该错题常考要点 P9Eh,j0_
一、代词 -XkjO$=!=
代词中主要讲解六个问题 2(e;pM2Dq
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 L;b-=mF
主格、宾格、所有格 ?V_v=X%w
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) YhAO
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(二) 反身代词 Ls.g\Gl3
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ?o/p}6
He killed himself. (他自杀了) @:!% Z`
He killed him. (他杀了他) *|0W3uy\Y
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating 2elj@EB,M
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a series of indicators that could help : B
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themselves to predict earthquakes. pBQ[lPCY/
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 v57Kr ,
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 &N%-.&t'
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 y>RqA*J
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 Ja@?.gW
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies x_H"<-By
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the vha@YP
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Pacific. _b=})**
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 er !+QD,EM
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 23q2u6.F`
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: H
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Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 :/NP8$~@j
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined
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the word“normalcy”to express social and 8@I.\u)0
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economic conditions they promised the nation. u #7AB>wi{
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ;nf}O87~
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important f<3r;F7
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John HSk}09GV
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Keats, published the year of her death. N;e*eMFE
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. u+e.{Z!
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(四) Who和which的区别 (fWQ?6[
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 p&;,$KDA
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 8f|+045E@
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who j-etEWOTr
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight.
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 zL3'',Ha
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Y~M H
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(五) that和which的区别 \<A@Nf"
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 .{W)E
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it o,RLaS,BK'
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. JEes'H}Y
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ,
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略
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Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, z7J2O
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when up7]Yy;o=
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. <[7.+{qfW
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which DP9hvu/85
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly iB 5 Se
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. (v8jVbg
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 Vj"B#
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has wvA@\-.+
affected the way people in the United States----. X&6p_Lo
(A) living and working ;p#)z/zZ
(B) they live and work ?j8F5(HF?
(C) live and work A@EeX4N
(D) to live and to work P/?`
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 A|8(3PiP
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二、介词 g~Zel}h#
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 ^~2GhveBV
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(一) 介词搭配 ucyz>TL0
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those vO"Sy{)Z>
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. >9(lFh0P
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 eqQA st#~
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. <DCrYt!1}c
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分析:B错改为be rich in _YY:}'+
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ?C6iJnm
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. utC]GiR
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 P7(+{d{
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 ;OQ{
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 LZV
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. |r!G(an1x4
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 a%7ju4CVj
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has ]L%qfy4
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 5V4Ze;K
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 2c@R!*
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2、介词by C] qY
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by &i4*tE3],
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 7OYNH0EH
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States *<#jr
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. So\(
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 ?2_Oa%M
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils T~7i:<E^
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to #"fBF/Q
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supply moccasins and field rations. -gefdx6ES
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 O7%<(
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with S(eCG2gR
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements |}
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that are often represented at symbols. i,1=5@rw5
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 %yX?4T;b
三、谓语动词 xDv$z.=Y
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 1Y4=D
①、主谓分割原则 A(G%9'T
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 8TGO6oY+=
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. }kzGuNj
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 b9Jah
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②、与后者一致原则 6t/nM
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, X- 2 rC
not only…but also f.8Jp<S2K
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③、与前者一致原则 HYm
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名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, Otq`4 5
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 l3kYfq{";"
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ,p2BB"^_i
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. -(*<2Hy4
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is >Y,3EI\
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④、就近原则 XfY~q~f8
or, either…or, neither…nor, pkTg.70wU
单数名词+or+复数名词+are )Dn~e#
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is Gt;@.jY&
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 eyq\a'tyB
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 kkWqP20q
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are MtE18m"z
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ;/tZsE{
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 6 0C;J!D
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 6AS'MD%&
There are five apples that are red. DGfhS` X
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 9{OH%bF
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets Y# <38+Gd
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. In1VW|4h
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 G'|Emu=4
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ?(8z O"
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ,!`94{Ggv
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 = mnjIp
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 P1PP#>E-2
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: 6~ g:"}
a. there be 句型 rWN#QL()*
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 C:tA|<b|
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 eYL7G-3
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. V/j]UK0$
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is E(G=~>P
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific B3I\=
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 v{rc5 ]\R
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miles in width. inBd.%Yr
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分析:倒装句,are改为is v9~Hl
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and T0_9:I`&
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film *jWU8.W
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. 'Rfvr7G/?
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 _lQ+J=J$.R
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 ^&uWAQohL
fifty percent of + 名词 /2u;w!oi.
