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主题 : 该错题常考要点
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 P9Eh, j0_  
一、代词 -XkjO$=!=  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 2(e;pM2Dq  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 L;b-=mF  
  主格、宾格、所有格 ?V_v=X%w  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) YhAO  
_n4`mL8>kH  
(二) 反身代词 Ls.g\Gl3  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ?o/p}6  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) @:!%Z`  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) *|0W3uy\Y  
&;Go CU Le  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  2elj@EB,M  
    A                 B    +s [_ 4  
  a series of indicators that could help : B 1 "=ly  
             C      (ueH@A"9;  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. pBQ[lPCY/  
    D R9+f^o` W  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 v57Kr ,  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 &N %-.&t'  
u9+)jN<Yh  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 y>RqA *J  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 Ja@ ?.gW  
tfe'].uT  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies x_H"<-By  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the vha@YP C=  
     A   B      C          D 52.hJNq#L  
  Pacific. _b=})**  
VC!g,LU|-  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 er!+QD,EM  
YeF'r.Y  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 23q2u6.F`  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: H {Na'_sL  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 :/NP8$~@j  
x1:1Jj:  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined jg3['hTJT  
                       A   .fY$$aD$4  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and 8@I.\u)0  
             B ,k/<Nv;  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. u #7AB>wi{  
   C       D It^_?oiK  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ;nf}O87~  
c<qJs-C4;  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important f<3r;F7  
        A     Wy$Q!R=i  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John H Sk}09GV  
   B        C      +;;pM[U  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  N;e*eMFE  
      D DZ|/#- k  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. u+e.{Z!  
cGjkx3l*  
,[Z;"wE  
(四) Who和which的区别 (fWQ?6[  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 p&;,$KDA  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 8f|+045E@  
w+ tO@  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who j-etEWOTr  
              A            B R2[!h1nZ  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight.  6@ )bZ|  
   C                  D y<5xlN(+v  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 zL3'',Ha  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Y~M  H  
\>-%OcYlM  
(五) that和which的区别 \<A@Nf"  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 .{W)E  
l=JK+uZ  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it o,RLaS,BK'  
              A        B yS-owtVCGF  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. JEes'H}Y  
      C              D 1 {V*(=Tp  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 , *Yu~4  
8~|PZ,oZ  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略  `#lNur\x  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, z7J2O  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when up7]Yy;o=  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. <[7.+{qfW  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which DP9hvu/85  
6(}8[i:  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly iB5Se  
              A         B   y85/qg) H^  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. (v8jVbg  
         C      D ;HJ|)PN5L  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 Vj"B#  
2@aVoqrq#  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  wvA@\-.+  
  affected the way people in the United States----. X &6p_Lo  
   (A) living and working ;p#)z/zZ  
   (B) they live and work ?j8F5(HF?  
   (C) live and work A@ EeX4N  
   (D) to live and to work P/?`  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 A|8(3PiP  
P-VK=Y1q  
二、介词 g~Zel}h#  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 ^~2GhveBV  
Y`3>i,S6\  
(一) 介词搭配 ucyz>TL0  
R$=UJ}>  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those vO"Sy{)Z>  
    A         B   C      Bls\)$  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. >9(lFh0P  
                D Qj?FUxw  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 e qQAst#~  
p UWj,&t  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. <DCrYt!1}c  
A       B     C  D Y0=qn'`.  
