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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 90W= v*  
JyE-c}I  
一、主句单一原则  N~$>| gn  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 ZEI)U, I.  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ,gQl_Amvz  
i0{\c}r:4b  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. B N79\rt  
   (A) They occur where they are WBWW7HK  
   (B) Occuring where ~ q-Z-MA  
   (C) Where they occur SDC|>e9i  
   (D) Where do they occur h<%$?h+}  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 %RV81H9B  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 e1W9"&4>G{  
doL-G?8B  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center sF!#*Y  
   (A) Fort Wayne >S:(BJMo  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne 0R)x"4Ww  
   (C) For wayne is in F@Sk=l(  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in =8 @DYz'  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 j_g(6uZhz3  
3*</vo#`  
t~ {O)tt  
二、谓语动词专一原则 o+.L@3RT4  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 UPGUJ>2Z  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 W_M#Gi/ AL  
CPy>sV3Ru0  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” .@)vJtH)  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with 3&})gU&a  
   social issues. Aeh #  
    (A) covers r&8aB85  
    (B) covers it `$> Y  
    (C) which covers *90dkJZ.  
    (D) which it covers b_TI_  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 Y!xPmL^]?  
>gp53\  
%}TJr]'F  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused ;w. la  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on 7~P2q/2E>  
   the paper. A4f"v)vM  
   (A) the impression is ZXs,TaU  
   (B) if the impression is `C: 7 N=9  
   (C) impressions -& (iU#W  
   (D) the impression Ua \f]y  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression =7}1NeC`  
三、平行结构 Mbxl{M >  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 eQuw uT  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: Kuh3.1#o  
A and B, [z!m  
A , B, and C lUjZ=3"'  
/g>-s&w  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- h.R46:  
   is known as accounting. w98M #GqV  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary 9BZ B1o X  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's Ydr h+  
     transactions a%c <3'  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are 7NRa&W2  
     summarized Kkq-x'gt^  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an 424iFc[  
     enterprise kAp#6->(q  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 !B Pm{_C  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 X[h{g`  
g8E5"jpXx3  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed ]d(Z%  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and Vfzy BjQ  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on >[wxZ5))  
   human patients. I*%3E.Z@g  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in >dK0&+A  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures JJ1>)S}X-  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures j)8$hK/e0.  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull L *\[;.mk  
     fractures (&79}IEd  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 zf)*W#+  
'2Zs15)V  
四、宾语从句结构 #xx.yn(7  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 Qa/1*Mb  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: > A @yF?  
     state(陈述,表明)+that .0yBI=QI  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that xKBi".wA  
VXZYRr3F  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, 4P?`< K'  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 1E!.E=Y ?M  
   units called quanta or photons. VTR4uT-  
    (A) energy that LsI@_,XW<  
    (B) that it is energy 4xT /8>v2|  
    (C) it is energy ?99r>01>  
    (D) that energy bHm/ZZx  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 !W,LG$=/  
R#Yj%$E1  
;=@O.iF;H  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth U.Vn|s(`z  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is a{e 2*V  
   placed on them. Muq~p~m}  
   (A) although its crust and mantle Ha]vG@?+  
   (B) its crust and mantle to \kKd:C{  
   (C) that its crust and mantle -]}#Z:&  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to A`~?2LH,~F  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 yz,_\{}  
五、介词+ which结构 S['%>  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 +8 "8s  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, si~zg\uY  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 n>B ,O  
d14@G4#Bd  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, hN0h'JJ[7  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 <2 kv/  
sqF.,A,  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is !Q_Kil.9  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees &)Zv>P8z`  
   for public office. je#LD  
    (A) that wZCboQ ,  
    (B)by which Exv!!0Cd^  
    (C)is that "g"%7jK  
    (D)by those bhg6p$411  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 Z/GSR$@lI  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 ettBque  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 %< ;u JP K  
%RwWyzm#\  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players F3q<j$y  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called v^t oe  
   wickers. w .M  
   (A) when .2rpQa/h  
   (B) which .!2 u#A  
   (C) is when P A*U\  
   (D) in which  JAMV@  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 R;U4a2~  
F!?f|z,/  
六、in that结构 vz:VegS  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, GqP02P'2  
  because of +名词, gd%Ho8,T  
  consequently是副词 [z_z tK1  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 )"tM[~e`  
PbxQ \.  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals z~2;u 5S&  
   ---- it is a liquid. OYa9f[$  
   (A) whereas *cX i*7|=  
   (B) in that 3:sx%Ci/2  
   (C) because of Sy*p6DP  
   (D) consequently DbR!s1ux  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 0x&L'&Sp N  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 }U}ppq0Eo  
QQ =tiW  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual JnQ@uZb`  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. "N,@J-]/k  
   (A)they VGCd)&s  
   (B)in they E3CwA8)k  
   (C)that they k0 b6X5  
   (D)in that they `oO*ORq&  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 ~xJr|_,gp  
5@W63!N  
G ,`]2'(@  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 y<BG-  
;<F^&/a|yQ  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ \ZSqZDq  
   great inspiration for her poems. ^7:UC\_  
   (A) that she drew %r(qQM.Pl  
   (B) by drawing her P+e{,~o  
   (C) from which she drew (K ]wk9a  
   (D) drawn from which zCS }i_ p  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 x%dVD  
七、what结构 GJF ,w{J  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: Ty;^3  
  what=the thing that $P #KL//  
O_DT7;g  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend 16~5;u  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. zvv/|z2(r  
   (A) it grows M~9IL\J^G  
   (B) what grows zP$"6~.  
