填空题常考结构 h4(JUio
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一、主句单一原则 G2]^F Y
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 Jx$iwu
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 =&Xdm(
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. >)Gd:636+
(A) They occur where they are Q[PK`*2)
(B) Occuring where ;W{b $k@g
(C) Where they occur KE.D
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(D) Where do they occur d(7NO;S8
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 aMTFW_w
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 GK?4@<fY
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center !msNEE@[
(A) Fort Wayne Jdj?I'XtY
(B) Although Fort Wayne ~W03{9(Vp8
(C) For wayne is in $^_|j1z#i
(D) Fort Wayne, in #BY`h~&T
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 xAhxD|4_
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二、谓语动词专一原则 :243 H
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 @r;wobt
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 .DguR2KT
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” t'1Y@e
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with ^6;V}2>v}
social issues. Tu m_aI
(A) covers u[oUCTY
(B) covers it Ug%_@t/?
(C) which covers a~]bD
(D) which it covers 2/7_;_#vJ%
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 Bh]!WMAw.
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused 8g~EL{'
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on p9qKLJ*.C
the paper. c EnkU]
(A) the impression is @T-p2#&
(B) if the impression is ,0N94pKy
(C) impressions y9l
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(D) the impression ZC0-wr\
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression e}yX_Z'P<
三、平行结构 GqKsK
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技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 TQ@d~GR
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: mpw~hW0-
A and B, [bz T&o
A , B, and C G$M
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- p#P~Q/;
is known as accounting. v`PY>c6~
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary &a0r%L()X
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's iBg3mc@OO
transactions 9!',b>C6
(C) transactions of an enterprise are W_|0y4QOo
summarized %ysZ5:X
(D) summarizing the transactions of an (N-RIk73/O
enterprise }yn0IWVa
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 21X`h3+=
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 /
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed DTRJ/@t
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and
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supervised the first use of Aureomycin on `4?~nbz
human patients. 0oZsb\
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in B(g_Gm<
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures ))kF<A_MK
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures f"G-
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull {PP9$>4`l
fractures kl!wVLE
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 $,=6[T!z+e
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四、宾语从句结构 Pt:e!qX)
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 rEhX/(n#
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: h`
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state(陈述,表明)+that hd\gH^wk
indicate(指明,表明)+that _/8FRkx
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, ,[S+T.Cu
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ptatzp]c#
units called quanta or photons. 4'j
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(A) energy that WG*t::NN
(B) that it is energy XZ&KR.C,
(C) it is energy fx=Awba
(D) that energy 6R-
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分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 W
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth XBd>tdEP
indicate--yield when unusual weight is B\J^=W+`
placed on them. ~!s-o|N_\
(A) although its crust and mantle U4m9e|/H;z
(B) its crust and mantle to bCref$
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(C) that its crust and mantle .Ha'
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(D) for its crust and mantle to WZOY)>K
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 jV.g}F+1m
五、介词+ which结构 7.DtdyM
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 NCxqh <
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, Hzrtlet
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 5H=ko8fZ=
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, \Mg`(,kwe
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 3 ?Y|
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is ypJ".
a method ---- voters select the nominees G^q3Z#P
for public office. m*$|GW9
(A) that mxb06u_
(B)by which h3T9"w[
(C)is that `"qP
(D)by those F)z;Z6{t4
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 @ym/27cRE
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 iCHt1VV]
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 `/HUV&i"S
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players #
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hit wooden balls through wire arches called Me6+~"am/
wickers. c1%H4j4/
(A) when &Wf3~hmo
(B) which 4A9{=~nwT
(C) is when _-5,zPR
(D) in which gocrjjAHk
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 -{`@=U
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六、in that结构 B75k^ohfj
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, iMfngIs |
because of +名词, O$IjNx
consequently是副词 Cuc$3l(%
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 @y31NH(
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals +nQw?'9Z
---- it is a liquid. ;W>Y:NCrp
(A) whereas t'm;:J1
(B) in that Dde]I_f}
(C) because of M`6y@<
(D) consequently $ cu00K
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 XNgDf3T
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 wp7!>%s{
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual lD mtQk-SN
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air.
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(A)they mw5?[@G-
(B)in they V34hFa
(C)that they ;l$ \6T
(D)in that they r]ShZBAbYp
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 \
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 -l}IZY
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ s}onsC
great inspiration for her poems. t tXjn
(A) that she drew 9Ct`
(B) by drawing her ddVa.0Z!<
(C) from which she drew ]59i>
(D) drawn from which pWu LfX
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 w-@6|o,S
七、what结构 LW:o8ES33
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: 4d:{HLX,
what=the thing that 2BCtJ`S`
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend wM[~2C=vx
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil.