分析:B错改为be rich in _YY:}'+  
g6k@E,cI_  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ?C6iJnm  
    A         B      C 2![.Kbqa%  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. utC]GiR  
             D b/ h,qv  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 P7(+{d{  
Q_xE:#!;  
%8tlJQvu  
(二) 最重要的两个介词  ;OQ{  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 LZV  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. |r!G(an1x4  
          A      B  C     D [XjJsk,  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 a%7ju4CVj  
f7}/ {}g  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has ]L%qfy4  
                 A  B     0m6Vf x  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on i=@.u=:  
      C |f&)@fUI  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 5V4Ze;K  
      D 3Ln~"HwP  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 2c@R!*  
f@Rn&&-  
2、介词by C] qY  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by &i4*tE3],  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 7OYNH0EH  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States *<#jr  
    A         B       W~k"`g7uu  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. So\( ]S  
   C     D NduvfA4  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 ?2_Oa%M  
B1 oi]hDy  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils T~7i:<E^  
   A                      R:P'QM   
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to #"fBF/Q  
     B    C       D EFu2&P  
   supply moccasins and field rations. -gefdx6ES  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 O7 %<(  
"qjkw f)\  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with S(eCG2gR  
        A                O%;H#3kn&s  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements |} ;&xI  
        B          C   T_|%n F-+  
  that are often represented at symbols. i,1=5@rw5  
              D VliX'.-  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 %yX?4T;b  
三、谓语动词 xDv$z.=Y  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 1Y4=D  
①、主谓分割原则 A(G%9'T  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 8TGO6oY+=  
     A     GOuBNaU {  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. }kzGuNj  
        B      C      D &NZl_7P L  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 b9Jah  
huFT_z_;;  
②、与后者一致原则 6t/nM  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, X-2rC  
not only…but also f.8Jp<S2K  
ya7PF~:E-  
I,;@\  
③、与前者一致原则 HYm |  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, Otq`45  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 l3kYfq{";"  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ,p2BB"^_i  
     A      B  C     "c5C0 pK0  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. -(*<2Hy4  
         D uG<VQ2LM  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is >Y,3EI\  
GVS-_KP\  
④、就近原则 XfY~q~f8  
or, either…or, neither…nor, pkTg.70wU  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are )Dn~e#  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is Gt;@. jY&  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 eyq\a'tyB  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 kkWqP20q  
UrAg*v!Qy  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are MtE18m "z  
        A      B        o=/Cje  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ;/tZsE{  
    C              D W5'07N^  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 6 0C;J!D  
YA(_*h  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 6AS'MD%&  
There are five apples that are red. DGfhS`X  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 9{OH%bF  
{8L)Fw  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets Y# <38+Gd  
      A            mX@Un9k  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. In1VW|4h  
   B   C    D 3,`.$   
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 G'|Emu=4  
g4n& k  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ?(8z O"  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ,!`94{Ggv  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 = mn jIp  
@G/':N   
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 P1P P#>E-2  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: 6~g:"}  
a. there be 句型 rWN#QL()*  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 C:tA|<b|  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 eYL7G-3  
^V^In-[!y:  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. V/j]UK0$  
   A     B      C    D    C,C=W]G  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is E(G=~>P  
`I$qMw,@  
(xU+Y1*g"%  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific B3I\=  
             A     B    uC K!lq-  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 v{rc5 ]\R  
     C         ` R@24 )  
  miles in width. inBd.%Yr  
     D  bw*@0;  
分析:倒装句,are改为is v9~Hl   
(PYUfiOf  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and T0_9:I`&  
   A    B       C         !2x"'o  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film *jWU8.W  
                    D Q:+Y-&||"  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. 'Rfvr7G/?  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 _lQ+J=J$.R  
-<#n7b  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 ^&uWAQohL  
fifty percent of + 名词 /2u;w !oi.  
one percent of + 名词 + ZXGT  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: c : *wev  
  one percent of my students + are <YL\E v/[  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. pb%#`2"  
\Y9=d E}  
这里要强调两个结构 ;lGa.RD[ a  
half of =fifty percent Y tGH>0}h  
most of + 可数名词 + are "EpE!jh  
most of + 不可数名词+ is af{;4Cr  
62EJ# q[  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been -lL*WA`  
   A       B         C   mS~3QV  
  found in central and eastern Canada. J=K3S9:n]g  
           D b&~uK"O'7d  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 6X|KKsPzX  
=< CH(4!  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized Wc3!aLNx  
                 A   B  #<'/s qL  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. uy\YJ.WMQ  
              C     D ;JL@V}L,  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 uFdSD  
