加入VIP 上传考博资料 您的流量 增加流量 考博报班 每日签到
   
主题 : 填空题常考结构
级别: 初级博友
显示用户信息 
楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 h4(JUio  
/ b#q*x-b  
一、主句单一原则 G2]^F Y  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 Jx$iwu  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 =&Xdm(  
',ZF5T5z@  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. >)Gd:636+  
   (A) They occur where they are Q[PK`*2)  
   (B) Occuring where ;W{b $k@g  
   (C) Where they occur KE.D t  
   (D) Where do they occur d(7NO;S8  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 aMTFW_w  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 GK?4@<fY  
/0lC KU!=  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center !msNEE@[  
   (A) Fort Wayne Jdj?I'XtY  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne ~W03{9(Vp8  
   (C) For wayne is in $^_|j1 z#i  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in #BY`h~&T  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 xA h xD|4_  
por/^=e{Y  
*1A&'T2  
二、谓语动词专一原则 :243H  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 @r;wobt  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 .DguR2KT  
A\QJLWBv^$  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” t'1Y@e  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with ^6;V}2>v}  
   social issues. Tum_aI  
    (A) covers u[oUCTY  
    (B) covers it Ug%_@t/?  
    (C) which covers a~ ]bD  
    (D) which it covers 2/7_;_#vJ%  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 Bh]!WMAw.  
@;Opx."  
cYNV\b4-  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused 8g~EL{'  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on p9qKLJ*.C  
   the paper. c EnkU]  
   (A) the impression is @T-p2#&  
   (B) if the impression is ,0N94pKy  
   (C) impressions y 9l *m~  
   (D) the impression ZC0-wr \  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression e}yX_Z'P<  
三、平行结构 GqKsK r2%  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 TQ@d~GR  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: mpw~hW0-  
A and B, [bz T& o  
A , B, and C G$M 9=@Ug  
p0:kz l4$  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- p#P~Q/;  
   is known as accounting. v`PY>c6~  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary &a0r%L()X  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's iBg3mc@OO  
     transactions 9!',b>C6  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are W_|0y4QOo  
     summarized %ysZ5:X  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an (N-RIk73/O  
     enterprise }yn0IWVa  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 21X`h3+=  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 / 1UOT\8U  
b}^S.;vNj  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed DTRJ/ @t  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and  uF|3/x=  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on `4?~nbz  
   human patients. 0oZsb\  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in B(g_Gm<  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures ))kF<A_MK  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures f"G-  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull {PP9$>4`l  
     fractures kl!wVLE  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 $,=6[T!z+e  
]B"'}%>ez  
四、宾语从句结构 Pt:e!qX)  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 rEhX/(n#  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: h` U?1xS  
     state(陈述,表明)+that hd\gH^wk  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that _/8FRkx  
{^mNJ  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, ,[S+T.Cu  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ptatzp]c#  
   units called quanta or photons. 4'j sD cs  
    (A) energy that WG*t ::NN  
    (B) that it is energy XZ&KR .C,  
    (C) it is energy fx=Awba  
    (D) that energy 6R- &-4  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 W >r#RXmh  
Re:jVJg Bz  
PWh^[Rd)  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth XBd>tdEP  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is B\J^=W+`  
   placed on them. ~!s-o|N_\  
   (A) although its crust and mantle U4m9e|/H;z  
   (B) its crust and mantle to bCref$ |  
   (C) that its crust and mantle .Ha' p.  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to WZOY)>K  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 jV.g}F+1m  
五、介词+ which结构 7.DtdyM  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 NCxqh<  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, Hzrtlet  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 5H=ko8fZ=  
h;=6VgXZ  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, \Mg`(,kwe  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 3 ?Y|  
>^Se'SE]  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is ypJ".  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees G^q3Z#P  
   for public office. m*$|GW9  
    (A) that mxb06u _  
    (B)by which h3T9"w[  
    (C)is that `"qP  
    (D)by those F)z;Z6{t4  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 @ym/27cRE  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 iCHt1VV]  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 `/HUV&i"S  
^ wY[3"{  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players # O4gg  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called Me6+~"am/  
   wickers. c1%H4j4/  
   (A) when &W f3~hmo  
   (B) which 4A9{=~nwT  
   (C) is when _-5,zP R  
   (D) in which gocrjjAHk  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 -{`@=U  
8EVgoJ.  
六、in that结构 B75k^ohfj  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, iMfngIs |  
  because of +名词, O$IjN x  
  consequently是副词 Cuc$3l(%  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 @y31NH(  