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(A) it grows (z$r :p
(B) what grows oUQ07z\C
(C) does it grow i
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(D) what does it grow w;v7_
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 `]Bxn)b(
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle -G,^1AL>
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory |
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became----is now Indiana and Ohio. 2FD=lR?6
(A) there
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(B) where ,7,g%?_P
(C) that e4OeoQ@ >
(D) what @5)
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分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 k#bu#YZk
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八、同位语结构 -)!>M>=s
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 V E2tq k%
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) 6I_Hd>4
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing HmK*b Z
and swallowing . -VDo[Zy
(A) is the chief organ of taste acd:r%y
(B) tasting the organ chiefly 2S`?hxAL
(C) the chief organ of taste aKF*FFX
(D) the organ chiefly tastes ea=83 Zj
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 PZ8U6K'
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 Q4s&E\}
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) f]~c)P
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例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of h!&sNzX
Native Americans in her novel, Century of j*T]HaM
Dishonor. F="z]C;u
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause :<#`_K~'
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson XM
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(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause ghk5rl$
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. O}Ui`eWU
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 `29TY&p+"
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as &A!KJ.
hosts to many insect pests. sc`"P-J+vp
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than *.y' (tj[
goldenrods ;~HNpu$
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods juToO
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy QF-)^`N
plants {g/wY%u=
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants `!\ivIi^
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 Ri:p8
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 i%(yk#=V
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 n~z\?Y=*
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to vW.%[]
Athens. .+#Lx;})
(A) the distance is d5xxb _oE
(B) that the distance is *)VAaGUX>
(C) is that the distance >M
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(D) the distance fDuwgY0
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 5ouQQ)vA
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九、比较结构 SR*Gqx
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 !y vJpdsof
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less eYP=T+
snow than --eastern Nebraska. 7u%a/ <
(A) does ~"mj;5Id
(B) in S!j^|!
(C) it does in 4: sl(r
(D) in it does A o3HX
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 g37q/nEv
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. Zd<[=%d
(A) rays more than infrared UD*+"~
(B) rays are more infrared than agY5Dg7
(C) more than infrared rays h
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(D) more infrared rays than rA#s
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 :ej_D}
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 Ygx,t|?7
例3:The activities of the international marketing ('BLU.7IX
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. D Q 5W6W
(A) the domestic marketer has J9a $AU*
(B) the domestic marketer does 7:kCb[ji"
(C) those of the domestic marketer ]^!}*
(D) that which has the domestic marketer j)Lo'&Y~=
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 V2QW\2@$
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing f
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is greater than --. r]-+bR
(A) that of its mining and farming combined vrO%XvXW
(B) mining and farming combination +U=KXv
(C) that mining and farming combined =SL^>HS.fo
(D) of its combination mining and farming 9F)W19i.
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 l]u7.~b
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十、定语从句省略结构 K
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关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 6>lW5U^yA\
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture %\l0-RA@<
and overpower. ]wR6bEm7
(A) can aLHrl6"
(B) they can |} 9GHjG
(C) which can R{ 4u|A?9
(D) and 4zwif&
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 R1~7F{FW
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can I'P.K| "R
get all the calcium their bodies----from the %D. @L
food they eat. )Jmw
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(A) require .$OjUlzr-H
(B) requires -/1d&
(C) requiring vevx|<9,
(D)to require r"6
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分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 9/^d~ZO
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food y.
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 cFe V?a
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of + I?Qg
A P%ye$SASd
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around Sw/J+FO2
B C D t%
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the world. K
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分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to N" 8*FiZ|
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive 6Uch0xha!
A B C wrhBH
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than the Sun dies and exploded. 5^bh
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more -
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十一、状语从句省略结构 tuX =o
Metals expand when they are heated. PEK.Kt\M
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: A&xab
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; n U+pnkMj
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, >aNbp
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 eV@4VxaZ
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of @'6S[zU
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand 3U :YA&K(
considerable impact. J
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(A) apparently $w 5#2Za
(B) are apparently ]Om'naD
(C) apparently their ,+swH;=7#r
(D) are they apparently =vB]*?;9
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 V'Sd[*
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: bW,BhUb,|
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; N>W;0u!
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) # CP9^R S
+xoyKP!