62(WZX%b  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 [RpFC4W  
①、主要考察时间状语 `MTOe 1  
TaolX*$5  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.  j Mp{  
   A        B  C     D 30H:x@='9  
rW\~sTH  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was !;\-V}V  
*znCe(dd  
t1Jz?Ix6%  
②、For和since的区别 bfpW ^y  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 },Z -w_H  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 G,"$Erx  
  I has been a teacher for three years. qw , >~  
  I has been a teacher since 1996.  %ANPv=  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 Cz a)s  
~r>UjC_ B:  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became e1/|PgT(KM  
   A      B              X r)d;@yi  
  the primary responsibility of the president. gRqz8UI  
     C    D ^#t<ILUa  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 G/ ^|oJ/G  
^X;>?_Bk  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of Fh/C{cX9g  
             A  B  C   v*^2[pf  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 2mT+@G  
            D kt:%]ZZL  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 Q?;ntzi  
e.kt]l  
ixH7oWH#  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  a $|u!_)!h  
   A       B        C     D 52 A=c1kb  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ZT8j9zs  
X5yhS  
(三) 谓语的语态 ;Dgp !*v=  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 Y'~&%|9+T  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ;C<A }  
①、prove ;(,Fe/wvC  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 .WPqK >79|  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; >dGYZfqD  
N{yZk"fq:6  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming U,S286  
                      A   l{AT)1;^  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be K\ ]r  
    B                  C 5`DH\VD.j  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. NeEV !V8  
                  D w6Q]?p+  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 X9j+$X \j  
e- CW 4x  
@ $R a  
②、Locate,Situate Qa%SvA@R  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 A&'%ou  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 c53`E U  
这两个词也可以用作被动 AF}"  
  My school was located near the river. hzb|:  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 J5T#}!f  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. K=)R!e8  
   (A)locates ~4<3`l=A  
   (B)locating IycxRig  
   (C)to locate Gp+XM  
   (D)is located O2dgdtm  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 Sq,ty{j2%  
@k,(i=**  
③、表示需要概念的动词 sQs5z~#51*  
need, want, require等 sD +G+  
={ '($t%|T  
My watch needed repairing a6E"  
My watch needed to be repaired. ]:s|.C%qI  
dCTpO  
④、表示人的情感的动词 f:5/y^M&  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 %U7f9  
QB,a d   
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 e~;)-Z  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 -RQQ|:O$  
`h!&->  
主动和被动技巧总结: YO0x68  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 J9.p8A^^2  
nk 9 K\I  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the >L`mF_WG  
                 A      ,z )NKt#  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 9z/_`Xd_  
                 B jgw'MpQm{  
  power structures, and flood-control works along N-YZ0/c  
                    C z.HNb$;  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. gGml c:/J%  
                D <9tG_  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 D D;+& fe  
`Kw8rG\]:  
四、非谓语动词 +/86w59  
TcmZ0L^O  
(一) 分词 Atq2pL"  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 :vyf-K 74M  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 YPDsE&,J)  
"sX?wTag  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then (G %gVk]  
   A qgsE7 ]  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. [mzF)/[_2  
     B      C            D QN&^LaB<T  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning OrJlHMz  
i3&B%JiLX  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Fd,+(i D  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in M #=5u`h  
      A               B   aC Lg~g4  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. seU^IC<  
               C         D JP,(4h *  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living z "$d5XR  
"mK i$FV  
=/QU$[7X(  
一些动词后面必须用doing (s@tU>4U  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。  {%~4RZA  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, o"}&qA;  
 advocate, suggest <eFAI}=s  
 delay, quit akCo+ @  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, 4zfRD`;  
 avoid, escape(逃避) A r7mH4M  
 spend+名词+doing; xm,` 4WdG  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing QT= ,En  
9}jq`xSL  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their i Kk"j   
   A     B    C              D L8]{B  
  crops. -S%q!%}u  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 PSf5p\<5  
[kuVQ$)  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 1.95 ^8  
               A        B hKZ`D B4  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 6;[/ 9  
        C          D % w8GGm8^/  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing P h+X{|  
bA< AG*  
(二) 不定式 iA3>X-x   
A. 动词不定式的省略 p;u 1{  
①、help后面可以省略to 7.e7Fi{  
  help do m&`(p f4A  
  help sb. to do ]C ~1]7vb  
3 IWLBc  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid )o9Q5Lq  
              A      B   S'!q}|7X 3  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. M. )}e7  
         C     D R{) Q1~H=q  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 K/2.1o;9  
*j /S4qG  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ;;?vgrz  
  make, n|x$vgb  
  let, }{5mH:  
  have sb. do sth Lvi[*une|  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. \6lh `U  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians w!WRa8C  
        A               B /Fe:h >6  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. % Cu.u)/+  
   C     D Z6Nj<2u2  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ?h!t$QQ!M  
6P~aW  
③、感官动词 Mny'9hsl  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe #e.jY_  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 {)V?R  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 kDzj%sm!  
