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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 ?pW`cFLDHF  
Q 3hKk$Y  
一、主句单一原则 Ta ZmRL  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 j/323Za+  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 M8kPj8}{  
M8MR oA6F  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. jwc)Lj}  
   (A) They occur where they are %". HaI]  
   (B) Occuring where $p1(He0 2  
   (C) Where they occur cvn@/qBq*t  
   (D) Where do they occur ]R+mKUZ9  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 Ci@o|Y }tP  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 -^&<Z 0m  
y;35WtDVb  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center (yH'{6g\  
   (A) Fort Wayne . ?8;qA  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne 7x"R3  
   (C) For wayne is in \r/rBa\  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in #{\J Nb+w%  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 q$0*b]=E  
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aB_F9;IR  
二、谓语动词专一原则 S5gyr&dm  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 &Qf/>@ l}  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 T;Lkaxsn  
|UkR'Ma  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” { }:#G  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with -WY<zJ  
   social issues. GSoX<*i  
    (A) covers %"q 9:{m  
    (B) covers it P}Gj %4/G  
    (C) which covers ~uj#4>3T  
    (D) which it covers / kF)  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 QJZK|*  
57'*w]4f  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused B al`y  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on @D]5civm_  
   the paper. Jz\%%C  
   (A) the impression is -"R2  
   (B) if the impression is YDIG,%uv  
   (C) impressions } +TORR?  
   (D) the impression 9>= ;FY  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression &pP;Neh;  
三、平行结构 Wvq27YK'  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 7LfA aj  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: 1gE [v  
A and B, ]MqMQLG0t  
A , B, and C ] vz%iv_  
ADz ^\  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- t*=CZE-  
   is known as accounting. [ZNtCnv  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary ]RwpX ^ 1  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's aE Bu *`-j  
     transactions df*#!D7oz  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are 0XOp3  
     summarized l94b^W}1)W  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an ~Sdb_ EZ  
     enterprise L,HhbTRca  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 ; 8_{e3s  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 S~<$H y*kh  
|sa]F5  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed kc2 PoJ  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and "0$a)4]  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 9-sw!tKx  
   human patients. W1WYej"  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in N(O9&L*4fm  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures ay4 %  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures @Rg/~\K  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull 0}<|7?  
     fractures ov|d^)'  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 SDL7<ZaE  
S};#+ufgTt  
四、宾语从句结构 (|F*vP'  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 f<GhkDPm>?  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: H!c@klD  
     state(陈述,表明)+that 3v (*5  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that GL&y@6  
<xup'n^7C  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, #OZ>V3k  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite rr/B= O7  
   units called quanta or photons. ag;Q F  
    (A) energy that =NpYFKmMhV  
    (B) that it is energy GXcJ< v  
    (C) it is energy :X"?kK0V  
    (D) that energy MvuQz7M#d  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 oVnvO iAc  
"Hya6k>j  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth !1rlN8w(qr  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is +ndaL hj'  
   placed on them. svsqg{9z  
   (A) although its crust and mantle 09|K>UC)v  
   (B) its crust and mantle to vN Vox0V  
   (C) that its crust and mantle :D euX  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to l~1Oef#y  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 \ 4&fxe  
五、介词+ which结构 }bs+-K  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 \?w2a$?6w  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, I*o()  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 &[_g6OL  
3("_Z%  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, . kQkC:~9  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 t 4PK}>QW  
8N!b>??  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is gGvz(R: y  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees DD7h^-x  
   for public office. 1uG"f<TsR  
    (A) that *Tas`WA  
    (B)by which Diy8gt  
    (C)is that BD68$y  
    (D)by those ]"J~:{, d  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 O|\J}rm'  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 QU4h8}$  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 PbW(%7o(t  
OJ,`  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players %kv0We fs  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called t|a2;aq_  
   wickers. (^s>m,h  
   (A) when Qi^Z 11  
   (B) which w0ht  
   (C) is when E7NV ^4h  
   (D) in which &{ay=Mj  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 M|6A0 m#Q  