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the A &X
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly duZ|mT8Q==
white. (9WL+S
(A) when, pure which ^VM"!O;h{
(B) when, which pure Zi2Eu4p l{
(C) which, pure when I{*.htt{
(D) which, when pure @'k,\$ /
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, wI1M0@}PV
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine )sqp7["-
is highly efficient and needs servicing +Tgy,oD0
infrequently !.tL"U~4
(A) Even mTrI""Jsu;
(B) It is #2ZrdD"5kQ
(C) Even though e$p1Th*|]4
(D) There is l"~h1xk~
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 5~ *'>y
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 z Et6
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 3Aqe;Wf9%+
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; )M|O;~q
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 {3F}Slb
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: L&3Ar'
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 Ue>A
The starring troops have to surrender. Gr"2G,,VI
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; iBPdCp%]`
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 q)z1</B-
/FNj|7s
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is n)wpxR
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例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often Fm[?@Z&wP
called scapegoating. x/jN&;"/
(A) Eliminate problems %8`1Li6g
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) 7:R{~|R
(C) Eliminating problems lG[
)8!:+
(D) Problems are eliminated *{D:1S
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 MCWG*~f
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them v,x%^gv 0
from damage due to weather. M@
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(A) Painting 4[f7X4d$
(B) Painted WY.\<$7
(C) The paint o._#=7|(
(D) By painting &0<R:K ?>N
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 Xm:gD6;9
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 }RP 9%n^
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting z&HN>7
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to yfw>y=/p
conserve water in the winter. [XU{)
l
(A) when losing leaves I>4Tbwy.-
(B) leaves are lost Xy8i
e:D
(C) that losing leaves `\u), $
(D) the leaves losing p$!+2=)gY
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 fOjt` ~ToI
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十三、make结构 *p5T
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) :>-sITeY
共有三种形式: [F-u'h< *l
make it possible+to do UeiJhH,u
make it possible+that引导的从句 =
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make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) ' ^L
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做题技巧: iO= uXN1g
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it mt6uW+t/
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it 6g,3s?aT
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and zSvHv s
thus make--details that are otherwise >U
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ch
impossible to observe . hD.wKX?oO
(A) it visible ump:dL5{
(B) visibly ScmzbDu
(C) visible [&}<!:9'
(D) they are visible ^WYG?/{4
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 -+2xdLa63
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large k.f:nv5JO
amount of information on a single map. F"? *@L
(A) possible X1QZEl
(B) it possible ]Lft^,7
(C) it is possible 4U1fPyt
(D) that possible :v
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分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 +GtGyp
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十四、the more …the more…结构 #EK8Qe_
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: }n8;A;axi
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 iz5wUyeg
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 Gl:T
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 ITPpT
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 p arG
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例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the UwT$IKR
number of lines of magnetic force. 2{:
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(A) of r}Av
"
(B) the @x
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(C) is the [)c|oh%
(D) is of the IcA~f@
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B {-qTU6
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the >?FCv7qN
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. "b7C0NE
(A) the stress it is greater b;ZAz
(B) greater is the stress ^<+heX
(C) greater stress is TnAX;+u
(D) the greater the stress (LPD
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 yBKlp08
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十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 O
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主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 4+bsG6i
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例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , P
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A B !~v>&bCG>9
thus making it possible the gentle &i RX-)^u
C ?yK\L-ad
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. w7u
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D PD4E&k
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 b"9,DQB=i
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more 4aC#Cv:0
than sixty-five million items of scientific, .>n|#XK
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the PQ>JoRs
popular title, “attic of the nation.” HenJlo
(A) however c^y
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(B) thus 3
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(C) and 'S"F=)*-
(D) moreover nKdLhCN'=
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 `Z-`-IL
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the )Yml'?V"
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. Cmj)CJ-
(A) to save the seeds sXu]k#I^"
(B) saving the seeds @zbXG_J
(C)which saves the seeds Lg1Usy
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(D) the seeds saved i weP3u##
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B &,zeBFmc
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 lK-I[i!
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. J}J
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最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. *D,T}N
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. *q
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(A) the tallest _D~a4tgS
(B) the tallest that is Gsb]e
(C) which is the tallest LdOB[W
(D) which the tallest is >qE$:V"_5
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 {)mlXo(On
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of .qZ<ROZ
A B C L|<Mtw
domestic animals. WCH>9Z>cj
D
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分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 jAu/]
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 Z1Wra-g
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: .MKxHM7
program, programmed, programmed S
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因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: q45n.A6a
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 8:f(PN
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be i[B%:q:&
s
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona *`kh}
features structures built of red sandstone by O_~\$b
ancestors of the Hopi people. G]{)yZ'}
(A) That the >">-4L17m
(B) In the +:b|I'S
(C) Around the k]Yd4CC2
(D) The CGQ`i
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 i]P]o)
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例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called TV} H
lymphocytes and plasma cells. xT%CY(:9X
(A) to be made a$ Z06j
(B) making -0Ps.B
(C) made [l0>pHl@
(D) are made
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分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 *t63c.S
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given kEi!
