该错题常考要点 =>CrZ23B"
一、代词
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代词中主要讲解六个问题 K9*#H(
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 LHWh-h(s
主格、宾格、所有格 iV71t17
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) O!uB|*
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(二) 反身代词 ";e0-t6:
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 7j&l2Z
He killed himself. (他自杀了) &w3LMOT
He killed him. (他杀了他) z@ A5t4+3
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating l(zkMR$b8
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a series of indicators that could help ki^[~JS>'
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themselves to predict earthquakes. R< xxwjt
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 Zk}e?Grc
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 YKl!M/
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 zAB-kE\)
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 S,S_BB<Y[b
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies }.zgVLL
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the `Xmpm4 ]
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Pacific. <k^9l6@
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 ",8h>eEWK
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 ;N"XW=F4e
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Cfz1\a&V{
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 9y]$c1
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined "
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the word“normalcy”to express social and [sNn^x
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economic conditions they promised the nation. i,yK&*>JJ
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 zLh ~x
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important Z p_
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John :Dr&
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Keats, published the year of her death. ryn)
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. M2zfN ru
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(四) Who和which的区别 BklB3*n
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 KT g$^"\
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 l[fNftT-
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who )$]+R?v
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. .y\HQ^
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 v;RQVH;,
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 mm{U
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(五) that和which的区别 Ch.T}%
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 ]Z84w!z
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it -pD&@Wlwak
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. HJ'
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ~o%-\^oc
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 r2]
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Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, aEk*-v#{
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when GY",AL8f
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. TcP1"wc
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which V%0.%/<#5
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Z
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. rqFs[1wr>R
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 n>E*g|a
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has x7@WWFF>
affected the way people in the United States----. NqZRS>60v
(A) living and working IP'igX
(B) they live and work r$#G%FMv
(C) live and work {IMzR'PN
(D) to live and to work 0 `!Q-G7
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 i)2))C
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二、介词 qp W#!Vbx
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 rEhf_[Dv
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(一) 介词搭配 xploFw~
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those A&P1M6Of
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. mbBRuPEa=u
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 8sIrG
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ~9?U_ahfVt
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分析:B错改为be rich in y<`?@(0$
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the [S]!+YBK
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. %%~}Lw
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 9*KMbd^T
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 5)yOw|Bd
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 tQ~<i %;
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. PDIclIMS'F
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 V-_/(xt*
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has y-#
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on u<]
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. -+}5ma
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 nMGrG
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2、介词by #9`r XEz
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by B:-U`CHHQ
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 4TUtY:
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States e40udLH~x
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. YOV :
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 W|d
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils QqtC`H\
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 'y9*uT~
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supply moccasins and field rations. \=!H 2M
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 )O3jQ_q=
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with }:`5,b%Y_
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements iJdP>x
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that are often represented at symbols. ^m*3&x8
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 lv4(4
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三、谓语动词 +YTx
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 uBmxh%]C~
①、主谓分割原则 Sx8l<X
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, {j?7d; 'j
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 9x=3W?K:,
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 3gpo
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②、与后者一致原则 xf/m!b"p
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, }W$8M>l
not only…but also LM:)j:gS6
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③、与前者一致原则 ==N` !+
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, vU!8`x
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中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 OV[`|<C '
例:The athlete, together with his coach and h4(JUio
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. ?,07;>&
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is Jx$iwu
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④、就近原则 b`CWp
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or, either…or, neither…nor, DyfsTx
单数名词+or+复数名词+are Ox qguT,
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is kUa)smh
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 9#k0_vDoW
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 d(7NO;S8
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are S~)w\(r
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. .Evy_o\^
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 >72JV;W]
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ZF
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There are five apples that are red. dqc1q:k?$
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 =
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets w%a8XnW]1
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. N|:'XwL
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 UiQEJXwnz
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 1||+6bRP
The rich are not always happier than the poor. \9{F5Sz
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 }-DE`c
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 m:+8J,jW
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: QM<y`cZ8
a. there be 句型 G64Fx*`
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 NHQF^2 \\
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 X~9j$3lUBR
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. ,!#ccv+Vm%
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ~I=Y{iM
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific aA'TD:&p1
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 pB:$lS
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miles in width. XGrue6ya
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分析:倒装句,are改为is 6xK[34~6
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and wK_]/Q-L
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film )
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. "/Pjjb:2
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 k%c{ETdE
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 F9"w6;hh
fifty percent of + 名词 Uu
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one percent of + 名词 /6uT6G+(z}
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: "p&Y^]
one percent of my students + are Cwa^"r3P1
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. hXIro
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这里要强调两个结构 \W5O&G-C
half of =fifty percent Dr&('RZ4
most of + 可数名词 + are \*hrW(
most of + 不可数名词+ is #AkV/1Y
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been (/d5UIM{&
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found in central and eastern Canada. N[]
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 +CH},@j
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized 6oaazB^L
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in the United States are for foods and beverages.
