该错题常考要点 NrP0Ep%V
一、代词 42>Ge>#F
代词中主要讲解六个问题 q80S[au
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 iNwqF0
主格、宾格、所有格 i#%aTRKHd6
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ]Qm]I1P
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(二) 反身代词 DcSnia62f
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 fO#vF.k%
He killed himself. (他自杀了) r-,e;o>9
He killed him. (他杀了他) ?f/n0U4w
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating >
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a series of indicators that could help u4Em%:Xj
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themselves to predict earthquakes. mDZ*E !B
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 O{ /q-~_
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 #nh|=X
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 "kZ[N'z(
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 /PsnD_s]5
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ZcYh) HD
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the aM4k *|H?
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Pacific.
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 |*`Z*6n
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 jv&!Kw.Ug
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: [LRLJ_~g5
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 %Z*sU/^
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined )XWP\
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the word“normalcy”to express social and 1IVuSp`{FU
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economic conditions they promised the nation. A2|Ud_
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 a. z;t8
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important H@l}WihW
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John Z>
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Keats, published the year of her death. J(6oL
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. B7!3-1<k>
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(四) Who和which的区别 ej"+:."\e
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 >:
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who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 gN"7be&J
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who R~6$oeWAw
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. _D+J!f^
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 BSVxN
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 w
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(五) that和which的区别 @
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介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 %xyou:~0zs
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it rQ qW_t%
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. FFEfI4&SfS
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 D1=((`v
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 CTZ8Da^
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, "[ZB+-|[0
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when }xh$T'M8
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. i=oU;7~zK
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which %#xaA'?
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly HK0!P*
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. fO[+LR
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 T~##,qQ
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has WGZ9B^A
affected the way people in the United States----. SPY|K
(A) living and working NRIG 1v>
(B) they live and work biU^[g("
(C) live and work ij( B,Y
(D) to live and to work :2rZcoNb.
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 #(N+(():
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二、介词 deV
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介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 RbP6
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(一) 介词搭配 J$GUB3
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those \F/hMXDlJ
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. %InA+5s`
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 .ps-4eXF
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. _/-jX
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分析:B错改为be rich in 75f"'nJ)
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ao1(]64X"
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. *`ua'"="k
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 !;Yg/'vD-
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 1PVtxL?1P
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 *4Thd:7 `
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. sJ;g$TB
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 nBjqTud
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has QRc{vUR&
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on n7B7 m,@1
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 8ndYV>{f
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 8;b(0^
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2、介词by |% F=po>w
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by 3m]4=
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing ;(f)&Yom
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States wa<MRt W=
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. %+@O#P
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 0LPig[
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils B -?6M6#
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to [>+4^&
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supply moccasins and field rations. Od)Uv1
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 <6EeD5{*
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with #+:9T/*>0
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements :}Xll#.,m
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that are often represented at symbols. K$&s=Hm
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 3VsW@SG7N
三、谓语动词 nim*/LC[:
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 0C =3dnp6
①、主谓分割原则 1{r3#MVL
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, [="
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. a
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 J
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②、与后者一致原则 W}3.E "K
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, gcE|#1>
not only…but also )2pbpbWX>
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③、与前者一致原则 ;'?l$
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名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 8
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中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 O}tZ - 'T
例:The athlete, together with his coach and RS"H8P4W
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. c]$i\i#
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is +EFgE1w
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④、就近原则 +!k&Yje
or, either…or, neither…nor, 3!3
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单数名词+or+复数名词+are Scp7X7{N
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is XOxr?NPQ^
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 oE<`VY|
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 IN4=YrM^
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are #%`|~%`{:
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 2]I4M[|&z
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 7x#Ckep:I
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 /4t j3B,
There are five apples that are red.
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apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 `o<'
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets =fu
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. .nG#co"r}3
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 umD!2
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 9U{a{~b
The rich are not always happier than the poor. Fkvl%n
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 thV>j9'
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 tYZ[68
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: Is]aj-#r
a. there be 句型 5Ycco,x
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 +SsK21f"r
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 r;>*_Oc7g
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. f:ZAG4B
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ,
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific U"q/rcA
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 @7n/Q(
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miles in width. P8^hBv*
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分析:倒装句,are改为is 0TN;86Mo
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and `kbSu}
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film a;QMAd!