aTf`BG{kw  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals +nQw?'9Z  
   ---- it is a liquid. ;W>Y:NCrp  
   (A) whereas t'm;:J1  
   (B) in that Dde]I_f}  
   (C) because of M`6y@<  
   (D) consequently $cu00K  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 XNgDf3T  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 wp7!>% s{  
kp\\"+,VC  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual lDmtQk-SN  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. O0>A+o[1F  
   (A)they mw5?[@G-  
   (B)in they V34hFa  
   (C)that they ;l$ \6T  
   (D)in that they r]ShZBAbYp  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 \ u_ui  
jjM{]  
)#F]G$51r  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 -l}IZY  
  &QNWL]  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------  s}onsC  
   great inspiration for her poems. ttXjn  
   (A) that she drew 9C t`  
   (B) by drawing her ddVa.0Z!<  
   (C) from which she drew ]59i>  
   (D) drawn from which pWu LfX  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 w-@6|o,S  
七、what结构 LW:o8ES33  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: 4d:{HLX,  
  what=the thing that 2BCtJ`S`  
LI)!4(WH  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend wM[~2C=vx  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil.  fI\9\x  
   (A) it grows (z$r:p  
   (B) what grows oUQ07z\C  
   (C) does it grow i ZL2p>  
   (D) what does it grow w;v7_  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 `]Bxn) b(  
q %A?V _  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle -G,^1AL>  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory | nJZie8m  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. 2FD=lR?6  
   (A) there kj5Q\vr)  
   (B) where ,7,g%?_P  
   (C) that e4OeoQ@ >  
   (D) what @5) 8L/[l  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 k#bu#YZk  
>s3gqSDR  
[~D|peM3  
八、同位语结构 -)!> M>=s  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 VE2tq k%  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) 6I_Hd>4  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing HmK*bZ  
   and swallowing . -VDo[Zy  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste acd:r%y  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly 2S`?hxAL  
   (C) the chief organ of taste aKF*FFX  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes ea=83 Zj  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 PZ8U6K'  
?B.~ AUN  
2W M\e lnA  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 Q4s&E\}  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) f]~c)P Cs  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of h!&sNzX  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of j*T]HaM  
   Dishonor. F="z]C;u  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause :<#`_K~'  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson XM Vq-8B0  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause ghk5rl$   
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. O}Ui`eWU  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 `29TY&p+"  
2>S~I"o0  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as &A!KJ.  
   hosts to many insect pests. sc`"P-J+vp  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than *.y'(tj[  
     goldenrods ;~HNpu$  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods juToO  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy Q F-)^`N  
     plants {g/wY%u=  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants `!\ivIi^  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 Ri:p8  
F N"rZWM  
5{ >0eFzG  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 i%(yk#=V  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 n~z\?Y=*  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to vW.%[]  
   Athens. .+#Lx;})  
   (A) the distance is d5xxb _oE  
   (B) that the distance is *)VAaGUX>  
   (C) is that the distance >M ^&F6  
   (D) the distance fDuwgY0  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 5ouQQ)vA  
xcSR{IZ  
九、比较结构 SR*Gqx  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 !y vJpdsof  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less eYP=T+  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. 7u%a/<  
    (A) does ~"mj;5Id  
    (B) in S!j^|!  
    (C) it does in 4: sl(r  
    (D) in it does A o3HX  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 g37q/nEv  
d7~j^v)=^  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. Zd<[=%d  
    (A) rays more than infrared UD*+"~  
    (B) rays are more infrared than agY5Dg7  
    (C) more than infrared rays h PPB45^  
    (D) more infrared rays than  rA#s   
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 : ej_D}  
5^F]tRz-  
??I:H  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 Ygx,t|?7  
例3:The activities of the international marketing ('BLU.7IX  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. DQ5W6W  
   (A) the domestic marketer has J 9a $AU*  
   (B) the domestic marketer does 7:kCb[ji"  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer ]^ !}*  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer j)Lo'&Y~=  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 V2QW\2@$  
/hfUPO5  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing f M9xy \.  
   is greater than --. r]-+bR  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined vrO%XvXW  
   (B) mining and farming combination +U=KXv  
   (C) that mining and farming combined =SL^>HS.fo  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming 9F)W19i.  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 l]u7.~b  
}JGq1  
十、定语从句省略结构 K /ZHJkJ7  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 6>lW5U^yA\  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture %\l0-RA@<  