one percent of + 名词 +
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谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: c: *wev
one percent of my students + are <YL\E v/[
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. pb%#`2"
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这里要强调两个结构 ;lGa.RD[
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half of =fifty percent Y tGH>0}h
most of + 可数名词 + are "EpE!jh
most of + 不可数名词+ is af{;4Cr
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been -lL*WA`
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found in central and eastern Canada. J=K3S9:n]g
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 6X|KKsPzX
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized Wc3!aLNx
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. uy\YJ.WMQ
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 uFdSD
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 [RpFC4W
①、主要考察时间状语 `MTOe1
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was !;\-V}V
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②、For和since的区别 bfpW^y
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 },Z-w_H
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 G,"$Erx
I has been a teacher for three years. qw
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I has been a teacher since 1996. %ANPv =
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became e1/|PgT(KM
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the primary responsibility of the president. gRqz8UI
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 G/ ^|oJ/G
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of Fh/C{cX9g
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 2mT+@G
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 Q?;ntzi
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. a$|u!_)!h
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ZT8j9zs
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(三) 谓语的语态 ;Dgp
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语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 Y'~&%|9+T
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ;C<A}
①、prove ;(,Fe/wvC
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 .WPqK>79|
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; >dGYZfqD
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming U,S286
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be K\ ]r
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. Ne EV!V8
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 X9j+$X\j
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②、Locate,Situate Qa%SvA@R
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 A&'%ou
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 c53`E U
这两个词也可以用作被动 AF}"
My school was located near the river. hzb|:
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 J5T#}!f
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. K=)R!e8
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(B)locating IycxRig
(C)to locate Gp+XM
(D)is located O2dgdtm
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 Sq,ty{j2%
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③、表示需要概念的动词 sQs5z~#51*
need, want, require等 sD+G+
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My watch needed repairing a6E"
My watch needed to be repaired. ]:s|.C%q I
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④、表示人的情感的动词 f :5/y^M&
move, annoy, surprise, please等 %U7f9
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 e~;)-Z
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 -RQQ|:O$
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主动和被动技巧总结: YO0x68
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 J9.p8A^^2
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the >L`mF_WG
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 9z/_`Xd_
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power structures, and flood-control works along N-YZ0/c
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. gGml
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 D D;+& fe
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四、非谓语动词 +/86w59
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(一) 分词 Atq2pL"
现在分词和过去分词的区别 :vyf-K74M
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 YPDsE&,J)
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then (G
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. [mzF)/[_2
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning OrJlHMz
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Fd,+(i D
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in M#=5u`h
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. seU^IC<
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living z "$d5XR
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一些动词后面必须用doing (s@tU>4U
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。
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mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, o"}&qA;
advocate, suggest <eFAI}=s
delay, quit akCo+ @
forgive(原谅),tolerate, 4zfRD`;
avoid, escape(逃避) Ar7mH4M
spend+名词+doing; xm,`
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have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing QT= ,En
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their i Kk"j
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crops. -S%q!%}u
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 PSf5p\<5
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 1.95 ^8
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 6;[/9
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing P
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A. 动词不定式的省略 p;u 1{
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help do m&`(pf4A
help sb. to do ]C
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid )o9Q5Lq
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the habits that might shorten the lives. M .)}e7
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分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 K/2. 1o;9
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ;;?vgrz
make, n|x$vgb
let, }{5mH:
have sb. do sth Lvi[*une|
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. \6lh `U
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians w!WRa8C
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to know when to play various parts of a composition. % Cu.u)/+
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分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ?h!t$QQ!M
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③、感官动词 Mny'9hsl
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe #e.jY_
see sb do sth. 强调过程 {)V? R
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 kDzj%sm!
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 T&r +G!2
(1)表示第一人 1$$37?F
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the first woman to do sth. G HD^%)T5^
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(2)表示迫使的动词 [kbC'Eh*
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do GS\%mPZ
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis h|bqyu
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. zKLn!b#>
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分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 W*k`
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 R0%?:!
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be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ~32Pjk~
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ><[|
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be lieable to do 易于…的 Bn\l'T
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(4)表示目的的名词, AzZJG v]H
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 ITONpg[f
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the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. (Akd8}nf~
the objective 目标 "Nbos.a]5
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goal 8Jr1_a
reason理由 dLZjB(0eO
function功能 2}w#3K
intension意图 NCi>S%pD`<
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing W<v_2iVu
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. .)7:=
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分析:the function to provide, A错 &'s^nn
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure B oqJ
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds bg}+\/78#
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that make up various components of a living cell. 1* ^'\W.
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 Y % Ieg.o
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(5) 其他同根名词 0/ !,Dn
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ^:u?ye;
attempt to do 企图 Tf x :"u
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 7LCp7$Cp
ambition, brSi<
be ambitious to do l?8)6z#Zl
effort %}&(h/= e
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 33K*qaRAD
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catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. B4ZIURciGz
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分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 v,OpTu:1
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great .lN s4e
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efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. qAY%nA>jO
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分析:efforts to register, C错 / i_ @
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 PftxqJz
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 Bs;|D
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. )]43R
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Kw5Lhc1V
I am glad to see you. 7KjUW\mN2Z
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. o0It82?RN
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. Wu1{[a|
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 i38[hQR9a
It is difficult to decide. M@Q3M(
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五、句子的结构 vZj`|
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 xiblPF_n3
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(一) 主语的重复 !g!5_|
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ,XkGe
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any #/2$+x
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compromises concerning the establishment of the c]-*P7W
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League of Nations. a
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分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 "KX=ow#z|
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson @=jWHS
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are '(GiF
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lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. 'B5^P
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分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 Isy'{-H
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(二)谓语的重复 'H8(=9O1d
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 tVrY3)c
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of *Xo]-cKL0
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one or more sentences related to the same idea. >_OYhgs1w
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分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 g_5Q A)4x
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(三)谓语的缺少 ~Tbj
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例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body #mize
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temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. z#BR5jF
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分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 !EUan
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(四)主句的重复 "&Po,AWa
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ifN64`AhRX
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite )95f*wte
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they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. quY:pqG38q
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分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 h=;{oY<V)?
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow 2eMTx
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sweeps across the face of the Earth. >/|q:b^2r
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分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 N-lkYL-%\j
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided '],J$ge
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names for towns, only George Washington iLSr*`
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is remembered in the name of a state. XI^QF;,
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分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 HTG%t/S
六、比较级和最高级 wmTb97o
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 4:FK;~wM&x
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 e%b6(%
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which E>K!Vrh-L
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involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. hIT+gnhh
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分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 JD|=>)
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 \.-bZ$
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. FYpzQ6s~
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分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 NCDvobYJ
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例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere $&n=$C&x
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is the grizzly bear. )P
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分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 'd9INz.
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ?Wlb3;
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ZQV6xoN;r
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ``hf=
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concepts of time and space than stage directors can. Fww :$^_ k
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分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 ]>5/PD,wWy
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