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主题 : 2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法
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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 i> Wsc?  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 HD^Ou5YB  
2)基本用法 :^~I@)"ov  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 4cC  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , c^$_ epc*  
seldom等。例如: )BI6nU  
The sun rises in the east. z7B>7}i-  
He usually goes to work by bus. <U j~S  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. y(gL.08<  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 pW{Q%"W  
如: h"h3SD~  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. PuyJ:#a  
The project starts early this year. OU2.d7  
There is a conference tonight. b EB3 #uc  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: y.h2hv]Bc  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. Sg#$ B#g  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. @ \{L%y%a0  
2 、一般过去时  J+hiz3N  
1)构成:动词过去式 kD_Ac{{<  
2)基本用法 tOUpK20q.@  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: 25e*W>SLw  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 .`./MRC  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: M8_ f{|!&  
He died five years ago. (2 nSZRB  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. uJxT)m!/  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 5" ~F#vt  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. 1Ce7\A  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. EKQ\MC1  
3 、一般将来时 <Z b~tYp  
1)构成 S10"yhn(-t  
will +动词原形 oRDqN]  
2)基本用法 zx #HyO[a  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 _E\C m  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. Ms4~P6;%  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 g:dtfa/]  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 oz.#+t%X$b  
明即将发生的事。例如: G4&vrM,f  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. + *xi&|%  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 nYFM^56>_  
可能性。例如: QUQw/  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. %XC3V7  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 I$0O4  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: *JD-|m K  
We're leaving on Friday. s(.H"_ a  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. L'?7~Cdls  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: W1;QPdz:  
He is about to retire. R:+cumHr  
4 、现在进行时 n^lr 7(!6  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 {P {h|+;  
2)基本用法 wU}%]FqtZ=  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: ;T\+TZtI  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. d1qvS@  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. '.B5CQ  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 Q "vhl2RX  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: Ee3 -oHa  
He is constantly complaining about his job. # 4&t09  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. C0gY  
5 、现在完成时 w/f?KN  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 ,; @v Vm'}  
2)基本用法 &cp `? k  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 R wTzS;  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since Ul<:Yt&nI  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ucYweXsO3  
We’ve just back. /O}lSXo6E  
We have studied English for more than ten years. eH ]9"^> o  
He has lived here since 1995. ]iY O}JuX  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. 0N87G}Xu  
Have you booked your hotel yet ()Q#@?c~  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 xj[v$HP  
(1)过去与现在的关系 9$#@Oe8*  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 8ZF!}kb0F  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 ~p`[z~|  
造成的影响。 5gSe=|we*p  
(2)时间状语不同 7 <ZGNxZ~  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, Vq599M:)V  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till fuU 3?SG  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: < V*/1{  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) .lAPlJOO  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 Iw4[D#o  
开着的。) D}`MY \H  
6 、过去进行时 TQtHU6  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 OFxCV`>ce  
2)基本用法 *P/DDRq(2  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: >K<cc#Aa  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. 29^(weT" ]  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. i#aKW'  
7 、过去完成时 +K s3  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 q|}O-A*wa  
2)基本用法 EbeSl+iMx_  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 3+\Zom4  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: 'jXJ!GFw  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning :Q,~Nw>  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. } qJ`nN8  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. oE_*hp+  
8 、过去将来时 rp4{lHw>C/  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 dlA0&;}z  
2)基本用法 _f~$iY  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 [Op^l%BC  
时的宾语从句中。例如: } lXor~_i  
He said he would stop smoking next month. XgyLlp;,O  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. * H~=dPC  
9 、将来完成时 If]rg+|U  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 oVr: ZwkG3  
2)基本用法 III:j hh  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: 3<l}gB'S[  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. xSm~V3b c  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. |&@`~OBa  
10 、现在完成进行时 P#MUS_x  
1)构成 yVQW|D0,j  
2)基本用法 *Z\AO'h=Z  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 89j:YfA=v  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 Mnk-"d  
状语连用。例如: UCup {pDp  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. c[V.j+Iy#^  
He has been studying English for years. pN_%>v"o  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. ujl ?!  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 $=ESY>MO  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: CbXSJDs  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) ?bu=QV@  
They have built a ship.(已完成) ji\&?%(B  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) :xTm- L  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! IlwHHt;njp  
(表达不满情绪) H|7XfM  
II. 动词的语态 ay| |yn:  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 Um4D Vg5  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: `>b,'u6F  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 KX3A|  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called uL@%M8n  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called 9ZG:2ncdJ  
将来 shall/will be @Kn@j D;  
called QC!SgV  
------ shall/will have been called :>o 0zG[;f  
应注意的事项: Ycx}FYTY  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 'x<oILOG  
He was beat severely by the gunman. Zy.ls&<:  
The cup was broken by Tom. >qOj^WO~  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 #, #:{&H  
或副词。例如: Hq,@j{($  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. U* c'xoP  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. w El-  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 |W$|og'wC  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: tZVs0eVF<  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) K Z%us6  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) $o;c:Kh$$  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) >p0,]-.J,r  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 [}GK rI  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: #`f{\  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. %W2U$I5  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. Ctn?O~u  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: Iu~<Y(8^q#  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: w)RedJnf  
She got her purse stolen. cDzb}W*UM  
I must get my hair cut. fH?A.JP=a  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 ;+|Z5+7!6  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: _dz ZS(7M6  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. ^OX}y~'  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. 6 >;OVX  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, nf<I  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: tPN CdA  
The book sells very well. nCp_RJu  
The parachute opens easily. <|?)^;R5!  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: 9wGsHf8]  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; +]( y  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 /{jt]8/;7  
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