   and overpower. ]wR6bEm7  
   (A) can   aLHrl6"  
   (B) they can |} 9GHjG  
   (C) which can R{ 4u|A?9  
   (D) and 4zwif&  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 R1~7F{FW  
 X)y*#U  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can I'P.K| "R  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the &#%D.@L  
   food they eat. )Jmw |B  
    (A) require .$OjUlzr-H  
    (B) requires -/1d&  
    (C) requiring vevx|<9,  
    (D)to require r"6 lLc  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 9/^d~ ZO  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food y. %i  
l; */M.B  
9.jG\i  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 cFe V?a  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of +I?Qg  
    A P%ye$SASd  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around Sw/J+FO2  
   B          C      D t% <pbZO  
   the world. K T%i,T  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to N" 8*FiZ|  
{P,>Q4N  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive 6Uch 0xha!  
          A  B      C wrhBH ;3  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. 5^bh .uF  
              D f;&` 9s| 1  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more - wJ   
lK_ ~d_f  
十一、状语从句省略结构 tuX =o  
Metals expand when they are heated. PEK.Kt\M  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: A&x ab  
]:[)KZ~  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; n U+pnkMj  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, >aNbp  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 eV@4VxaZ  
}(8D!XgWa  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of @'6S[zU  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand 3U :YA&K(  
   considerable impact. J r=REa0  
   (A) apparently $w 5#2Za  
   (B) are apparently ]Om'naD  
   (C) apparently their ,+swH;=7#r  
   (D) are they apparently =vB]*?;9  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 V'Sd[*  
B<vvsp\X  
@S/g,;7"  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: bW,BhUb,|  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; N>W;0u!  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) # CP9^R S  
+xoyKP!  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the A&X  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly duZ|mT8Q==  
   white. (9WL+S  
   (A) when, pure which ^VM"!O;h{  
   (B) when, which pure Zi2Eu4p l{  
   (C) which, pure when I{*.htt{  
   (D) which, when pure @'k,\$/  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, wI1M0@}PV  
y{&{=1#  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine )sqp7["-  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing + Tgy,oD0  
   infrequently !.tL"U~4  
   (A) Even mTrI""Jsu;  
   (B) It is #2ZrdD"5kQ  
   (C) Even though e$p1Th*|]4  
   (D) There is l"~h1xk~  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 5 ~ *'>y  
?-(w][MT\  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 z Et6  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 3Aqe;Wf9%+  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; )M|O;~q  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 {3F}Slb  
~,`\D7Z3  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: L&3Ar'  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 Ue>A  
  The starring troops have to surrender. Gr"2G,,VI  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; iBPdCp%]`  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 q)z1</B-  
/FNj|7s  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is n )wpxR  
VW<" c 5|  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often Fm[?@Z&wP  
   called scapegoating. x/jN& ;"/  
   (A) Eliminate problems %8`1Li6g  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) 7:R{~|R  
   (C) Eliminating problems lG[ )8!:+  
   (D) Problems are eliminated *{D:1S  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 MCWG*~f  
K&"Pm9  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them v,x%^gv0  
   from damage due to weather. M@ LaD 5  
    (A) Painting 4[f7X4d$  
    (B) Painted WY. \<$7  
    (C) The paint o._#=7|(  
    (D) By painting &0<R:K?>N  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 X m:gD6;9  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 }RP9%n^  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting z&HN>7  
Z@aL"@2]a  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to yfw>y=/p  
   conserve water in the winter. [XU{) l  
   (A) when losing leaves I>4Tbwy.-  
   (B) leaves are lost Xy8i e:D  
   (C) that losing leaves `\u), $  
   (D) the leaves losing p$!+2=)gY  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 fOjt` ~ToI  
q ]R @:a/  
十三、make结构 *p5T  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) :>-sITeY  
共有三种形式: [F-u'h< *l  
   make it possible+to do UeiJhH,u   
   make it possible+that引导的从句 = ]HJa  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) '  ^L  
YHv,Z|.w  
做题技巧: iO=uXN1g  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it mt6uW+t/  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it 6g,3s?aT  
@_:?N(%(  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and zSvHvs  
   thus make--details that are otherwise >U I ch  
   impossible to observe . hD.wKX?oO  
   (A) it visible ump:dL5{  
   (B) visibly ScmzbDu  
   (C) visible [&}<! :9'  
   (D) they are visible ^WYG?/{4  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 -+2xdLa63  
JRs[%w`kD  
Evgq}3  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large k.f:nv5JO  
   amount of information on a single map. F"? *@L  
   (A) possible X1QZEl  
   (B) it possible ] Lft^,7  
   (C) it is possible 4U1fPyt  
   (D) that possible :v ~q  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 +GtGyp  