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 >^q7c8]~g
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 CTt vyr
①、主要考察时间状语 mpAR7AG6
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. M` q?Fk
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ]2#
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②、For和since的区别 Fc~'TBf,,`
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 w%WF-:u7|
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Um1[sMc{au
I has been a teacher for three years. 4S~o-`&W
I has been a teacher since 1996. 8N:owK
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 q@b|F-
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became -':
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the primary responsibility of the president. y=In?QN{6*
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 (`SRJ$~f
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of [tMZ G%h
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. LL|7rS|o
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 sp@E8G%xO
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. P"<U6zM\sP
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 0afei4i~N
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(三) 谓语的语态 1 sPdz
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语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 nFe%vu8a
有四组动词是改错题中常考的:
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①、prove [`]4P&
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 88c<:fK
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 7LO%#
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming "B_K
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be %lg=YGLQB
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. _z[#}d;k
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 |
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②、Locate,Situate N?X^O#[
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 0(_l|PScF
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ?YeWH
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这两个词也可以用作被动 y^7}oH _
My school was located near the river. n ]dL?BJ
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 p _d:eZ
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint.
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(A)locates WW~+?g5
(B)locating ~^+0
(C)to locate ^[15&T5
(D)is located 8BvonYt=8
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 -gQCn>"
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③、表示需要概念的动词 #2iD'>bQ
need, want, require等 xUfbW;;]UU
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My watch needed repairing GElvz'S~
My watch needed to be repaired. HK+/:'Pu
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④、表示人的情感的动词 w\}?( uO
move, annoy, surprise, please等 Ngg?@pG0y
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 z4 E|Ai
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 xooY'El*#
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主动和被动技巧总结: ^T~gEv
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 1wW)tNKIF
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the DQwGUF'(
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 9Ct`
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power structures, and flood-control works along ]59i>
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. RI2f`p8k
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 n&MG7`]N
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四、非谓语动词 OGiV{
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(一) 分词 NA,CZ
现在分词和过去分词的区别 {YUIMd!Y
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 XBQ\_2>
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then Vx_rc%'
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. {K#NB_*To
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning )EyI0R] 5
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 qz4^{
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. Fyyg`J
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living iAMtejw
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一些动词后面必须用doing /RLq>#:h**
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 =\ )IaZ
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, 3>z[PPw
advocate, suggest O$`UCq
delay, quit 6`\]derSon
forgive(原谅),tolerate, a=GM[{og
avoid, escape(逃避) _nT{g
spend+名词+doing; {mE! Vf
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their u%O-;>J
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crops. WKA'=,`v
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 0BkV/v1Uc
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, -'rj&x{Q)U
A B Y ?]G}5
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. {gf>*
C D PX".Km p.
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing
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(二) 不定式 w'Z!;4E0
A. 动词不定式的省略 hN`gB#N3
①、help后面可以省略to 0/]_n
d
help do %|3e.1oX
help sb. to do X<
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid J;~|ph
A B 6i@ub%qq
the habits that might shorten the lives. GCE!
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C D sV0Z
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 p?rK`$U+J
R $b,h
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 `ypL]$cW
make, =mrY/:
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let, gn5% F5W
have sb. do sth 'tWAu I
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. dt-K
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians kJ8vKcc
A B 0M!0JJy#*
to know when to play various parts of a composition. RebTg1vGu
C D `mErF%b
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know \y*j4 0
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③、感官动词 &telCg:
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe )1_(>|@oi
see sb do sth. 强调过程 %_tk7x
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 }'`xu9<
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 $r"A@69^RS
(1)表示第一人 I q,v
the first woman to do sth. a%n'%*0
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(2)表示迫使的动词 =jUnM>23
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do jM\ %$_/
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis lM&UFEl-\
A B ,eK2I Ao
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. WY.5K
=}
C D S>EDL
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 QRagz,c
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 V g6S/-
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 FoLDMx(
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ~,G]glu8
be lieable to do 易于…的 HSql)iT
be apt to do l]u7.~b
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(4)表示目的的名词, K
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一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 /gX%ABmS
固定的句式: %\l0-RA@<
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. ]wR6bEm7
the objective 目标 aLHrl6"
aim |} 9GHjG
goal R{ 4u|A?9
reason理由 AD,@,|A
function功能 6<+8}`@B>G
intension意图 |/t K-c6J
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing H'']J9O
A :g/{(#E@Z
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. W >Kp\tD
B C D " _mmR
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分析:the function to provide, A错 r*>QT:sB
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure bf{Ep=-
A $/os{tzjd
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds _5Bu [I
B )~G8 L Z
that make up various components of a living cell. x9TuweG
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 @i\7k(9:A
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(5) 其他同根名词 $2;-q8+
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 OrzM
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attempt to do 企图 I<I
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decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 EC0zH#N
ambition, e3G7K8
be ambitious to do 3{I=.mUUm
effort $HP/cKu
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation oA5<[&~<
A B hYs82P|2Ol
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. eUi> Mp
C D p|xs|O6{
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 ':5Trx
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great XL{{7%j
A B y^5T/M
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. 7uWJ6Wk
C D B4PW4>GF
分析:efforts to register, C错 ly9x1`?$
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 6:e}v'q{
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 V,99N'o~x
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. yaCd4KP
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 )*q7pO\cty
I am glad to see you. IBn'iE[>
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. (CKhY~,/u
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. FN{H\W1cf