?&znUoB  
M[aT2A  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 T&r +G!2  
(1)表示第一人 1$$37?F E  
the first woman to do sth. G HD^%)T5^  
'h-3V8m^e  
(2)表示迫使的动词 [kbC'Eh*  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do GS\%mPZ  
V: ^JC>6  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis h|bqyu  
     A                 B    c[SU5 66y  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. zKLn!b#>  
       C           D m CM|&u  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 W*k`  
U1l0Uke  
KNy`Lj)VPY  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 R0%?:! F  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ~32Pjk~  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ><[| G9  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 Bn\l'T  
  be apt to do 9"~9hOEct  
O -G1})$  
(4)表示目的的名词, AzZJG v ]H  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 ITONpg[f  
固定的句式: huz86CO  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. (Akd8}nf~  
the objective 目标 "Nbos.a]5  
aim =yo{[&Jz  
goal 8Jr1_a  
reason理由 dLZjB(0eO  
function功能 2}w#3K  
intension意图 NCi>S%pD`<  
cf)J )  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing W<v_2iVu  
                       A  F"'n4|q4n  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. .)7:=  
           B          C     D [ByQ;s5tY  
分析:the function to provide, A错 &'s^nn ]  
[Eu];  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure B oqJ   
                  A       ZHCr2^w6  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds bg}+\/78#  
     B  :6Pnie  
  that make up various components of a living cell. 1* ^'\W.  
    C    D yxwWj>c  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 Y%Ieg.o  
FRZs[\I|iT  
(5) 其他同根名词 0/ !,Dn  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ^:u?ye;  
 attempt to do 企图 Tfx :"u  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 7LCp7$Cp  
 ambition, brSi<  
 be ambitious to do  l?8)6z#Zl  
 effort %}&(h/= e  
R-rCh.  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 33K*qaRAD  
  A                    B   ;AIc?Cg  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. B4ZIURciGz  
          C       D {G3i0 r  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 v,OpTu:1  
 AIRr{Y  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great .lNs4e  
  A                   B   BqH]-'1G  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. qAY%nA>jO  
       C            D Jblj^n?Bm  
分析:efforts to register, C错 /i_ @  
feX^~gM  
r~7:daG*  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 PftxqJz  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 Bs ;|D  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. )]43R   
-\,zRIOK  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Kw5Lhc1V  
I am glad to see you. 7KjUW\mN2Z  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. o0It82?RN  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. Wu1{[a|  
b)# Oc,  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 i38[hQR9a  
It is difficult to decide. M@Q3M( z  
eH%RNtP`  
#z'uRHx%=0  
五、句子的结构  vZj`|  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 xiblPF_n3  
zDTv\3rZ4X  
(一) 主语的重复 !g!5_ |  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ,XkGe   
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any #/2$+x  
          A      B      XFVV},V  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the c]-*P7W  
          C          D *f%>YxF  
  League of Nations. a GZi9O7G}  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 "KX=ow#z|  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson @=j WHS  
-_ C#wtC  
2 {Vcb  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are '(Gi F  
        A        B  X1{[}!  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. 'B5^P  
    C         D gD`>Twa&6  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 Isy'{ -H  
Ian[LbCWB  
(二)谓语的重复 'H8(=9O1d  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 tVrY3)c  
WY^W.1X  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  *Xo]-cKL0  
    A            B    W&(k!6<x  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. >_OYhgs1w  
         C   D k>x&Ip8p  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 g_5QA)4x  
fXI:Y8T  
(三)谓语的缺少 ~Tbj =f  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body # mize  
          A     B    sGh(#A0Pt  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. z#BR5jF  
         C               D _iNq"8>2  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 !EUan  
V%$/#sza  
(四)主句的重复 "&Po,AWa  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ifN64`AhRX  
SBA?^T  
aQ :5d3m0  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite )95f*wte  
      A         B        C   {(r6 e  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. quY:pqG38q  
     D eX@L3BKp  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 h=;{oY<V)?  
Eke5Nb  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow 2eMTx wt*S  
        A   B       J:V?EE,\-  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. >/|q:b^2r  
      C    D x.S3Zi}=  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 N-lkYL-%\j  
]U"94S U:)  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided '],J$ge  
   A                     B  1GzAG;UUo6  
  names for towns, only George Washington iLSr*` o  
      C H%D$(W  
  is remembered in the name of a state. XI^QF;,  
          D | Bi!  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 HTG%t/S  
六、比较级和最高级 wmTb97o  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 4:FK;~wM&x  
5{g?,/(  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 e%b6(%  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which E>K!Vrh-L  
      A               { ;2PL^i  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. hIT+gnhh  
     B       C           D CB^U6ZS  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 JD|=>)  
ez| )ph7  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 \.-bZ$  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. FYpzQ6s~  
     A      B     C  D -qGa]a  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 NCDvo bYJ  
YuO.yh_  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere $&n=$C&x  
     A       B     C   D Te[n,\Nb  
  is the grizzly bear. )P sY($ &  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 'd9INz.  