-.3k vL  
on&=%tCAL  
十四、the more …the more…结构 #EK8Qe_  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: }n8;A;axi  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 iz5wUyeg  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 Gl:T  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 ITPp T  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 p arG  
-%$ dFq  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the UwT$IKR  
   number of lines of magnetic force. 2{: J1'pC  
   (A) of r}Av "  
   (B) the @x ]^blq  
   (C) is the [)c|oh%  
   (D) is of the IcA~f@  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B {-qTU6  
?MB nnyo6  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the >?FCv7qN  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  "b7C0NE  
   (A) the stress it is greater b;ZAz  
   (B) greater is the stress ^<+heX  
   (C) greater stress is TnAX;+u  
   (D) the greater the stress (LPD  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 yBKlp08 J  
L@GD$F=<0  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 O UMr}~/  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 4+bsG6i  
IBsn>*ja<  
KHiJOeLc  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , P ://Zi6>  
             A     B !~v>&bCG>9  
   thus making it possible the gentle &i RX-)^u  
       C            ?yK\L-ad  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. w7u >|x!  
         D PD4E& k  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 b"9,DQB=i  
_Oq\YQ b v  
y rk#)@/m  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more 4aC#Cv:0  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, .>n|#XK  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the PQ>JoRs  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” HenJlo  
    (A) however c^y 1s*  
    (B) thus 3 6 ;hg #  
    (C) and 'S" F=)*-  
    (D) moreover nKdLhCN'=  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 `Z-`-IL  
z{\.3G  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the )Yml'?V"  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. Cmj)CJ-  
    (A) to save the seeds sXu]k#I^"  
    (B) saving the seeds @zbXG_J  
    (C)which saves the seeds Lg1Usy %  
    (D) the seeds saved iweP3u##  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B &,zeBFmc  
(P?9Jct  
'&d4xc  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 lK-I[i!  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. J}J nJV8|G  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. *D,T}N  
. fIodk  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. *q RQN+%  
   (A) the tallest _D~a4tgS  
   (B) the tallest that is Gsb]e  
   (C) which is the tallest LdOB[W  
   (D) which the tallest is >qE$:V "_5  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 {)mlXo(On  
QUt!fF@t  
v,jU9D \  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of .qZ<ROZ  
       A  B       C L|<Mtw  
   domestic animals. WCH>9Z>cj  
    D  Dg@6o  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 jAu/] HZx  
{ } z7N~  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 Z1Wra-g  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: .MKxHM7  
  program, programmed, programmed S C#  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: q45n.A6a  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 8:f( PN  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be i[B%:q:&  
s SDBl~g  
aa|xZ  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona *`kh}  
   features structures built of red sandstone by O_ ~\$b  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. G]{)yZ'}  
   (A) That the >">-4L17m  
   (B) In the +:b| I'S  
   (C) Around the k]Yd4CC2  
   (D) The CGQ`i  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 i]P]o)  
1'ZBtX~A  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called TV}H  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. xT%CY(:9X  
   (A) to be made a$ Z06j  
   (B) making -0Ps. B  
   (C) made [l0>pHl@  
   (D) are made ,a} +Jj{  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 *t63c.S  
C&\#{m_1B  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given kEi! q  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of eKt~pzXwm  
   human beings. gkDB8,C<j  
   (A) without Wh,p$|vL  
   (B) lack Pwf":U)  
   (C) minus @I9A"4Im  
   (D) not having n*uT  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。  eGjEO&$  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 'bTtdFvJ  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 ^)TZHc2a[  
P9BShC5  
8 K'3iw>z  
十八、逻辑主语结构 F8nR.|  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 05Ak[OOU>  
%AaZc=a[c  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. vkp_v1F%+  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members tw,uV)xm  
    of the committee y2cYRHN[X}  
   (B) the committee members discussed the @kd`9Yw  
    problem <v%Q|r  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee ZwM(H[iqL  
    members the problem Qu|H_<8g  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by 4}`z^P<C  
    the members of the committee wNtC5  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B $Y,y~4I  
sFt"2TVr3  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until %vUY|3G  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. E6XD n`:  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch $t0o*i{  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn SMo nJ;Y  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch {>g{+Eq  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 2)hfYLi  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 pmRm&VgE.  
GHY+q{'#V_  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her ,R. rxoO  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her (@m/j2z  
