填空题常考结构 aE~T!h
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一、主句单一原则 "rBB&l
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 in>+D|q
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做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 '8 .JnCg
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. (WHgB0{
(A) They occur where they are Up@^C"
(B) Occuring where vn}m-U XA*
(C) Where they occur p7QZn.,=u
(D) Where do they occur ,:mL\ZED
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。
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C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 nP%U<$,+
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center v@EErF
(A) Fort Wayne }||u{[
(B) Although Fort Wayne &|x7T<,)
(C) For wayne is in rfk{$g
(D) Fort Wayne, in lpXGsKH2
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 <|l}@\iRX
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二、谓语动词专一原则 x`g,>>&C
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 JlYZ\
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 ,]EhDW6
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” l7g'z'G
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with SE\?8cs]-
social issues. JaUzu3*=
(A) covers t.8r~2(?
(B) covers it R ` ViRJh
(C) which covers Tc(=J7*r&
(D) which it covers (6$P/k8
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 }@q/.Ct! x
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused FGi7KV=N
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on nsI+04[F
the paper. se x\dg<
(A) the impression is l(NQk> w
(B) if the impression is 3tZIL
(C) impressions [XY%<P3D
(D) the impression +7b8 ye
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression :C>7HEh-2_
三、平行结构 5(H%Ia
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 83c2y;|8
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: ]
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A and B, 8NHm#Z3Ol
A , B, and C {K.H09Y
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- ,Iyc0
is known as accounting. -!XG>Z
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary ~W21%T+
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's -i8KJzPL f
transactions *Y(59J2
(C) transactions of an enterprise are s-IE}I?;
summarized
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(D) summarizing the transactions of an M>i(p%
enterprise 4"2%mx:
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 #p(c{L!
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 v8-My1toV
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed n 0=]C%wr
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and zjUQ]
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on ;$iT]S
human patients. ^# $IoW
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in Z+k) N
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures -
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(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures &
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(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull pl>b 6 |
fractures 9YI@c_1 Q
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 0hoMf=bb$
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四、宾语从句结构 KRxJ2
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 J~KO#`
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: U1:m=!S;x
state(陈述,表明)+that |y7TYjg6
indicate(指明,表明)+that rCa]T@=
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light,
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is given off and absorbed in tiny definite nN&dtjoF
units called quanta or photons. #Tc`W_-
(A) energy that .*N,x(V
(B) that it is energy JPTLh{/
(C) it is energy #^RIp>NN9
(D) that energy O_ r-(wE4
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 iJh{,0))g
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth f]10^y5&
indicate--yield when unusual weight is y=9fuGL6
placed on them. uLv
(A) although its crust and mantle I[A<e]uK
(B) its crust and mantle to IHW s<U
(C) that its crust and mantle D+AkV|
(D) for its crust and mantle to X%I@4 B7Ts
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 w:I!{iX
五、介词+ which结构 BV<_1WT}
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 UH&1QV
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, hH$9GL{H
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 bOYM-\
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, ) F -8
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 &n?RKcH}d
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is q(46v`u
a method ---- voters select the nominees w$]wd`N}
for public office. {qSMJja !t
(A) that +u |SX/C
(B)by which ifWQwS/,a
(C)is that _b)Ie`a.H
(D)by those I(3YXv
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分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 B$OV^iwxK
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 <}xgp[O
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 =yRv*C
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players S%?%06$
hit wooden balls through wire arches called _9=cxwi<w
wickers. ([SJ6ff]&
(A) when P~&J@8)c
(B) which ;B }4pv}
(C) is when }0/l48G
(D) in which Q4L7{^[X
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 ym`
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六、in that结构 dtG>iJ
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, 8"[{[<-
because of +名词, 6@:<62!;
consequently是副词 A&jR-%JG
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 _Wp.s]D [
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals 05jjLM'e
---- it is a liquid. kf95 )iLo
(A) whereas ~?iQnQYI
(B) in that `O%O[
(C) because of T}"[f/:N/
(D) consequently .rX,*|1x
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 0q]0+o*%
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 YB:}Lb
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual =<K6gC27
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. gC_KT,=H;
(A)they Uaj_,qb(
(B)in they Z@>kqJ%
(C)that they tCwB7c-
(D)in that they Otf{)f
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 43O5|8o
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 bUYjmb2g)
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ <zAYq=IU
great inspiration for her poems. <jM
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(A) that she drew #k)t.P
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(B) by drawing her Jz P0D'
(C) from which she drew {.y_{yWo
(D) drawn from which $3%+N|L
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ]M'~uTf
七、what结构 "{Y6.)x
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: O}}rosA
what=the thing that QBN\wL8g
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend es=OWJt^
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. 9QL%q;
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(A) it grows nb6Y/`G
(B) what grows )OVa7[-T
(C) does it grow 0'YJczDq:7
(D) what does it grow LhM$!o?W
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle WIpV'F|t]`
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory %H,s~IU
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. ju.pQ=PSX
(A) there 9 %i\)
(B) where k}NM]9EAE
(C) that J_m@YkK
(D) what !6@ 'H4cb=
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 !\9^|Ef?