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. RY c!~Wh~Y
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 )t$,e2FY
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 v-yde>(
fifty percent of + 名词 PUo/J~ v
one percent of + 名词 e
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谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: A,\6nO67
one percent of my students + are H|R
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fifty percent of my time is spent on working. KN7^:cC
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这里要强调两个结构 w"Soe
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half of =fifty percent e=4+$d
most of + 可数名词 + are ?T>'j mmV=
most of + 不可数名词+ is TJ:]SB
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been ~_Lr=C D;4
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found in central and eastern Canada. ?[)}l9
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ,y+$cM(
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized Pu"R,a
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. ]8T |f
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Wx~k&[&E
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 ep=qf/vd<
①、主要考察时间状语 x_c7R;C
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. A |3tI
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was Ux
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②、For和since的区别 T"&)&"W*U
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 - !>}_AH
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 4'6`Ll|iq
I has been a teacher for three years. $uap8nN
I has been a teacher since 1996. \MK*by
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 !!
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became hUD7_arKF
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the primary responsibility of the president. G NS`.fS
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 MB%Q WU
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of xB@|LtdO9;
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years.
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 U,+[5sbo
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. y$3;$ R^
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ,jC3Fcly
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(三) 谓语的语态 RJy=pNztm
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 YPzU-:3
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: -
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①、prove K_
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My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 GZ{]0$9I'
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; JT9N!CGZ
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming q %0Cg=
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be /T,Z>R
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. MG /,==
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 k|BHnj
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②、Locate,Situate >a1{397Y}
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 \v6M:KR5/
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 +,v-=~5
这两个词也可以用作被动 QQe;1O
My school was located near the river. /H:I 68~
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 Y~)T
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. :K?0e`
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(B)locating Qp2I[Ioz3
(C)to locate z
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(D)is located FuX
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分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 +%N
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③、表示需要概念的动词 5]1leT
need, want, require等 _ nP;Fx
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My watch needed repairing 8hA^`Y
My watch needed to be repaired. Px M!U!t
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④、表示人的情感的动词
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move, annoy, surprise, please等 zH=!*[d8
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 ^*R(!P^
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 8*g ^o\M
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主动和被动技巧总结: O`cu_
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 6Ggs JU
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the w W$(r-
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, <Wl(9$
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power structures, and flood-control works along
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. q}L+/+b
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 TUp%FJXA|
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四、非谓语动词 ARh6V&Hi-
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(一) 分词 <o:@dS
现在分词和过去分词的区别 E\2Ml@J
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 $*~Iu%Az
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then 8
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. 2%rLoL$Y2+
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning es.CLkuD7Y
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 32XS`Z
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in 6`nR5 fh
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands.
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living E)YVfM
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一些动词后面必须用doing Px4/O~bLk
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ,-#GX{!
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ZCiY,;c
advocate, suggest )+~E8yK
delay, quit 3o8\/-*<
forgive(原谅),tolerate, LM,fwAX
avoid, escape(逃避) [e4![G&y`
spend+名词+doing; 9D4-^M:a
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing :1<~}*B@{
RV!<?[
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their r,'O).7
A B C D *TnzkNN_,
crops. G=$}5; t
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 c f*zejbw
zl)&U=4l
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, :WX0,-Gn
A B j+>Q# &h9
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. /yK"t<p
C D !J#.!}3
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 8-A|C<
"
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(二) 不定式 5P\N"Yjx'
A. 动词不定式的省略 84Zgo=P}
①、help后面可以省略to U"x~Jb3]O
help do 6Q$BUL}2?
help sb. to do r<_2qICgP
ay[ZsQC
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid )*HjRTF6G
A B xMsGs
the habits that might shorten the lives. =c]a
{|W?