   first article in print. w p\-LO~  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane `J] e.K  
    Hawes had pu~b\&^G  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane 1*" 7q9x  
    Hawe's first @Bds0t  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first X$ e*s\4  
    teaching position }{y)a<`  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching ^"<x4e9+j  
    position 4C/G &w&  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 9U8x&Z]P  
9#TD1B/  
例4: Even at low levels, --. ? X6M8`  
   (A) the nervous system has produced nNq<x^@8 3  
     detrimental effects by lead >$7x]f  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the  9u^M{6  
    nervous system /78]u^SW  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the K[kK8i+(  
    nervous system |QS3 nX<  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on l]4=W<N  
    the nervous system  $TfB72  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 2TU V9Z  
^R=`<jx   
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking HdN5zl,q  
            A   B     C -nXP<v=V  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. / cb`%"Z  
       D 5mQ@&E~#W  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 {;DAKWm@T  
9j|v D  
yAfwQ$Ll7  
十九、复合宾语结构 1l$2T y+ =  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 D#UuI Z  
We played soccer. GQ;0KIN  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 h*%FZ}}`q  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 y92R}e\M  
Xd=KBB[r?  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 h <e  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, d!E_EoOi  
例:We appoint him monitor. gYD1A\  
  We elected him president. W w,\s5Uw  
.26mB Xr  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hE|P|0U,n  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not =..Bh8P71!  
   consider them --because they are now primarily B:T s_9*  
   kept as pets. <%m YsaM  
   (A) where sporting dogs i'm<{ v  
   (B) sporting dogs &]DB-t#\  
   (C) when sporting dogs [3jJQ3O,  
   (D) they are sportingdogs =p8uP5H  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 u#,8bw?1  
7v*gwBH  
二十、It结构 '{" Rjv7  
一、强调句型 #RBrii-,  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 1uAjy(y  
_#u\ar )  
这个句型需要注意几点: D5,]E`jwu  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; )i~AXBt}  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; WO_Uc_R  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 xU.1GI%UPu  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: oX|T&"&  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. B&]`OO>O  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. 2!{D~Gfl=  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. w\)K0RN  
ib=)N)l  
二、形式主语  k,:W]KD  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 )0VL$A  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 x4WCAqi/2  
\N9=13W<lK  
2? qC8eC  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than .d<K`.O ;  
    A               B }bb,Iib  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are EhxpMTS  
                  C .PB!1C.}@  
   the main focus of social psychology. 9{u=  
           D DpRMXo[  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is ;z'&$#pA  
@ap!3o8,9  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of > Vm}u`x  
   educational films. ^&qK\m_A  
   (A) It is  M& Z Kc  
   (B) There is  )ros-d p`  
   (C) Though there is t<45[~[  
   (D) Although it is uj8saNu  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 #Zdh<.   
&W45.2  
~ P\4 N  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 E=I'$*C \D  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, c8&3IzZ  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 %3`* )cp@  
% !@E)%d0  
in which+完整的句子 f Fi=/}  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 \rr"EAk]  
jwI2T$  
名词+of which+谓语动词 hkPMu@BI  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 ;P S4@,  
Ae2N"%Ej  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of S)EF&S(TC  
   which are accented. HM% +Y47a  
   (A) line consists of each D"4*l5l  
   (B) consists of each line jRsl/dmy  
   (C) each line consists ;mpYcpI  
   (D) it consists of each line Yi9Y`~J  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 }1 O"?6  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 Q&I #  
;MQl.?vj  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a vd%AV(]<LJ  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. &J/EBmY[  
   (A) traps   ? l~qb]._  
   (B) trap its  _OGv2r  
   (C) which traps MsIR ~  
   (D) which it traps "`;-5dg  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 6"_pCkn;c<  
>)D=PvGlmp  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists 3^P;mQ$p1  
  have paid little attention to cultural &j~9{ C  
   A             S0StC$$1  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of jwjLxt  
         B      C "$N$:B@U  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. yMdu Zmkc  
           D nP[Z6h  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 ]Sj;\Iz  
:^W}$7$T  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin >&\.{ aj  
   became interested in the art movement I Tl>HlS  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, "'t f]s  
   both --her novels and short stories. +8xT}mX  
   (A) in which the influence 5=*i!c _m  
   (B) of which influenced >!qtue7B  
   (C) to have influence 7:g_:}m  
   (D) its influence in *A`ZcO=   
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
评价一下你浏览此帖子的感受

精彩

感动

搞笑

开心

愤怒

无聊

灌水

  
级别: 初级博友
显示用户信息 
沙发  发表于: 2008-09-04   
描述
快速回复

验证问题:
免费考博网网址是什么? 正确答案:freekaobo.com
按"Ctrl+Enter"直接提交