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六、in that结构 `)` n(B  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, @$lG@I,[  
  because of +名词, @*OZx9  
  consequently是副词 4^TG>j?M  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 K!:azP,bZ  
]j'p :v  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals @HQ`~C#Z'  
   ---- it is a liquid. { D^{[I  
   (A) whereas a&tSj35*6  
   (B) in that nTuJEFn{  
   (C) because of =G]1LTI  
   (D) consequently t0o`-d(  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 >*]Hq.&8  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 } ~h3c|  
74H)|Dkx  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 0*rQ3Z  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. TcIcS]w%  
   (A)they aa?w:3  
   (B)in they @W va tD V  
   (C)that they T.@aep\"  
   (D)in that they q<\ ,  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 dls ss\c^M  
7[I}*3Q'  
qR(\5}  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 "]z-: \ V  
vg D77  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ ?0)&U  
   great inspiration for her poems. b /@#}Gc  
   (A) that she drew q8^^H$<Db  
   (B) by drawing her MO&}r7qq  
   (C) from which she drew <z]cyXv/  
   (D) drawn from which +)j$|x~(A  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 30XR 82P/  
七、what结构 Bm"KOr$}-  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: ^zt-HDBR_  
  what=the thing that P^w#S  
et,f_fd7v  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend  :@%4  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. | \'rP_I>  
   (A) it grows !eEHmRgg4  
   (B) what grows O+?<h{"  
   (C) does it grow F{eU";D  
   (D) what does it grow MxGu >r  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 Q(<)KZIK  
87=^J xy  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle CAcS~ "  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory FI3)i>CnW  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. +m8!U=Zi  
   (A) there gF$V$cU  
   (B) where d!:6[7X6  
   (C) that HYD"#m'TkB  
   (D) what P@,nA41,j  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 `FsH}UPu b  
EI:w aIr  
O2BW6Wc  
八、同位语结构 'B@e8S) y  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 :cGt#d6  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) "g' jPwFG  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing ~ug= {b  
   and swallowing . ,: ??P1  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste 'Er:a?88l  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly 1qf!DMcdZ  
   (C) the chief organ of taste nzmDA6d  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes 55;g1o}}f  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 $ZNu+tn Y  
F$^Su<w5l  
{; .T7dL  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 j%y$_9a7  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) ~_s{0g]B  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of <0S,Q+&  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of JB>b`W9   
   Dishonor. A0Zt8>w  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 9Ffp2NW`;  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson xY$iz)^0&  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause zcva-ze:;  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. YSj+\Z$(  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 &m[Qn!>i6  
Dc+'<"  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as @fa@s-wb  
   hosts to many insect pests. ?_v{| YI=  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than Vur bW=~g  
     goldenrods QMsHC%l3b  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods ]XTu+T.aT  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy Nx-uQ^e*1  
     plants W$'R} L  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants 0v]?6wX  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 Q//,4>JKf  
Q43|U4a  
@rHK( 25+d  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 Vf`7V$sr  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 M gC:b-&5_  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to zz^F k&  
   Athens. 8k^| G  
   (A) the distance is  iL= m{  
   (B) that the distance is $46{<4.  
   (C) is that the distance ~Aq5X I%i  
   (D) the distance h!#:$|Q  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 xP=/N!,#  
}@+NN ?P  
九、比较结构 $HG}[XD?  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 BI:k#jO!  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less QW_agm  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. /cK%n4l.y  
    (A) does zd]D(qeX  
    (B) in )>7%pz  
    (C) it does in 7n o5b] \  
    (D) in it does i-U4RZE  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 Wy]^Ub gW  
7DKz;o  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. I5AO?BzJ  
    (A) rays more than infrared \#'TNmS  
    (B) rays are more infrared than OquAql:   
    (C) more than infrared rays W2;N<[wa<u  
    (D) more infrared rays than /Jf~25F  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 g`k?AM\  
nH !3(X*  
i7 7GE  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 6+K_Z\  
例3:The activities of the international marketing JIO$=+p  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. Q 6C-4ja  
   (A) the domestic marketer has %OcGdbs  
   (B) the domestic marketer does *pzq.#  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer qJR!$?  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer l]2r)!Q7  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 jY!ZkQsVe  
