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一、代词 C +@ i
代词中主要讲解六个问题 @T7PZB&xnl
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 q[c Etp28h
主格、宾格、所有格 =P]GPEz_
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) b n-=f
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(二) 反身代词 38wq (
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 6"%2,`Nu
He killed himself. (他自杀了) >{XScxaB`
He killed him. (他杀了他) f3n~{a,[
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating \ V?I+Gc
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a series of indicators that could help |Puj7Ru
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themselves to predict earthquakes. )7AM3%z1?
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 $W, zO|-
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 ZIW7_Y>_
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Yb9cW\lr
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 8A4TAT4,
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies {aIZFe}B
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ?i%nMlcc
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Pacific. +7Rt{C,
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 ' &N20w
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 ,!H\^Vfl
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: kQ[Jo%YT?E
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 &Ea"hd
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 6VFirLd
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the word“normalcy”to express social and )w3
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economic conditions they promised the nation. cdDY]"k
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 AHWh}~Yi
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important bw020@O*
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John IqXBz.p
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Keats, published the year of her death. ]2PQ X4t0
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. .Nk}Z9L]k
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(四) Who和which的区别 2+o!
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which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 <8*A\&
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 5
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who X:U=MWc>
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. ~};]k }
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ed=n``P~}
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 &yB%QX{3
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(五) that和which的区别 8>ESD}(
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 hr%U>U9F
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it Ywmyr[Uh'
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. q)NXyy4BT
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 EN)YoVk
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 fn3*2
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, tsck|;v
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when K1/
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I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 3(MoXA*
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which >y]?MGk
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly W&HF?w}s
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. km9Gwg/zT
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 o^8*aH)I>Y
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has 9
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affected the way people in the United States----. #E*@/ p/
(A) living and working &/ \O2Aw8
(B) they live and work J>><o:~@
(C) live and work -b].SG5S
(D) to live and to work B0 6s6Q
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 ` 52%XI
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二、介词 P]|J?$1K
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 U*
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(一) 介词搭配 FgXu1-
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those D-'i G%)kA
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. yTzY?
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 aQz|!8Is
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. JoZqLy!@
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分析:B错改为be rich in !F=|*j
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the 6a "VCE]
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. xI=}z
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 #G'S
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 DFt=%aV[
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 Q3<bC6$r
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. {:};(oz)f
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 e5*5.AB6&
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 9_M H
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on SR&(HH$
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. w0a+8gexi
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ]p4`7@@)*
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2、介词by T[Z <bW~0
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by 2 pM
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing dCf'\@<<
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ]t.WJC %
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. xh+
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 [M7iJcwt
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils }$&T
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to %8Z|/LGg
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supply moccasins and field rations. Xhq? 7P$3
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 E
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with C;58z5*,
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements ??$i*
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that are often represented at symbols. F?
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 *'s2
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三、谓语动词 o5*74Mv
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 =B/s HN
①、主谓分割原则 bOdsMlJkN
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ^huBqEs
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ~u?x{[
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 43}&w