(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 ZJ7<!?6
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 cx(W{O"Jb
2)基本用法 t=;84lA
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 EC6Q<&]Iw
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , V>2mzc
seldom等。例如: 7wU$P
The sun rises in the east. nvdo|5
He usually goes to work by bus. t
Kik)ei
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 8sV_@<l<X
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 K[XFJ 9
如: p`i_s(u
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. g+-=/Ge
The project starts early this year. bBFdr
There is a conference tonight. WLTraB[?
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: 3/w) mY-o
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. CX8tTbuFl
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. ]757oAXl
2 、一般过去时 [uh$\s7
1)构成:动词过去式 ~alC5|wCUQ
2)基本用法 G\?q{
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: /
xfg4
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 UBUZ}ZIbN
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: ~$zodrS9
He died five years ago. WaVP+Ap
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. ^}-(8~_en
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he }- Jw"|^W
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ;(kU:b|j
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. kW#{[,7r
3 、一般将来时 ?5%|YsJP_
1)构成 6[h3pb/m
will +动词原形 OOEmXb]8
2)基本用法 M.Fu>Xi
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 /;%[:x
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. {I!sXj
3)表示将来时的其他形式 #Fua^]n
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 EH'?wh|Yp
明即将发生的事。例如: k-LB %\p
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. yK +&1U2`
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 EV:y}
可能性。例如: QY<{S&k9
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. acWm+
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 <y(uu(c
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: bF88F_
We're leaving on Friday. 3N?WpA768/
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow.
#'Q_eBX
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: lE+v@Kb:
He is about to retire. =OIxG}*
4 、现在进行时 N#')Qz:P
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 ~M 6^%
2)基本用法 G)b6Rit
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: &v+8RY^F=
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. N\IdZX%u
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. So*Q8`"-.
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 a;eV&~
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: <_@ S@t)
He is constantly complaining about his job. L Ty[)
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. )1a3W7
5 、现在完成时 y< hIXC
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 xp%,@]p
2)基本用法 A]2zK?|s
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 !GcH )
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since @x">e][B
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: %|[+\py$Q
We’ve just back. RsS?ibozl
We have studied English for more than ten years. i,BE]w
He has lived here since 1995. p]uwGWDI
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ]<mXf~zg
Have you booked your hotel yet =&~*r
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 5V\\w~&/
(1)过去与现在的关系 }E+}\&
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 LuS]D%
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 _NA
KVzo-
造成的影响。 -E#!`~&V
(2)时间状语不同 NaC^q*>9
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, 0[g8
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till _8 b)Xx@5
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: X62h7?'Pd
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) m98j`t
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 ~HD:Y7
开着的。) 0n+Wv@/
6 、过去进行时 8
M3Q8&
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 RuDn1h#u{
2)基本用法 LbDhPG`u
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: Esw#D90q
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. .w^M?}dx
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. ,JyE7h2%i
7 、过去完成时 vRYQ4B4o
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 P&C,E E$
2)基本用法 RG-pN()
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 GQoaBO.
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: *yOpMxE
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning u^SXg
dj
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. wy"^a45h
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. 703=.xj
8 、过去将来时 h=umt<&D
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 w}^z1n
2)基本用法 AxLnF(eG
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 H[ocIw
时的宾语从句中。例如: :)X?ML?
He said he would stop smoking next month. QN:gSS{30
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. qlmz@kTb
9 、将来完成时 C"_f3[Z
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 X64OX9:YF
2)基本用法 W+V#z8K
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: /~V.qisZ
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. B5
pMcw
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. ww82)m8
10 、现在完成进行时 ivsp):W
1)构成 #z 3tSnmp
2)基本用法 dHc38zp
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 ,A9pj k'
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 5*~Mv<#
状语连用。例如: saQA:W;
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. U
.~,Bwb
He has been studying English for years. :Jwc'y-]
He has been playing computer games since early morning. @gc lks/M
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 _,(]T&j #2
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: S]iMZ \I/
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) 5f2ah4 g
They have built a ship.(已完成) 2G
Qq(_
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) jca7Cx`sm
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! h"/FqO
(表达不满情绪) }yCJ#}
II. 动词的语态 J&%vBg^
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 c'?4*O
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: 0 ;kcSz
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 -Qx:-,.a
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called iaO;i1K5U
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called z)"7qqA
将来 shall/will be ^G%Bj`%
called px5~D(N
------ shall/will have been called IQ[?ej3W
应注意的事项: LcCb[r
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 Dgh|,LqUB
He was beat severely by the gunman. .E:[\H"
The cup was broken by Tom. c7T9kV8hS
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 +F q`I2l|
或副词。例如: MN\/F4Io
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. Q#xeu
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. +;SQ}[
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 32jOs|<\
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: 3;=nQ{0b
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) S W(h%`U
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) e"(l
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) 7 y}b (q=
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 I7b(fc-r
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: )}L*8 LV
We were made to work twelve hours a day. JoQzf~
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. d{+H|$L`
5) 表示被动的其他形式: M>J8J*
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: G?12?2
She got her purse stolen. f"Yj'`6
I must get my hair cut. @<Au|l`
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 I!lz
Og4~
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: =MO2M~e!
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. WmLl.Vv=
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. +(3"XYh
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, u.iFlU
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: >|SB]'C|
The book sells very well. lGqwB,K$z4
The parachute opens easily. `*PVFm>
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: nMc3.fM
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; K
!8+~[
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 B5Rm z&