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八、同位语结构 2lOUNx Q$
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 |D%mWQng
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) (V]3w
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing 6Io}3}3
and swallowing . :zLf~W
(A) is the chief organ of taste pt,L
(B) tasting the organ chiefly Fb=uN
(C) the chief organ of taste *X2PT(e[
(D) the organ chiefly tastes (;%T]?<9#
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 $D#h, `
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 |%v:>XEO
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) ,aC}0t
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of >(S)aug$1
Native Americans in her novel, Century of _#6Qf
Dishonor. )`f-qTe
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 5P"R'/[PA_
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson iBSg`"S^]C
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause pTwzVz~
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. "T5oUy&i
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 4A6Y
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as H/x0'
hosts to many insect pests. ;WX.D]>{W
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than K6p\ >J
goldenrods klT?h[I!
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods x,25ROaHY
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy K}re{y
plants #RR;?`,L}
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants ~F'6k&A^q
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 r4SwvxhG
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 7wx=#
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 [E
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yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to .4%z$(+6
Athens. -fA =&$V
(A) the distance is \KhcNr?ja=
(B) that the distance is $8eiifj
(C) is that the distance #9|&;C5',!
(D) the distance X|{
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分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 #E!^oZm<Z
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九、比较结构 SDC|>e9i
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 4u}Cki,vOK
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less bp9RF
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snow than --eastern Nebraska. vz4(
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(A) does %evb.h)
(B) in fVn4=d6X
(C) it does in 0}<blU
(D) in it does fU|v[
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 =|i_T%a
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. b+qd'
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(A) rays more than infrared Ds(Z.
(B) rays are more infrared than As46:<!2
(C) more than infrared rays nvndgeSy
(D) more infrared rays than E\/[hT
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 w|&lRo@1
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 'EIe5Op
例3:The activities of the international marketing 23r(4
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. W|8VE,"7
(A) the domestic marketer has :8@)W<>%
(B) the domestic marketer does v Z]j%c@
(C) those of the domestic marketer A4f"v)vM
(D) that which has the domestic marketer 3]vVuQK .
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 :7 LA/j
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing #,z-Pj?O!
is greater than --. R*bx&..<
(A) that of its mining and farming combined r2#G|/=@
(B) mining and farming combination
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(C) that mining and farming combined 2?7ID~\
(D) of its combination mining and farming }+m4(lpl
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 a%c <3'
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十、定语从句省略结构 Xd A]);,
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 `5- ;'nX
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture fSd|6iFH
and overpower. jo&j<3i
(A) can )T9Cv8
(B) they can 69
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(C) which can ^@/wXj:
(D) and .$peq
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 neu<zSS
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can sHPAr}14
get all the calcium their bodies----from the _YlyS )#@
food they eat. Jq)k5X>&Sj
(A) require T\.~!Q
(B) requires &V
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(C) requiring 6I(Y<LZ5
(D)to require `vzMuL;
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 Q*Jb0f
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food Q1*_l
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 [bKc5qp
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of %n6<6t`$
A n&&C(#mBC
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around \nyqW4nTm
B C D \c{sG\ >
the world. ~Fo2M wE2~
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to HZ!<dy3
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive /T {R\
A B C ^-Arfm%dn
than the Sun dies and exploded. Y5ei:r|^
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more wPYeKOh'
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十一、状语从句省略结构 <2
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Metals expand when they are heated. G3!O@j!7w$
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: DfGq m-c
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; Q$:,N=%
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, 8?'=Aeo
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 I5[@C<b
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of ub1~+T'O
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand
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considerable impact. 1PWi~1q{Q
(A) apparently D>U(&n
(B) are apparently zcOm"-E-
(C) apparently their *GhV1# <
(D) are they apparently i8
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分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 }43qpJe8U
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: DtS7)/<T
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; >*^SQ{9
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ns/*WH&[x
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uv&,
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the a>Aq/=
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly ^x(s!4d]
white. gHXv
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(A) when, pure which 8{&.[SC7
(B) when, which pure w&hCt