n,M)oo1G  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing \ u+xa{b|  
   is greater than --. 7yI @"c#O  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined 9O,,m~B  
   (B) mining and farming combination smAC,-6 ]~  
   (C) that mining and farming combined fvo<(c#Y#  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming J#3{S]* v_  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 x;BbTBc>  
mZ0J!QYk  
十、定语从句省略结构 T9y;OG  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 "u' )g&   
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture w5~i^x  
   and overpower. T*q"N?/4  
   (A) can   _EYB 8e  
   (B) they can V`a+Hi<P\  
   (C) which can @O3/3vi1  
   (D) and GaNq2G  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 V/#v\*JHFc  
h#f&|* Q5m  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can /-*hjX$n  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the @] .VQ<X|0  
   food they eat. [ F([   
    (A) require M?:\9DDd  
    (B) requires 6n w&$I  
    (C) requiring 8cr NOZS6  
    (D)to require u35q,u=I  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 NtZ6$o<Y  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food LdTIR]  
[ #]jC[  
IKm&xzV-  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 j 2}v}  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of O3_B<Em  
    A KRk~w]  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ofwQ:0@  
   B          C      D Zc\S$+PM  
   the world. BjD&> gO)  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to q) _r3   
i:k-"  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive ec'tFL #u{  
          A  B      C X% J%A-k]  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. =HPu {K$  
              D Jk*QcEE=  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more \dNhzd#  
`@\^m_!}  
十一、状语从句省略结构 \\iK'|5YG  
Metals expand when they are heated. > ZDC . ~  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: Iv1c4"  
3Q$c'C  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; ] j1 vbk  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, w=$'Lt!  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 p  .aE  
ul$omKI$}  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of u!u5g.Q  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand &$Ci}{{n#  
   considerable impact. :4]J2U\@  
   (A) apparently hJ4S3b  
   (B) are apparently q@w"yz>  
   (C) apparently their M0 L-u  
   (D) are they apparently Jbkt'Z(&J  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 u<C $'V  
vQcUaPm\$  
oB3q AP  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: uh1S 7!^  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; h%/ssB  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) n'Bmz  
!2wETs ?  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the G6<HO7\  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly 8Y7 @D$=w  
   white. a&8l[xe1  
   (A) when, pure which OoE9W  
   (B) when, which pure kO jEY  
   (C) which, pure when $>EqH?EQ  
   (D) which, when pure |c=d;+  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, sK#H4y+<  
n}+wd9J*!2  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine l'W3=,G[?  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing |e~u!V\m  
   infrequently >s44  
   (A) Even Y=hP Erw  
   (B) It is bGhhh/n  
   (C) Even though o.p+j  
   (D) There is ]aREQ?ma&z  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 vM5k4%D  
zUe#Wp[  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 5T7_[{  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 M0Lon/%  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; /,=Wy"0TJ  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 u!hqq^1  
~3LhcU-  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: UDhwnGTq(l  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 S~] 8K8"sT  
  The starring troops have to surrender. ,| $|kO/  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; >^M!@=/?J  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 %iHyt,0v2  
,e}mR>i=e  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is z:0-aDe M  
|6\FI?  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often 6$xo# }8  
   called scapegoating. nPQ ZI6>  
   (A) Eliminate problems PM#$H  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) JKEXYE  
   (C) Eliminating problems C*Y :w  
   (D) Problems are eliminated "<g?x`iz  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 vV$hGS(f~  
.3S\Rrv  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them x mrugNRg  
   from damage due to weather. RE(=! 8lGR  
    (A) Painting ,?7xb]h  
    (B) Painted &deZ  
    (C) The paint [qjAq@@N#q  
    (D) By painting v"G%5pq*\  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 Nv*E .|G  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 1OfSq1G>v$  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting Bp=oTC G  
/I`bh  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to  \r1kbf7?  
   conserve water in the winter. |R &3/bEr  
   (A) when losing leaves %FR^[H]  
   (B) leaves are lost I!soV0V U]  
   (C) that losing leaves Ndug9j\2  
   (D) the leaves losing XYxm8ee"j  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 3Q!J9t5dc  
Wc`J`&#.#  
十三、make结构 skC|io-Zv  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) Kt!IyIa;Ht  
共有三种形式: mC[U)` ey  
   make it possible+to do 5qtmb4R~  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 u8k{N  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 4W//Oc@e  
$b i_i|?  