   (C) does it grow ,OkI 0[  
   (D) what does it grow T-js*  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 (3j f_  
83)m#  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle h6 :|RGF  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory /1+jQS  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. R0q|{5S  
   (A) there #)%X0%9.*<  
   (B) where T IyHM1+  
   (C) that AG G xx?I  
   (D) what 4Ub7T=LG  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 aMxM3"  
$WQm"WAKe  
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八、同位语结构 q9Lq+4\  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 Saks~m7,  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) /~/nhK m  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing 1[e%E#h  
   and swallowing . uJ3*AO  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste PD^Cj?wm  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly ~#= 70  
   (C) the chief organ of taste hz-^9U  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes [QwqP=-6  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 1f$1~5Z  
bZgFea_>i  
{YIVi:4q  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 6'.CW4L  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) G;J!3A;TE  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of X $SXDb~G  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of GP=bp_L  
   Dishonor. jq(rnbV  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause io7Zv*&T0  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson '.XR,\g>  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause @-O%u* %J  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. HQc^ybX5  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 )24 1-b V  
1HeE$  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as Ol X otp8  
   hosts to many insect pests. LP}'upv  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than Ka8Bed3  
     goldenrods fczH^+mI  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods c,5yH  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy -'j|U[&N\  
     plants .s3y^ 1C  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants ^7Z.~A y  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 ifadnl26 s  
eMUt%zvb  
kp,$ NfD  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 <a& $D  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 wU&vkb)k  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to knRs{1}Pw{  
   Athens. B?;P:!/1  
   (A) the distance is Tuy5 h 5  
   (B) that the distance is e^-C xHwA-  
   (C) is that the distance le~p2l#e   
   (D) the distance pUeok+k_  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 jR^_1bu  
*NoixV1>  
九、比较结构 N"zm  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 Vv*](iM  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less > |(L3UA9  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. "IRF^1 p  
    (A) does Mo[ yRRS#  
    (B) in ??,/85lM  
    (C) it does in u56WB9Z  
    (D) in it does I$oqFF|D  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 $SdpF-'  
=v=u+nO  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. p4z thdN[  
    (A) rays more than infrared ria.MCe\!  