C D sY^lQN
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 j0?>w{e
g< )72-h
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 f!!P
make, w`Xg%*]}
let, Q
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have sb. do sth w .l|G,%=
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. Z"N(=B
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians &%:*\_2s
A B 25&n
wz
to know when to play various parts of a composition. fO+UHSC
C D
,5:![
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know @ AggznA8
iP,v=pS6
③、感官动词 xfes_v""
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe F7V6-V{_
see sb do sth. 强调过程 v*Xk WH5
see sb doing sth 正在做某事
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Ri[S<GOMii
(1)表示第一人 ;9vIa7L&
the first woman to do sth. cp|:8 [
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(2)表示迫使的动词 $)l2G
;&
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do l_ZO^E~D_
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis ,,Jjr[A_j
A B NQg'|Pt(%
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth.
wFp~
C D '%);%y@v
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 t z"5+uuu
2c"/QT
"2%y~jrDN
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 2'|XtSj
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 87+.pM|t%
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 n$IWoIdbGN
be lieable to do 易于…的 h)7v1,;w'
be apt to do 7KeXWW/ d
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(4)表示目的的名词, 5d> nIKW
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 y9=t;qH@|
固定的句式: ^dheJ]n=k
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. $ 9S>I'
the objective 目标 K<RmaXZ
aim }Q,(u
goal G% o7BX
reason理由 \)uy"+ Z`
function功能 Dp%5$wF)8
intension意图 dko [
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing aIQrb
A k,a,h^{}j
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. FAH[5VDr%
B C D 5JO[+>
分析:the function to provide, A错 zNNzsT8na
luJ{Iq
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure |3s.;wK
A dVasm<lZ
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds }K#iCby4
B ;+S2h-4
that make up various components of a living cell. Wpiv1GZ%c8
C D }~7H2d);-
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 nL 1IS
h<PYE]?l
(5) 其他同根名词 trID#DT~
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 P58\+9d_
attempt to do 企图 rU/-Wq`B
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 :6\-9m8JM
ambition, jEC'l]l
be ambitious to do + TPbIRA
effort WyKUvVi
A5 &>!y
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation |[lxV&SD.
A B D'HL /[@`
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. >=Rd3dgDG
C D F9>(W#aC
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 7)ES!C
xEd#~`Jmr
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great \t&n
jMWpZ
A B E
6>1Fm8%V
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. $g}/T_26
C D ND)M3qp2(
分析:efforts to register, C错 i]hR7g<
fzPgX
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 8yJk81
gY
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ~@a) E+LsF
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. vl#V-UW$4P
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 qB
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I am glad to see you. {<Xo,U7y
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. B<|q{D$N/
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. @eG#%6">
T^f&58{ 7
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 \a~;8):q=i
It is difficult to decide. Cbf,X[u
s]V{}bY`
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五、句子的结构 S4uR\|
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ~k:>Xo[|O
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(一) 主语的重复 (t]R#2{
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 @)M.u3{\
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any `(w kqa
A B (vYf?+Kb
compromises concerning the establishment of the *^&iw$Qx3
C D r:S5x. P2
League of Nations. dsft=t8s
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 Lh5+fk~i~8
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson <P
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)="g?E3
4QN6BZJ5
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are Bg
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A B A5J#x6@
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. epm8N /
C D ,1 9" [:WN
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 kv`3Y0R-"
BtDgv.;GH
(二)谓语的重复 8B(Q7Qj
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 >5YYij5Aj
(>/Dw|,m
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of ~o\]K
A B -Z#]_C{Y-)
one or more sentences related to the same idea. CX@HG)l
C D |@uhq>&
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 vskM
;
3jQ$72_
(三)谓语的缺少 7B> cmi
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body LB 5EGw
A B ny;)+v?mN\
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. o
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C D 0DjBqh$
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 l=G#gKE
T"jDq1C/,E
(四)主句的重复 OTbjZ(
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 2T?1X{g
t7&
GCZ
CMB$RLf
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite VHkrPJ[
A B C ~V)VGGOL$v
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. +(hwe
jyC
D - cC(d$y
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 rs)aEmvC
Ptxc9~k
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow E8
V\J
A B }E]&13>r
sweeps across the face of the Earth. ~]s"PV:|
C D l3
Bc
g
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 [1X5r<(W5
Ho*RLVI0U
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided =Qq^=3@h
A B `9NnL.w!