做题技巧: fO|~Oz<S  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it 7N59B z  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it ^ yukn*L  
_AFt 6\  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and Vw;ldEdx  
   thus make--details that are otherwise >2Qqa;nx|  
   impossible to observe . z)Q^j>%  
   (A) it visible ,M/#Q6P0}  
   (B) visibly )D@n?qbG  
   (C) visible `2mbF ^-4  
   (D) they are visible R$;&O. 5M  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 P7k$^n  
2eR+dT  
aEqI51I  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large 5fx,rtY2sQ  
   amount of information on a single map. \`p~b(  
   (A) possible :%b2;&A[  
   (B) it possible Oc/_ T>  
   (C) it is possible %1?V6&  
   (D) that possible |^k1hX2?W  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 hYUV9k:  
\y )4`A  
Ee\-q  
十四、the more …the more…结构 KJ^GUqVl  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: P"_}F  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 AW&s-b%P  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 9"lW"lG!  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 |Sv#f2`  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 No&[ \;  
~5!TV,>ls  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the jzA8f+:q  
   number of lines of magnetic force. M Hyl=5  
   (A) of JR<-'  
   (B) the v_h*:c  
   (C) is the u&_U CJCf  
   (D) is of the })SdaZ  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B ^`MDP`M;  
71&+dC  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the khIa9Nm  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  i6:yNb ='  
   (A) the stress it is greater ;/q6^Nk3A  
   (B) greater is the stress ({nSs5)$  
   (C) greater stress is dTQvz9C  
   (D) the greater the stress "[S 6w  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 FF!g9>  
K/+C6Y?  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 5@%-=87S  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 }V;]c~Q/H  
~R AH -]  
T5_Cu9>ax  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , ,6Q-k4_  
             A     B E"&9FxS]^  
   thus making it possible the gentle ah9',((!  
       C             " 1Aus  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. Y<fXuj|&  
         D |raQ]b@t&  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 q:sR zX  
}_;!E@  
Rj`Y X0?+  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more pPp nO  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, hO@3-SRa,k  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the [`\Qte%UH  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” Mu%,@?zM^/  
    (A) however uI&M|u:nT  
    (B) thus |h/2'zd^-  
    (C) and 9(j!#`O7&  
    (D) moreover %WN2 xCSf  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 ? d\8Q't*  
I0RWdOK8K  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the =T$- #bA)  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. `,d7_#9'  
    (A) to save the seeds 3k^jR1  
    (B) saving the seeds  64fG,b  
    (C)which saves the seeds _AYF'o-Cm  
    (D) the seeds saved 54w-yY  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B [=+/  
a~>h'}C>  
sXu+F2O  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 N<99K!   
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. e_TDO   
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. EA .U>5Fq  
q =6 Y2Q  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. 5Y^ YKV{  
   (A) the tallest f6 nltZ  
   (B) the tallest that is HrGX-6`  
   (C) which is the tallest 9OUhV [D  
   (D) which the tallest is BL67sva;  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 x]Ef}g  
y1X.Mvc  
qv6]YPP  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of M_K&x-H0  
       A  B       C 7f>n`nq?  
   domestic animals. D$HxPfDZ  
    D A7H=#L+C  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 71_N9ub@z  
RS~oSoAE  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 P}gh-5x  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: R<-KXT9  
  program, programmed, programmed iYnt:C  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: zw?6E8$h  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 #u_-TWVt  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be zx27aZ[  
*d(Dk*(  
g:HIiGN0Ic  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona A!c.P2  
   features structures built of red sandstone by T~la,>p|}  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. i> ;G4  
   (A) That the ]l`DR4 =  
   (B) In the )jg3`I@  
   (C) Around the 7 UR)4dYA  
   (D) The n}2}4^  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 . @.CQB=E  
F XbNmBXF  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called CXa$QSu>  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. b+kb7  
   (A) to be made @uc%]V<:k  
   (B) making Ab2VF;z :  
   (C) made N3,EF1%  
   (D) are made # aC}\  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 i+OyBDkJM!  