p;>ec:z3M  
koug[5T5  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ?Wlb3;  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ZQV6xoN;r  
\XZ/v*d0  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ``hf= `We  
   A           B  D9H?:pmv?  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. Fww :$^_ k  
   C                 D { 'NvG  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 ]>5/PD,wWy  
H&-zZc4\  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 s Z].8.  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as cK(C&NK  
N 5lDS  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 8}O lL,fP  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 4O^xY 6m  
the taller boy qm/22:&v5  
Q+{xZ'o"Z  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 ia!y!_L\'  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed j8 ^Iz  
          A            B Yg||{  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is #lL^?|M  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. ,is3&9  
    C          D &5B'nk"  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they Y YBDRR"  
8Fz#A.%P  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 3M[! N  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, Y!w`YYKP  
  A  B         C     h+g_rvIG*  
  the Navajos form largest group. SJn;{X>)q  
         D `EA\u]PwQ  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 4DI8s4fi  
*v^Jb/E315  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, {HltvO%8  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 5H<m$K4z  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the Hw}Xbp[y  
$]/{[@5  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many !C ' :  
            A      B         C BUDi& |,  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. P9^Xm6QO  
            D 24 'J  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 xX&+WR  
x}Eg.S  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the tTl%oN8Qw  
例如:my best friends S%;O+eFYb  
]g3JZF-  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial zZPO&akB"  
            A    B     C @1roe G  
  and banking center. XJ;57 n-?  
        D )hsgC'H{~]  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 Xx~Bp+  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 I3L<[-ZE  
gD @){Ip  
{UI+$/v#  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary hED}h![  
                 A         pI\]6U  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. rH Lm\3  
    B   C     D 6P l<'3&  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 ~Fcm[eoC  
Ty?cC**  
七、平行结构 /{ g>nzP  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 .W%)*&WH\  
Rr]H y^w  
k 1~&x$G  
(一) 对等连接词 H/ HMm{4  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 &K#M*B ,*p  
单一式: and, or ,but 'n3uu1C  
相关式: both…and, not … but, Q(?#'<.#  
     either …or, neither…nor oLeq!K}re  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as B~ GbF*j  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, *i%.;Z"  
没有so...as... Xl#ggub?  
between…and, r),kDia  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also .t!x<B  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, V b?oJhR  
\~$#1D1f  
短语式: as well as &j"?\f?  
     rather than (而不是) g8% &RG  
     other than (除…之外) 'zTLl8P  
     instead of (代替) 29.h9 1  
q>+k@>bk @  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 S4z;7z(8+  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  + =</&Tm  
       A     B   ?CPahU  
  but he is now living in Detroit. \_f(M|  
       C   D <>rn eHl8  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 Kn1a>fLaJ_  
0 M[EEw3  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics `d}2O%P  
       A         B 2c*GuF9(0  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford '~=SzO  
  remained active in city and regional planning. )+DmOsH  
          C    D  %* }(}~  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 uK Hxe~  
(二)平行的内容 cVF "!.  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 1=V-V<  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of CLRdm ^B  
             A         B   |CRn c:  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, uVrd i?3  
         C            D oCz/HQoBk  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. vEJbA  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 H/M@t\$Dc  
}qD\0+`qi  
7qS)c}Q\  
第二、名词单复数的平行 sQZhXaMa $  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 I; rGD^  
F:S}w   
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, =T7.~W  
  A     B          C   ]D\D~!R  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 6D3B^.r j]  
                 D   )9]PMA?u  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 l.M0`Cn-%  
h/Y'<:  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, o ^uA">GH  
                   A         B ZbKg~jdF  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. < =IFcN  
      C          D hM! a_'  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have =7UsVn#o  
2GG2jky{/  
第三、时态的平行 VUuE T  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated C;yZ  
                A     E2-\]?\F(  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops J<lW<:!3]  
                   B gjlx~.0d  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. \Vk:93OH21  
          C    D s5. CFA  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 BnY&f  
[nh>vqum  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- t6t!t*jO  
  spread from its home in Central America and  * v#o  
  now grows throughout the tropics. dc'Y `e  
   (A) to be    (B) it   ~}Pfu  
   (C) the     (D) its EdX$(scu~B  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? *n!J=yS  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow `d(ThP;g  
vih9 KBT  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 1Z&(6cDY8M  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. $:^td/p J  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised [D1Up  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised St^5Byd<  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 Y4YJJYvD  
{4PwLCy  
第四、排列位置的平行 z(~_AN M4,  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. moE2G?R  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode .]K%G\*`:  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  V VCZ9MVJ  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes !`r$"}g  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes 8?C5L8)  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 #LNED)Vg  
P2nu;I_ &  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: +H2Qk4XFB  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 e:W{OIz:  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 8b=_Y;   
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 LH6 vLuf  
K> e7pu  
八、词序的颠倒 sR8"3b<qA  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 S,=| AD  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 `y0FY&y=  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage WEpoBP CL  
              A    B        wyG;8I  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. [ /ZO q  
      C       D    =R\]=cRbg  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 g,Y/M3>(  
w*Ihk)  
L0]_X#s>#  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 %>s |j'{  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only wNX]7wMX  
          A      B     B-ESFATc  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. ^}C\zW  
    C         D O9p|a%o  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 zn(PI3+]!  