    (B) rays are more infrared than jXYjs8Iy  
    (C) more than infrared rays #E4|@}30`  
    (D) more infrared rays than g\G}b  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 :d wP  
h.5KzC S  
Zo}vV2  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 fY!9i5@'  
例3:The activities of the international marketing !twYjOryH[  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. /NQ PTr  
   (A) the domestic marketer has \/R  $p  
   (B) the domestic marketer does N@V:nCl  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer Q 6dqFnz  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer KxQMPtHstz  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 &o'$uLF~Y  
5'n$aFqI  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing Zhc99L&K  
   is greater than --. E_Fm5zb?X  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined h8icF}m  
   (B) mining and farming combination *s|'V+1  
   (C) that mining and farming combined hp}JKj@  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming +6:jm54  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 :jFZz%   
{TaYkuWS  
十、定语从句省略结构 nBwDq^  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 \Yh*ywwP#  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture +g_m|LF  
   and overpower. b;5 M$  
   (A) can   |v_ttJ;+Y  
   (B) they can RM>A9nv$\  
   (C) which can ' 1X^@]+6  
   (D) and Wu'9ouw!  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 mQ2=t%  
y:Aha#<  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can 9*VL|  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the V,]Fh5f  
   food they eat. |\W~+}'g~  
    (A) require Q;GcV&f;f  
    (B) requires S2>$S^[U  
    (C) requiring k}!'@  
    (D)to require O) D$UG\<  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 ua,!kyS  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food "bz]5c~  
}:(;mW8 D  
2a*+mw  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 eOx8D|^W  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of .@$ A~/ YU  
    A k]~$AaNq  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around r 5t{I2  
   B          C      D NDJP`FI  
   the world. <r m)c.  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to w :x[ kA  
N1"p ;czK  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive @^GI :z  
          A  B      C tJmy}.t1  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. t%Bh'HkG  
              D uPE Ab2u="  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more _-2n tO<E  
q/ (h{cq  
十一、状语从句省略结构 [z!pm-Ir  
Metals expand when they are heated. 1DGl[k/zv  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: +O^}  t  
2*a9mi  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; aU_l"+5>vq  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, ^m AxV7k  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 q(A_k+NL  
l dp$jrNLr  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of R7O<>kt  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand A[F_x*S  
   considerable impact. YMVi7D~;Q$  
   (A) apparently zKp R:F  
   (B) are apparently w9n0p0xr<  
   (C) apparently their yXqC  
   (D) are they apparently L-9;"]d~|  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 BzV97'  
:))&"GY  
9+/D\|"{  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: s_^N=3Si   
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 7U^{xDg.b  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) kDxI7$]E  
%oWG"u  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the Qvel#*-4  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly _18Z]XtX  
   white. *ae)<l3v  
   (A) when, pure which o6:bmKWE  
   (B) when, which pure 06Q9X!xD  
   (C) which, pure when .J8 gW  
   (D) which, when pure n_k`L(8*  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, S%B56|'  
qg|ark*1u  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 1ox#hQBoS  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing q&_\A0  
   infrequently BUV4L5(  
   (A) Even N U+PG`Vb  
   (B) It is dLeos9M:  
   (C) Even though 5rc3jIXc{|  
   (D) There is !&3"($-U3G  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 H8B2{]HAt  
>n(dyU@  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 TTbJ9O<43  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 p#-=mXE/2  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; QMmZvz\^  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 qn{4AWmJ  
FP7N^HVBG=  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: 9ZR"Lo>3e+  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 O '`|( L  
  The starring troops have to surrender. 7y42)X  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; 49O_A[(d  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 E>gLUMG$  
p! )tA  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is W(?J,8>  
.6y*Z+Zg  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often -nX{&Z3-s  
   called scapegoating. +lZ-xU1  
   (A) Eliminate problems `[XH=-p  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) ;=E}PbZt2  
   (C) Eliminating problems qu]a+cYY  
   (D) Problems are eliminated X56q ,jCJ{  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 |u$*'EsP  
w 40*vBz  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them ;~WoJlEK3  
   from damage due to weather. RdL5VAD  
    (A) Painting VkJTcC:1  
    (B) Painted h.Sbds  
    (C) The paint Z=%u:K}[  
    (D) By painting f,LeJTX=  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 fIatp  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 {!{T,_ J  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting 6z/&j} (  
mz;ExV16  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to ?qn4 ea-\P  
   conserve water in the winter. @y0kX<M  
   (A) when losing leaves 3W.D^^)eCV  
   (B) leaves are lost 3O2vY1Y2  
   (C) that losing leaves /BF7N3  
   (D) the leaves losing //Xz  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 dr(e)eD(R>  
@cm[]]f'l  
十三、make结构 4K4u]"1  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) M$f _I +  
共有三种形式: CPP9=CoR37  
   make it possible+to do kjQI=:i=  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 `fVzY"Qv k  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) U^-J_ yq  
I9U 8@e!X  
做题技巧: (.{."  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it =umF C[. W  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it S%7 bM~J@  
gKIN* Od  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and R9+f^o` W  
   thus make--details that are otherwise '64/2x  
   impossible to observe . &N %-.&t'  
   (A) it visible u9+)jN<Yh  
   (B) visibly y>RqA *J  
   (C) visible Ja@ ?.gW  
   (D) they are visible tfe'].uT  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 x_H"<-By  
vha@YP C=  
I+Fr#1  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large mj y+_  
   amount of information on a single map. /J,&G: E r  
   (A) possible 2Ju,P_<dt  
   (B) it possible `R$bx 64  
   (C) it is possible ):Ekf2  
   (D) that possible 8[8U49V9(  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 9AQ2FD  
G&7 } m  
[{_K[5i  
十四、the more …the more…结构 xtp55"g  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: 89A04HX  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 @;d7#!:cE  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 .GPuKP|  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 y? 65*lUl  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 2f-Or/v  
e?-LB  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 11yS2D   
   number of lines of magnetic force. *Kw/ilI  
   (A) of SCMZ-^b  
   (B) the qk(u5Z  
   (C) is the =TXc - J  
   (D) is of the kc:2ID&  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B <4Cy U j  
6~q"#94  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the HLM"dmI   
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  y|Zj M  
   (A) the stress it is greater C/pu]%n@4  
   (B) greater is the stress GD .>u  
   (C) greater stress is @BXV>U2B{  
   (D) the greater the stress T k4"qGC.  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 /d-7n|#E  
Mx e  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 L"!BN/i_  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 5=Y\d,SS"  
l,3[hx  
Ss7XjWP.}  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , GQ9g$&T  
             A     B T/C1x9=?  
