)基本用法 6c [&[L%  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 gpIq4Q<  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 hkifd4#  
状语连用。例如: 3RwDIk?>%  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. nUp, % z[  
He has been studying English for years. anM]khs?  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. ;x]CaG)f  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 Q+Sx5JUR~  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: dX720/R  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) RM5$O+"  
They have built a ship.(已完成) |%V-|\GJ~j  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) O]| T !  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! jcC "S qL  
(表达不满情绪) +2qCH^80  
II. 动词的语态 E`M, n ,  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 Rxl )[\A*  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: lhp.zl  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 []\=(Uc;  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called lRy^Wp  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called 4!l%@R>O2  
将来 shall/will be v v  F:  
called @(b;H0r~  
------ shall/will have been called >j%4U*  
应注意的事项: =!V-V}KK-  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 "  M+g=  
He was beat severely by the gunman. F\)?Ntj)>@  
The cup was broken by Tom. 5[qCH(6  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 *(w#*,lv  
或副词。例如: x_k @hGSC  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. aR c2#:~;  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. ,`su0P\%#.  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 z:Q4E|IX  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: P { 8d.  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) V9SkB3-'  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) Q!&@aKl  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) !#' y#  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 {YT @$K]w,  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: c1CUG1i  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. ~a RK=i$F  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. CEMe2~  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 7L"Pe'Hw  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: r'/H3  
She got her purse stolen. FsXqF&{  
I must get my hair cut. So^;5tG  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 `VzjXJw  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: /E| Ac&Qk  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. _1sjsGp>  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. b+DBz}L4  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 1TIP23:  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: d_r1 }+ao  
The book sells very well. 54geU?p0  
The parachute opens easily. =yy7P[D  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: h,u?3}Knnb  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; +_E\Omcw  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 WXgGB[x  
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