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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 iUh_rX9A"  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 ^ j@Q2>&?  
2)基本用法 uqZLlP#&#  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 -mZo`  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , kETA3(h'  
seldom等。例如: l3}n.ODA  
The sun rises in the east. y{ 90A  
He usually goes to work by bus. 8BNsh[+  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. *NV`6?o@6  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 P0Na<)\'Y!  
如: !U>"H8}dv  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. ~1Tz[\H#R  
The project starts early this year. 2xe_Q70II  
There is a conference tonight. LO.4sO  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: Vu\|KL|  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. A&9l|b-"  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. c7s4 g-  
2 、一般过去时 +7 F7Kh  
1)构成:动词过去式 ? |8&!F  
2)基本用法 CCEx>*E6c  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: p,tB  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 ^7"%eWT`  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: :W1,s53  
He died five years ago. HO@T2t[  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. mCz6&  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he pRU6jV 6e)  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. 3LXpe8$lJ  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. Iy c')\W&  
3 、一般将来时 > T-O3/KN  
1)构成 J,D{dYLDD  
will +动词原形 l?R_wu,Q  
2)基本用法 \ yOZ&qU  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 EmUxM_ T/2  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. ^=W&p%Y(!  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 DA wzXsx  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 ib&qH_r/  
明即将发生的事。例如: uc<@ Fh(  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. As\5Ze9|  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 r{TNPa6!  
可能性。例如: *Qf }4 a0  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. *Vc=]Z2G^  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 amSyGQ2  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: {S}@P~H =  
We're leaving on Friday. S|J8:-  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. \nHlI=!P  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: h+W^k+~(  
He is about to retire. ~"mZ0 E  
4 、现在进行时 d<Os TA  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 AWDjj\Q4  
2)基本用法 X]fw9tZ  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: +i^s\c!3;  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. }$)<k  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. vO_quQ[.  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 .vv*bx   
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: LU{Z  
He is constantly complaining about his job. =5ih,>>g  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. Oi0;.< kX  
5 、现在完成时 ? iX=2-  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 JF*g!sV%  
2)基本用法 o"FiM5L^.  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 EKPTDKut  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since Fnpn_O XlH  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: IxZ.2 67  
We’ve just back. />Vx*^u8Hz  
We have studied English for more than ten years. #( sNk,^Ax  
He has lived here since 1995. yCIgxPv|7  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. WrNgV@P  
Have you booked your hotel yet oqba:y;AR  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 y8vH?^:%<  
(1)过去与现在的关系 I#X2 UQzP  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 IZ0$=aB7  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 SMO%sZ]  
造成的影响。 {[5L96RH%  
(2)时间状语不同 "&#W Mi  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, %s2"W~  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till < }wAP_y  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: e( o/we{  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) NhK(HTsvK  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 Z!-<rajl  
开着的。) to!W={S<ol  
6 、过去进行时 5uV"g5?w  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 Cre0e$ a  
2)基本用法 8<-oJs_o+  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: @ oz&  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. Ef`5fgp? S  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. {1@4}R4  
7 、过去完成时 a4jnu:e  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 bmO__1  
2)基本用法 ^KZAYB9C  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的  <Id1:  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: V^ fGRA  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ?BDlB0jxzi  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. g^z5fFLg/8  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. T+K` ^xv_L  
8 、过去将来时 co<2e#p;  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 vNC$f(cQ  
2)基本用法 yp[<9%Fi  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 #}/cM2m  
时的宾语从句中。例如: yhSk"e'G  
He said he would stop smoking next month. 5U-p'c9IC  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. -YzQ2#K  
9 、将来完成时 Ei{(  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 M.xhVgFf)  
2)基本用法 N+\oFbE  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: MtpU~c  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. s6uF5]M;2  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. BKE\SWu  
10 、现在完成进行时 )myf)"l5  
1)构成 D'7A2f  
2)基本用法 Smq r q  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 ki;!WhF~  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 H!unIy|  
状语连用。例如: Q^$ghZ6V  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. ?!bd!:(N  
He has been studying English for years. ^~ Ekg:`  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. zWy ,Om8P  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 C:]/8l  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: \bU `  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) 6yE'/VB<  
They have built a ship.(已完成) L/Hv4={  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) z'7#"D  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! vTpStoUM  
(表达不满情绪) JDkCUN5  
II. 动词的语态 rVUUH!  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 0z<H(|  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: 24/ /21m  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 Iha[G u  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called |)9thIQF  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called BYS lKTh  
将来 shall/will be jk )Vb  
called 7skljw(  
------ shall/will have been called b6|Z"{TI _  
应注意的事项: wtS vJI~o)  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 "# 2pT H~  
He was beat severely by the gunman. 6JSY56v  
The cup was broken by Tom. UgR :qjI  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 kae2 73"  
或副词。例如: f3G1r5 x  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. OqBC/p B  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. P[FV2R~  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 TiyUr [  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: eRs&iK2y  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) +< yhcSSTB  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) } Gr&w-v  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) 0 _A23.Y  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 M\9F:.t=  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: J=iRul^S  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. =u=Kw R  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. NEV p8)w  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: ?YBaO,G9o  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: vk'rA{x  
She got her purse stolen. 8KMv Ac  
I must get my hair cut. b7Oj<! Wo`  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 u,o1{% O  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: -bS)=L  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. aQUGNa0+d  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. zkexei4^<  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, aSL6zye ,  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: ]Blf9h7  
The book sells very well. 6kR\xP]Kr  
The parachute opens easily. L:@fP~Erh  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: E\M-k\cSj  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; +Gh7^v|"  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 5=L} \ankn  
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