   thus making it possible the gentle /c1FFkq|K  
       C            .oo>NS  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. VIxcyp0X  
         D /P|jHK|{  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 #VEHyz6P  
+<H)DPG<  
dGzZ_Vf  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more zKk2 >.  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, Io&F0~Z;;(  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the rB:W\5~7  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” fm\IQqIK%  
    (A) however wy$9QN  
    (B) thus r#pC0Yj!3  
    (C) and 3l 0>  
    (D) moreover ^1S(6'a#  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 7 0:a2m  
e;<=aa)}?  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the GKwm %A  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. GRb"jF>ut  
    (A) to save the seeds ;p#)z/zZ  
    (B) saving the seeds yA!#>u%g  
    (C)which saves the seeds ,P<n\(DQ  
    (D) the seeds saved :d-+Z%Y  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B M:qeqn+  
-lm\~VZT3  
T'l >$6  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 gfs?H#  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. &/4W1=>(  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. Qsc%qt-l  
40oRO0p  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. ]dc^@}1bN  
   (A) the tallest 9Ay*'   
   (B) the tallest that is 8|`4D 'Ln  
   (C) which is the tallest ]z,W1Zs?  
   (D) which the tallest is 4QZ -7_  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 mh!;W=|/"  
h \b]>q@  
~&=-*  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of HKCM KHR  
       A  B       C "8aw=3A  
   domestic animals. C$xU!9K[+  
    D z1?7}9~`0c  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 1y l2i|m+  
-#H>kbs  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 ;GO>#yg4Eh  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: l~wx8 ,?G  
  program, programmed, programmed NA>h$N  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: s!``OyI/Z  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 &C<B=T"I  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be 6$w)"Rq  
tWD~|<\. )  
xxgS!J  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona g= k}6"F~  
   features structures built of red sandstone by ~sshhuF  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. :f?\ mVS+  
   (A) That the 2f16 /0J@  
   (B) In the Gvw4ot/  
   (C) Around the 7OG=LF*V-  
   (D) The Z!60n{T79c  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 >nkd U  
K?,eIZ{.S  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called i)g=Lew  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. kMAQHpDD  
   (A) to be made x'@0]f.  
   (B) making X"YH49?  
   (C) made -$J\BkI  
   (D) are made ,J"6(nk  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 p<*3mbgGO  
A&rk5y;  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given &duWV6Acw  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of 'Ar+k\.J  
   human beings. P7O$*  
   (A) without %eB0 )'  
   (B) lack X:bv ?o>Y  
   (C) minus '8K5=|!J  
   (D) not having 2W:R{dHE  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 0B#9CxU%  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 'd4I/  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 i"Hec9Ri  
qPGpN0M`  
h3D~?Iom  
十八、逻辑主语结构 AVf'"~?  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 NFw7g&1;Kp  
9W88_rE'e}  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. =(:{>tO_"  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members 8}z]B^?Fy  
    of the committee (T:OZmEO.  
   (B) the committee members discussed the L[o;@+32  
    problem vaN}M)W/  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee |& OW_*l  
    members the problem =<Q_&_.60  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by )@+lfIE(l  
    the members of the committee </! `m8\  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B M &`ZF  
(1pI#H"f9  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until 8axz`2`  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. XJJdCv^  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch 0kC}qru'  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn Z3jh-{0  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch Sc!]M 5  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn s+#|j;V<  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 "9F] Wv/  
}#0MJ6L  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her YdsY2  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her Xc)V;1  
   first article in print. WOqAVd\  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane HqM>K*XKU  
    Hawes had 9gjI;*(z1  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane R}~p1=D  
    Hawe's first ^Ej4^d  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first dzA5l:5  
    teaching position Jt-s6-2  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching _`RzPIS^  
    position z3F ^OU   
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 aJh=4j~.  