bp }~{]:b  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given 3 Tt8#B  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of kM.zX|_  
   human beings. wDn5|F}i&  
   (A) without [K^RC;}nV^  
   (B) lack G*ecM`Bl  
   (C) minus W )\~T:Kn  
   (D) not having J g@PhN<9  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 7uYJ _R  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 %0L 9)-R  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 ?>2k>~xlQ  
[-Dx)N  
hS<+=3 <M  
十八、逻辑主语结构 <J\z6+,4E  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 90;[5c   
<`BUk< uf#  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. geua8;  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members @Kp2l<P  
    of the committee (,[Oy6o  
   (B) the committee members discussed the LG(bdj"NM  
    problem phd,Jg[  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee 2}K7(y!?u  
    members the problem (z\@T`6`  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by 1Jt5|'tl  
    the members of the committee (z#qkKL{^  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B Y$shn]~  
'`I&g8I\  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until 6Gwk*%sb  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. ;~3CuN8  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch 4u0=/pfi[  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn ~J)_S' #  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch HTA Jn_  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 'gI q_t|^  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 F|Pf-.r`t  
E0[ec6^qwY  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her 9ePG-=5I  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her ~dg7c{o5  
   first article in print. YBehyx2eK  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane Gm~jC <  
    Hawes had `fYICp  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane >)\x\e  
    Hawe's first j51Wod<[  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first ji9 (!G  
    teaching position ,T& =*q  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching <pyLWmO  
    position o_R<7o/d|  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 Xf o3fW)s  
|, #DB  
例4: Even at low levels, --. 7/C,<$Ep  
   (A) the nervous system has produced IsP-[0it  
     detrimental effects by lead DO6Tz -%o  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the {EU?{ #  
    nervous system "pUqYMB2i  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the mXAGa8##j  
    nervous system PY.4J4nn|  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on RgTm^?Ex  
    the nervous system J5Pi"U$FkY  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 4PdJ  
JzuU k  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking q-? k=RX`  
            A   B     C 5~8FZ-x  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. iB-h3/  
       D "&9L  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 -O&u;kh4g  
Ebk9[=  
 x&^>|'H  
十九、复合宾语结构 6>  L)  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 Uw`YlUT\  
We played soccer. ,?k0~fuG6  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 g#W/WKvM  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 A5WchS'  
5Yxs_t4  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 0 oC5W?>8s  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, E\$7tXQK6  
例:We appoint him monitor. h=a-~= 8  
  We elected him president. !Py SYY  
r0Cc0TMdj  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck N'5AU (  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not I38j[Xk  
   consider them --because they are now primarily jsp)e=  
   kept as pets. g %ZKn  
   (A) where sporting dogs {e/6iSpT  
   (B) sporting dogs $ap6Vxjr  
   (C) when sporting dogs 4tGP- L  
   (D) they are sportingdogs QIb4ghm,  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 asj*/eC$/i  
PV(TDb:0  
二十、It结构 )@hG#KMK  
一、强调句型 _+0Q Q{'N  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 Nn:>c<[  
'#*5jn]CqB  
这个句型需要注意几点: gX'nFGqud  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; 0*4h}t9j  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; =X24C'!Mpe  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 p$+.]  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: m Bc2x8g)  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. PKK18E}{%^  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. i,R+C.6{  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. Osj/={7g  
N5%Cwl6i  
二、形式主语 \|wUxijJ*,  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 /t $J<bU  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 {zmh0c; |  
sSdnH_;&  
m,1Hlp  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than  ]$=\zL  
    A               B a}#8n^2  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are +T,Yf/^Fn  
                  C LagHzCB  
   the main focus of social psychology. +C8yzMN\  
           D mcg kNED  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is +Dwq>3AH  
L3s1a -K  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of :IB@@5r1  
   educational films. 3Gyw^_{J  
   (A) It is  {%! >0@7  
   (B) There is  OMM5p=2Q  
   (C) Though there is a"Q>K7K  
   (D) Although it is !8ch&cr)o+  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 vXUq[,8yf  
b>_eD-  
T x 6\  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 `= FDNOwp  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, ;"T,3JQPn6  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 ~V`F5B  
|(Q !$  
in which+完整的句子 c'Mi9,q  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 z!> H^v  
1*vt\,G  
名词+of which+谓语动词 x |0@T?  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 Ph Ep3o&"  
*$/!.e  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of iLR^V!  
   which are accented. _G1C5nkDl4  
   (A) line consists of each UP?]5x>  
   (B) consists of each line f;Uf=.#F  
   (C) each line consists _`L QnRp(  
   (D) it consists of each line aH(B}wh{  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 ZlEH3-Zv  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 ,'>,N/JA  
qQ=\R1l  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a rJ7yq|^Z  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. G zw $M  
   (A) traps   8&2W^f5  
   (B) trap its  D1g .Fek5  
   (C) which traps C_q@ixF{  
   (D) which it traps ,]* MI"  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 s+RSAyU  
!T3b ]0z  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists L28DBjE)A  
  have paid little attention to cultural [<H'JsJl  
   A             V\4zK$]  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of FvTc{"w /  
         B      C K[/sVaPZ  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. @}[yC['  
           D dnXre*rhz  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 8kA2.pIk  
~n<U8cm O  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin ? ^l{t4  
   became interested in the art movement E!_mXjlPc  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, P g{/tM Y  
   both --her novels and short stories. YA,vT[kX  
   (A) in which the influence zUNWcv!& "  
   (B) of which influenced 5&QDZnsl  
   (C) to have influence +q N X/F  
   (D) its influence in [h;&r"1  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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