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 r{;VTQ
It is difficult to decide. NgmO0H
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五、句子的结构 Cy`<^_i
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 r_!{!i3
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(一) 主语的重复 sK""
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 &sr:\Qn X/
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any )sqp7["-
A B @M1yBN
compromises concerning the establishment of the {Kq*5Aq8
C D =Ov;'MC
League of Nations. EA%#/n
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 EDPI*@>
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson (F4d Fh
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are kcma
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A B i no7!T`
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. {3F}Slb
C D ~,`\D7Z3
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 btB(n<G2#
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(二)谓语的重复 c!(~BH3p
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 iBPdCp%]`
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of =`7)X\i@z
A B ;|2;kvf"w
one or more sentences related to the same idea. kHo;9j-U
C D B9;,A;E};
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 8'g*}[
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(三)谓语的缺少 ;>QK}#'
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body Tr}$Pb1
A B 5
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temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. NdED8 iRc
C D 1+PNy d
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 6Kv}2M')+
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(四)主句的重复 nF!_q;+Vp
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 [0,q7d?"
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite E*!zJ,@8
A B C K&gc5L
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. L!}j3(I
D nY5n%>8
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 ?PxYS%D_L
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow |EEz>ci
A B kk\zZC
<
sweeps across the face of the Earth. <T2~xn
C D 0|+hm^'_
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 $v}8lBCr3
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided &u`rE""
A B @aPu}Hi
names for towns, only George Washington [@?.}
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C Z$=$oJzB
is remembered in the name of a state. VEYKrZA
D ^)P5(fJ
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 AiHDoV+-
六、比较级和最高级 ;NVTn<Uj
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 Ue\oIi
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 d~bH!P
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which (a4y1k t-
A ](6vG$\
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. g:6}zHK
B C D *z:lq2"G
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 ?;7>`F6ld
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 h] TVi$J
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses.
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A B C D {_N(S]Z
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 ;? QAPTz
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例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere T1W9@9,s
A B C D E6\~/=X=%
is the grizzly bear. {'bkU9+
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 QL!+.y%
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 $>37PVVW
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 -^yc yZ
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 6? ly.h$
A B q
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concepts of time and space than stage directors can. gxtbu$
C D eC:Q)%$%l
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 #mxfU>vQ:
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 JU
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as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as Pu*UZcXY
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 ee[NZz
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 RIx6& 7$
the taller boy '0rwNEg
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 Qj[O$L0 $
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed xM,(|p(
A B 1<e%)? G
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is %*}f<k{6
abundant, and humidity is moderate. m
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C D 2 ZXF_ o
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they W4Q]<<6&
=_3qUcOP
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 &$im^0`r_
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, )S?}huX
A B C )uWNN"
the Navajos form largest group. >*CK@"o
D ;Nij*-U4~
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 hKYPH?b%
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, $Bb/GXn{\
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language !~v>&bCG>9
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the F
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many w7u
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A B C PD4E&k
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. KYN{iaj
D ,iUx'U
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 1YL5 ![T
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the "-%H</
例如:my best friends o5R40["
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial +6atbbe}
A B C TVA1FD
and banking center. :~Y$\Ww(~
D #J_i 5KmXJ
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 UepBXt3)
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 _!zY(9%
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/+msrrpD
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary Lw`\J|%p
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formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. 605|*(
B C D @AOiZOH
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 L_,U*Jyo
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七、平行结构 )w-?|2-w5
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 s? Kn,6Y
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(一) 对等连接词 /
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一共有三类连接平行结构的词 \~PFD%]:3
单一式: and, or ,but *rLs!/[Z_
相关式: both…and, not … but, ,ME9<3
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either …or, neither…nor GSp1,E2J
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as a0R]hENC
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, RulI
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没有so...as... 4%TC2Laii
between…and, ;Peyo1
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also !r<7]nwV
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, y.zQ `
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短语式: as well as E'Bt1u
rather than (而不是) W4<}w-AoEp
other than (除…之外) uT1x\Rt|e
instead of (代替) x>^S..K}L%
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 Dng^4VRd
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, DxlX-
A B ,O}zgf*H;
but he is now living in Detroit. /y}
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分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 DCj!m<Y&
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics @:63OLlrG
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as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford <XNLeJdY
remained active in city and regional planning. 0PN{
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C D f c91D]c
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 ~L2Fo~fw
(二)平行的内容 Jps!,Mflc
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 9:1ZL_yf
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of 8:f(PN
A B R&?p^!`%
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, %:NI@59
C D ZR1EtvVG
or yearly periods of light and darkness. u URf
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 <*L8kNykK
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第二、名词单复数的平行 RW'QU`N[Y
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 |q?A8@\u
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, h T<
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A B C 7>#74
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radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 1c]GS&(RP
D L!\I>a5C0G
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 sPut@4[S
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ?Pa5skqR
A B &Mol8=V)
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 8q_nOGd
C D jVr:O`
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have vForj*Xo
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第三、时态的平行 F8q|$[nH
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated )Zox;}WK+
A uZCPxog
with the imagist movement , but later develops ZjWI~"]
B @PutUYz
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. :U=*@p4?