names for towns, only George Washington ]fmf X
C x"=q+sA
is remembered in the name of a state. P_Ja?)GT
D xVo)!83+Q
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 8-#2?=
六、比较级和最高级 UjK&`a;V
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 gDBQ\vM8
+ {dIs
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 YR`rg;n#
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which Z0@ImhejuB
A h2*&>Mc
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. lt"*y.%@b
B C D smS0Rk
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 nlnJJM&J$
.DsYR/
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 x/^zNO\1
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 6XU5T5+P^
A B C D SZ){1Hu
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 &1Iy9&y
Ez-o*&
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere Ku'U^=bVm:
A B C D m^+~pC5
is the grizzly bear. U$Z}<8
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 f ebh1rUX
e8v=n@0
3S?+G)qKo
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ?^Ux+mVE
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 )T_#X!
%
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ?8/h3xV;
A B '+wTrW m~j
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. vL0Ol-Vt
C D h#nQd=H<g#
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 b<7f:drVC
mws.)
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 RdHR[
Usm
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as eo[^ij
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 PMcyQ2R->
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 \9^@,kfP
the taller boy 9~yuyv4$
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 6npwu5!
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed %b9M\
A B iqeGy&F-
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is mr? ii
abundant, and humidity is moderate. KMZ`Wn=
C D |*i-Q @
D
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they \ :.p8`
,PYe7c
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 RU=%yk-gM
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, g,nE iL
A B C FceT'
the Navajos form largest group. Y|F);XXIl
D 2X`M&)"X
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 RiklwR#~r/
DNPK1e3a{
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, ;<\*(rUe
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language .@'Vz;&mQ
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the J7ln6 Y
E2MpMR
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many A:f+x|[
A B C |dK-r
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. JLhp25{x
D W3b\LnUa
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 [>E0(S]
0^=S:~G
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 0:*$i(2
例如:my best friends r"+
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+] #>6/2q
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial @azS)4L
A B C 4[?Q*f!
and banking center. 4{|lzo'&
D ;(V=disU/
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 m +gVGK
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 MIgIt"M jz
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary QwhPN'U
A -I -wdyDr
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. thh, V
B C D 1xw},y6T2
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 ,"D1!0
og>f1NwS[
七、平行结构 9DIG K\
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 txi
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(一) 对等连接词 @-hy:th#
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 A3Su&0uaB
单一式: and, or ,but ;>PV]0bOm>
相关式: both…and, not … but, iB\d`NUf
either …or, neither…nor ^0r@",
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as &P\T{d2"
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, S`NH6?/uH
没有so...as... zNBG;\W
between…and, +'[iyHBJ
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also blLX ncyD
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, +ux,cx.U"
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短语式: as well as -q-%)f
rather than (而不是) M,l
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other than (除…之外) #KiRH* giU
instead of (代替) HSTtDTo
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 M7hff4c
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, [^aow-4z
A B
~UXW
but he is now living in Detroit. c\n\gQ:LQ
C D e5MX5 T
^
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 uZi]$/ic
P
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics ?FD^S~bz-
A B $
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as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford -fYgTst2
remained active in city and regional planning. cu.f]'
C D
7)z^*;x
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 1)H+iN|im/
(二)平行的内容 |R DPx6!V
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 YS%HZFY, "
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of v 6Tz7
A B Kh}#At^C8e
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, d XrLeoK
C D *RivZ
c9;P
or yearly periods of light and darkness. !Mceg
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 eVn]/.d
Q"S;r1 D
*#w+*ywVZH
第二、名词单复数的平行 QJjqtOf>
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 3[amCKel
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, sFuB[
JJ}
A B C Tq,Kel
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. &Rdg07e;>
D Q30AaG}f
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 2x<,R/}
b*&AIiT
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, =dSH8C"
A B B+:/!_
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. o'O;69D]tX
C D agp`<1h9
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have eg!s[1[_
ia6%>^
第三、时态的平行 P'MfuTtT&
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated H\H4AAP5F$
A |mvY=t
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with the imagist movement , but later develops 6.5
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d-
B <OgwA$abl%
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. 4 Ys\<\~d
C D *'&]DJj
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 Y]!WPJ`f2
T8^`<gr.
