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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 :406Oa  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 w#!b #TNc  
2)基本用法 x_oiPu.V  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 F tw ;T|  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , oD.[T)G?  
seldom等。例如: v[XTH 2  
The sun rises in the east. kNk$[Yfs  
He usually goes to work by bus. y*<x@i+h  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. .8dlf7* ,  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例  Op5S '  
如: x2h5,.K  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. &rfl(&\oUi  
The project starts early this year. 60z8U#upM  
There is a conference tonight. [ f;o3  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: b]6@ O8  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. L+D9ZE]  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. ^\Epz* cL  
2 、一般过去时 9/#?]LJ  
1)构成:动词过去式 gGE&}EoLU  
2)基本用法 .K`EflN  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: Ohn?>qQ  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 Xrr3KQaK&  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: brEA-xNWQ  
He died five years ago. A-f, &TO  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. $5\+Q W  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he hxZL/_n'  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. p6X-P%s  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. 7m4*dBTr  
3 、一般将来时 b_Dd$NC  
1)构成 N|e#&  
will +动词原形 4o|<zn  
2)基本用法 8(>2+#exw  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 )F_nK f"a  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. J%FF@.)k  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 ipC <p?PpR  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 (vFO'jtcB-  
明即将发生的事。例如: 1ne3CA=  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. +~$pkxD"  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或  k`w /  
可能性。例如: +_1sFH`  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. UDW_?SHAx  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 /B<QYvv  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: <q&4Y+b  
We're leaving on Friday. .: k6Kg  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. 8j)*T9  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ;;|.qgxc~  
He is about to retire. +c$:#9$ |  
4 、现在进行时 @{"?fqo  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 66-tNy  
2)基本用法 ^yX>^1  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: ;0lY_ii  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. YQcaWd(  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. U$ 46=F|  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 qKrxln/T  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: ]$=#:uf  
He is constantly complaining about his job. 4]#$YehM5  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. &["e1ki  
5 、现在完成时 ]h,iyWSs  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 !;;7:!)P  
2)基本用法 f] _'icP  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下  |nfMoUI  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since E\ls- (,  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: FGzKx9I9  
We’ve just back. w+wtr[;wwL  
We have studied English for more than ten years. 7pou(U  
He has lived here since 1995. dI|D c  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. 7]9,J(:Ed  
Have you booked your hotel yet Nv^b yWqu  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 Mi;Pv*  
(1)过去与现在的关系 9w~SzpJ%  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 CW2)1%1iz  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 yO}5.  
造成的影响。 `2hg?(ul  
(2)时间状语不同 0?}n(f!S  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, KK6n"&TVa  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till p!5'#\^f  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: LM+d3|gSV  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) a9UXg< 4  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 !JyY&D~`  
开着的。) -i1 f ]Bd  
6 、过去进行时 #y[U2s Se  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 #qh ,  
2)基本用法  vP=68muD  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: IrMB=pWo  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. 1Qu@pb^  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. *yaS^k\  
7 、过去完成时 &!OEd ]  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 cPD_=.&  
2)基本用法 j:xC \b47"  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 N0.|Mb"?t  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: R(`:~@ 3\6  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 4(|yl^w  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. FY ms]bv  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. ZZ7qSyBs?  
8 、过去将来时 MUAs(M;  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 y TD4![  
2)基本用法 * <\K-NSL  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 @phVfP"M  
时的宾语从句中。例如: n{FjFlX2=  
He said he would stop smoking next month. SkE<V0  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. sVK?sBs]  
9 、将来完成时 > .  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 !R"W2Z4h  
2)基本用法 ;~EQS.Qp  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: Aj)Q#Fd[  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. nUOi~cs  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. {d'-1z"q  
10 、现在完成进行时 >%k6k1CZ  
1)构成 !Aw^X} C  
2)基本用法 UowvkVa  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 bI55G#1G  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 `8ac;b  
状语连用。例如: [b:&y(  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. T&?g)  
He has been studying English for years. ( Jk& U8y  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. ?vFy3  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 LE\=Y;%  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: l1)~WqhE}  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中)  mb1mlsE  
They have built a ship.(已完成) C9!t&<\ }  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) Nmj)TOEPW  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! *M1GVhW(+  
(表达不满情绪) HIXAA?_eh=  
II. 动词的语态 YYv0cV{E  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 "' JnFM  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: bj pruJ`=  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 -&Z!b!jN  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called hOY@vm&  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called xB *b7-a  
将来 shall/will be BNfj0e5b  
called HwUaaK   
------ shall/will have been called 7q ?ZieR  
应注意的事项: U.e!:f4{  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 *;fTiL  
He was beat severely by the gunman. g8<ODU0[g  
The cup was broken by Tom. /Y #8.sr  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 )A8#cY!<  
或副词。例如: JQV%W +-@  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. EYT^*1,E*  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. A{ +/$7vek  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 @t%da^-HS"  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: \ND]x]5d  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) .]v>LsbhF  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) kR<sSLEb  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) SZWNN#w60?  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 Tn7Mt7h  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: QVT0.GzR  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. w <r*&  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. LJeq{Z  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: T|~5dZL  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: /TMVPnvz.  
She got her purse stolen. q[U pP`Z%  
I must get my hair cut. )G2Bx+Z;L  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 8-;.Ejz!\A  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: D?KLV _Op  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. jJ2rfdfj  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. 4e#g{,  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, mS%4  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: LQF;T7VKS)  
The book sells very well. ie1~QQ  
The parachute opens easily. %DttkrhL  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有:  gW~YB2 $  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; ) 8xbc&M  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 9O- otAGM  
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