C D *4]}_ .rG#
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 V!uW\i/
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- f-^JI*hj
spread from its home in Central America and eot%Th?[
now grows throughout the tropics. :wtK'ld
(A) to be (B) it ';Y0qitGB
(C) the (D) its *jM]:GpyoU
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? <v%Q|r
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ZwM(H[iqL
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- ,N93 H3(
commercially for their meat and eggs. wNtC5
(A) raised (B) and are raised ^M0
(C) raised as (D) are raised BlnR{Y
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 T\q:
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第四、排列位置的平行 F
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例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. nvbzC tC
(A) Not only does rust corrode AT%6K.
(B) Not only rust corrodes s5h}MXIXw
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes ]n}aePl}oU
(D) Rust not only corrodes %:t! u&:q
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 ncrg`<'/,
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: iYD5~pK8
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 hi`[
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 D%L^[|)c\s
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 #/_{(P
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八、词序的颠倒 /% g+|C
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 /yHjds
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 7r&lW<:>
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage ^"<x4e9+j
A B yIhPB8QL
that can be given to any individual in the United States. 63'm
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C D C~egF=w
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 r0!')?#Z
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 )X?oBNsj
例:Certain types of computers work properly only {CV+1kz
A B fcxg6W'
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. v^ "qr?3V
C D +j{(NwsX
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 ?r KbL^2
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were XVkw/l
A B C w]t'2p-'
in what is now the United States. <4+P37^~
D
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 u8T@W}FX
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所有的系动词分为三大类: @QV0l]H0+
第一种:表示保持某种状态, tBbOxM m0
is, remain, keep, stay, ]o8]b7-
lie, exit(表示位于) ?OLd
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第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 g35!a<JW
become, turn, grow, "aOs#4N
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) lhKn&U
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第三种,感官动词 7Y9#y{v1
seem(好像是) B~w$j/sWU
look(看起来好像是) j@>D]j
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste 4T31<wk
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 ~f h
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe EY )2,
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to cause numerous deaths. 5Jbwl$mZ
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 $AZYY\1
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九、词性的混用 jc&k-d>=G
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 bZ\R0[0
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用
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做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; HU'Mi8xxy
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high a_RY Yj
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and JM3[
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. FJ_7<4ET
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) fB8, )&
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 )2&3D"V
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 jE*{^+n
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds $G".PWc
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to mtmC,jnD
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. YO$Ig:a#
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 RlOy,/-<
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, q`9.@u@ a
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of LCivZ0?|X
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urban Black people in the United States. 287j,'vR
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 p:~#(/GWf
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 }b4 56J
表示时间有两种可能, ``/L18
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 k-~}KlP
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, ^T&{ORWz
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 d]E=w6+;Q
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence sP
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were made while the American Civil War. WSozDNF!'f
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 jRsl/dmy
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the q]4h#?.-1v
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. |sGJum&=
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 QvbH " 7
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 a<-aE4wdm
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 uihH")Mo
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social {+lU 4u
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. %vO(.A+
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 |cd"cx+
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 0=&S?J#!
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easily under the stress of compression. `Hw][qy#
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 ^zTe9:hz/\
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 gdCit-3
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine .(/HU Qn
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article that gives personal comments on current events. kxJs4BY0
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 t;Z9p7
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, <r <{4\%}
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ,~,q0PA7J
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 YFu>`w^Y
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 p*<I_QM!
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; P0; y
two hundred diligent students