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- Rp^fY_
spread from its home in Central America and (}B3df
now grows throughout the tropics. &ci;0P#Q
(A) to be (B) it >:J7u*>$ '
(C) the (D) its i 1dE.f;
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? _w}l,
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow :MaP58dhh
:%[mc-6.
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- jWL%*dJrN
commercially for their meat and eggs. L}=DC =E
(A) raised (B) and are raised Y6 <.]H
(C) raised as (D) are raised AX
pg_JC
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 ^]5^p9Jt"e
HT:V;?"
第四、排列位置的平行 b|-}?@&7&q
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. =28ZSo^
(A) Not only does rust corrode ;#bDz}|\AN
(B) Not only rust corrodes dI
+Y1Vq
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes B ({g|}|G+
(D) Rust not only corrodes WJJmM*>JW
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 {TXfi'\
Xhs*nt%l
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: 0`/CoP<U
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 p`2Q6
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 .uinv
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 s<+;5, Q|
B.C:06E5
八、词序的颠倒
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词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 ]D&U}n
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 E!RlH3})
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage @'A0Lq+#
A B Wo(m:q(Om
that can be given to any individual in the United States.
nDS\2
C D
H$V`,=H
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 kl1/(
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"G^TA:O:=
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 CZE!@1"<{
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 9 p,O>I
A B CH#K0hi
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. (d/!M
n6L
C D ]9PG"<^k
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 yh/JHo;
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 5dhy80|g]
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were 5F!Qn\{u{
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in what is now the United States. PxQQf I>
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 C\ joDAD
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所有的系动词分为三大类: {F2Rv
第一种:表示保持某种状态, )iM(
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is, remain, keep, stay, 8{QCW{K
lie, exit(表示位于) |d&C
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第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 &F/-%l!
become, turn, grow, C
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get (It is getting warmer and warmer) x.Egl4b3
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第三种,感官动词 ;[UI]?A%
seem(好像是) 4# PxJG6m
look(看起来好像是) Pc =ei
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste LSA6*Q51
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Y,GlAr s4
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe \O4s0*gw
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to cause numerous deaths. 38T]qz[Sn
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 /FE+WA}r
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九、词性的混用 >\^oCbqF}~
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 0 K#|11r
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 R;pW,]}g,
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; D ka8[z7
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high =DfI^$Lr:
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and u &1M(~Ub=
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. AC(qx:/6
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) XWAIW=.
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 G gA:;f46
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 fsPNxy"_
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds P8ej9ULX,
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to ;"Qq/knVL
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 0J'Cx&Rg
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 JS8pN5
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 8A]8yX =
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of okRt^qe
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urban Black people in the United States. -u%o) ;B
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 *8a[M{-X
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 "gI-S[
表示时间有两种可能, bt=D<YZk
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 M^WoV
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另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 4%nK0FAj
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 hOLlZP+
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 4jZt0
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were made while the American Civil War. ,:}VbQ:3I
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 Iu~(SKr=|$
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the JK^%V\m
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. DP*V|
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 +BI%.A`2
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 S,+|A)\#
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 K nn<q=';G
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social +@Kq
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. i}:^<jDv?
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 }`$({\^w
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples It'PWqZtG
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easily under the stress of compression. ug`Jn&x!
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 J]*?_>"#8
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 <^A1.o<GN
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine +^aM(4K\
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article that gives personal comments on current events. ~rz%TDX0\
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 `Yu4h+T
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, f+dj6!g5/
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. +Xr87x;
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 e#uF?v]O
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 W\yaovAt
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; %MUwd@,
two hundred diligent students