2 uuI_9 "^  
例4: Even at low levels, --. 2kv%k3 Q{  
   (A) the nervous system has produced &!)F0PN:u  
     detrimental effects by lead xL.T}f~y2>  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the %y@iA91K  
    nervous system iC U [X&  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the sU7>q}!  
    nervous system !83x,*O  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on sy^k:y?  
    the nervous system {?a9>g-BW  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 Y~RZf /`  
Ef fp^7 3  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking mtfyhFk  
            A   B     C xP@VK!sc  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. wp/u*g  
       D ' pE %'8R  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 ~;ink   
K;2]c3T  
X,- ' v[z  
十九、复合宾语结构 E(G=~>P  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 ;qI5GQ {  
We played soccer. o3H+.u$  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 uC K!lq-  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 v{rc5 ]\R  
` R@24 )  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 inBd.%Yr  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, bw*@0;  
例:We appoint him monitor. /p,D01Ws}(  
  We elected him president. YtQKsM  
i_GE9A=h  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck Fqzk/m  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not VGcl)fIqw?  
   consider them --because they are now primarily hMJ \a  
   kept as pets. C# r_qn  
   (A) where sporting dogs @"9y\1u  
   (B) sporting dogs ^a`zvrE v  
   (C) when sporting dogs yZ:|wxVY  
   (D) they are sportingdogs f/)3b`$Wu  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 Rn{q/h  
;J\{r$q  
二十、It结构 OxF\Hm)(  
一、强调句型 ,|I\{J #C  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 Oe9{`~  
NQfIY`lt'  
这个句型需要注意几点: ]_BG"IR!..  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; 6@2p@eYo  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; !W$3p'8Tu  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 [ur/`   
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: c%~'[W04\  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. 3|:uIoR{  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. n2#uH  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. %o4d4 3uZ  
^e>v{AE%  
二、形式主语 k5-mK{RZ  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 RAE|eTnna  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 j{_MDE7N  
`ss]\46>  
$Z28nPd/  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than y6*i/3  
    A               B 5!nZvv  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are HTqikw5X  
                  C 3C,e>zE}  
   the main focus of social psychology. * )]SsM1  
           D D"x~bs?V\  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is [/#n+sz.A  
6  09=o+  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of jilO%  "  
   educational films. ;? :,L  
   (A) It is  *Mp<4B  
   (B) There is  v>R.M"f  
   (C) Though there is w@:o:yLS  
   (D) Although it is ;%k%AXw  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 NX=dx&i>+  
~r>UjC_ B:  
F 1zc4l6  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 dJ&s/Z/>E  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, LA wS8t',  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 AT9SD vJ  
.A `:o  
in which+完整的句子 sNZ Pv^c  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 O0{v`|w9+  
B+B v(p  
名词+of which+谓语动词 L"-&B$B:  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 h n ]6he  
P<(mH=K  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of iLI]aZ   
   which are accented. =~S   
   (A) line consists of each Q$zlxn 7\  
   (B) consists of each line UCWU|r<s,  
   (C) each line consists syfR5wc  
   (D) it consists of each line NEH$&%OV?  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 =+L>^w#6=  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 )5v .9N 6v  
9|m  L  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a TExlGAHo+O  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. T{M:)}V  
   (A) traps   Q!{Dw :7  
   (B) trap its  I$LO0avvH2  
   (C) which traps bW|y -GM  
   (D) which it traps 1hWz%c|  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 l:"*]m7o_  
hH/ O2  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists C=cTj7Ub  
  have paid little attention to cultural CQ[-Cp7  
   A             WGx>{'LJ  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of AlxS?f2w  
         B      C U8KY/!XZ  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. F! e`i-xt  
           D ^'4uTbxP_!  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 MvmP["%J4_  
qI^jwl|k  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin $ZO<8|bW  
   became interested in the art movement ]Dg0@Y  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, M(uB ;Te  
   both --her novels and short stories. Rp*t"HSaAW  
   (A) in which the influence w#,v n8  
   (B) of which influenced :nUsC+oBS  
   (C) to have influence Fw m:c[G  
   (D) its influence in $"{3i8$3mT  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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