D#z:()VT(  
-{_PuJ "  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 3N:D6w-R  
Np)lIGE  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were 9C i-v/M]  
          A   B     C   BPHW}F]X  
  in what is now the United States. Xm 2'6f,  
    D 07$o;W@  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 [8*)8jP3  
%%wNZ{  
所有的系动词分为三大类: KGpA2Nx  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, } d }lR  
    is, remain, keep, stay,  yOKI*.}  
    lie, exit(表示位于) ]+$?u&0?w  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 Tb-F]lg$  
    become, turn, grow, snikn&  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 2:=  
8JD,u  
第三种,感官动词 VD\=`r)nT  
    seem(好像是) r"R#@V\'1b  
    look(看起来好像是) FsryEHz  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste "g#i'"qnW  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 ~3 bPIg7D  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe H7j0K~U0  
    A               B     &! ?eL  
   to cause numerous deaths. PiYxk+N  
        C   D  O7IJ%_A&  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 6K<K  
l/awS!Q/nF  
九、词性的混用 #1G:lhkC  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 >e"#'K0?\  
DDH:)=;z  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 Wiu"k%Qsh  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; r$~HfskeI  
e) O 4^#i  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high UZsH9 o  
          A        B      `^y7f  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and I(0~n,=j  
              C 5o8EC" 0  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. tC9n k5~  
          D N' `A?&2ru  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) A$:U'ZG_  
~`:L?Jkb6H  
J~UuS+Ufv  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 7VFLJr t  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 'ub@]ru|  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds OH(waKq2I  
         A       B      <<R*2b  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to 1^(ad;BC y  
          C        uGEfIy 2  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. W]5w \  
            D <3C*Z"aQ>|  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 w T8DSq  
C={Y;C1  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, h|{]B,.Lh  
            A       [}0haTYc4  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of \Et3|Iv  
      B      C wyO4Y  
   urban Black people in the United States. ~g ZLY ls  
   D 'F0e(He@,  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 ]>nk"K!%  
.MoU1n{Yc  
GH:jH]u!V  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 zL`iK"N`  
表示时间有两种可能, Doyx[zZ  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 DKJmTH]rUg  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, )g#T9tx2D  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 qwgPk9l  
G[I"8iS,  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 8_B4?` k  
       A     B     T{ XS")Vw  
  were made while the American Civil War. RF53Jyt  
   C    D ryUQU^v  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 3/e.38m|  
J({Xg?  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the T9_RBy;%  
   A      B           C    MSqVlj  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. =O_4|7Zl  
          D  KD7dye  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 *>' V1b4}  
})8N5C+KU  
f:|1_j  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 .A{tQ1&_  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 {Y=WW7:Qx  
=llvuUd\n  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social m6&~HfwN  
                   A     ]kRfB:4ED  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. z] P SpUd  
     B   C    D cr?Q[8%t1  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 i8[t=6Rm@  
=9["+;\e&  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 2 %@4]  
   A        B   C      ag#S6E^%S  
  easily under the stress of compression. mD0f<gJ1  
   D Bp `]  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 tI TS1  
O-~ 7b(Z  
EZy)A$|  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 N~d?WD\^  
"9P>a=Y  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine +[AQUc  
    A         B RLynE V;]  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. EC6DW=  
          C            D ox>^>wR*  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 m!4ndO;0vh  
uK#4(eY=W  
?'#` nx(!  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, z(exA  
         A 2*< nu><b  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. tl4V7!U@^z  
   B      C      D ? m= N]!n  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 +p_CN*10H  
yw[g!W  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 eV"h0_ox  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; trA4R/ &  
two hundred diligent students
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