q
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of eKt~pzXwm
human beings. gkDB8,C<j
(A) without Wh,p$|vL
(B) lack Pwf":U)
(C) minus @I9A"4Im
(D) not having n* uT
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 eGjEO&$
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 'bTtdFvJ
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 ^)TZHc2a[
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十八、逻辑主语结构 F8nR.|
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 05Ak[OOU>
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例1:Having been served lunch, --. vkp_v1F%+
(A) the problem was discussed by the members tw,uV)xm
of the committee y2cYRHN[X}
(B) the committee members discussed the @kd`9Yw
problem <v%Q|r
(C) it was discussed by the committee ZwM(H[iqL
members the problem Qu|H_<8g
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by 4}`z^P<C
the members of the committee wNtC5
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B $Y,y~4I
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例2:--was not incorporated as a city until %vUY|3G
almost two centuries later, in 1834. E6XD
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(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch $t0o*i{
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn SMonJ;Y
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch {>g{+Eq
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 2)hfYLi
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 pmRm&VgE.
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例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her ,R.rxoO
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her (@m/j2z
first article in print. w p\-LO~
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane `J]e.K
Hawes had
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(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane 1*" 7q9x
Hawe's first @Bds0t
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first X$
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teaching position }{y)a<`
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching ^"<x4e9+j
position 4C/G &w&
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 9U8x&Z]P
9#TD1B/
例4: Even at low levels, --. ? X6M8`
(A) the nervous system has produced nNq<x^@8
3
detrimental effects by lead >$7x]f
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the
9u^M{6
nervous system /78]u^SW
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the K[kK8i+(
nervous system |QS3
nX<
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on l]4=W<N
the nervous system $TfB72
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 2TUV9Z
^R=`<jx
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking
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A B C -nXP<v=V
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. /cb`%"Z
D 5mQ@&E~#W
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 {;DAKWm@T
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D
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十九、复合宾语结构 1l$2T
y+
=
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 D#UuI
Z
We played soccer. GQ;0KIN
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 h*%FZ}}`q
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 y92R}e\M
Xd=KBB[r?
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 h <e
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, d!E_EoOi
例:We appoint him monitor. gYD1A\
We elected him president. Ww,\s5Uw
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例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hE|P|0U,n
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not =..Bh8P71!
consider them --because they are now primarily B:Ts_9*
kept as pets. <%m YsaM
(A) where sporting dogs i'm<{v
(B) sporting dogs &]DB-t#\
(C) when sporting dogs [3jJQ3O,
(D) they are sportingdogs =p8uP5H
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 u#,8bw?1
7v*gwBH
二十、It结构 '{"
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一、强调句型 #RBrii-,
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 1uAjy(y
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)
这个句型需要注意几点: D5,]E`jwu
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; )i~AXBt}
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; WO_Uc_R
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 xU.1GI%UPu
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: oX|T&"&
原句: Ann bought these books last year. B&]`OO>O
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. 2!{D~Gfl=
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. w\)K0RN
ib=)N)l
二、形式主语 k,:W]KD
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子
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to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 x4WCAqi/2
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2 ? qC8eC
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than .d<K` .O;
A B }bb,Iib
the events that occur in their lives , that are EhxpMTS
C .PB!1C.}@
the main focus of social psychology. 9{u=
D DpRMXo[
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is ;z'&$#pA
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例2: --an increasing international exchange of > Vm}u`x
educational films. ^&qK\m_A
(A) It is M& Z
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(B) There is )ros-dp`
(C) Though there is t<45[~[
(D) Although it is uj8saNu
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 #Zdh<.
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二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 E=I'$*C\D
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, c8&3IzZ
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 %3`*
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in which+完整的句子 f Fi=/}
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 \rr"EAk]
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名词+of which+谓语动词 hkPMu@BI
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 ;P S4@,
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例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of S)EF&S(TC
which are accented. HM% +Y47a
(A) line consists of each D"4*l5l
(B) consists of each line jRsl/dmy
(C) each line consists ;mpY cpI
(D) it consists of each line Yi9Y`~J
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 }1 O"?6
five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 Q&I #
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例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a vd%AV(]<LJ
sticky substance on them ------ insects. &J/EBmY[
(A) traps ?l~qb]._
(B) trap its _OGv2r
(C) which traps MsI R
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(D) which it traps "`;-5d g
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 6"_pCkn;c<
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例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists 3^P;mQ$p1
have paid little attention to cultural &j~9{ C
A S0StC$$1
interpretations given to silence, or to the types of jwjLxt
B C "$N$:B @U
social contexts in which tends to occur. yMdu
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分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 ]Sj;\Iz
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例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin >&\.{ aj
became interested in the art movement ITl>HlS
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, "'t f]s
both --her novels and short stories. +8xT}mX
(A) in which the influence 5=*i!c
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(B) of which influenced >!qtue7B
(C) to have influence 7:g_:}m
(D) its influence in *A`ZcO=
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。