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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 aE~T!h  
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一、主句单一原则 "rB B&l  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 in>+D|q c  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 '8 .JnCg  
wO]e%BTO  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. (WHg B0{  
   (A) They occur where they are U p@^C"  
   (B) Occuring where vn}m-U XA*  
   (C) Where they occur p7QZn.,=u  
   (D) Where do they occur ,:mL\ZED  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 h(=<-p @  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 nP%U<$,+  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center  v@EErF  
   (A) Fort Wayne }||u {[  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne &|x7T<,)  
   (C) For wayne is in rfk{$g  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in lpXGsK H2  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 <|l}@\iRX  
z% bH?1^o  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 x`g,>>&C  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 JlYZ\  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。  ,]EhDW6  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” l7g'z'G  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with SE\?8cs]-  
   social issues. JaUzu3*=  
    (A) covers t.8r~2(?  
    (B) covers it R `ViRJh  
    (C) which covers Tc(=J7*r&  
    (D) which it covers (6$ P/k8  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 }@q/.Ct! x  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused FGi7KV=N  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on nsI+04[F  
   the paper. sex\dg<  
   (A) the impression is l(NQk> w  
   (B) if the impression is 3tZIL  
   (C) impressions [XY%<P3D  
   (D) the impression +7b8ye  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression :C>7HEh-2_  
三、平行结构 5(H%Ia  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 83c2y;|8  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: ] "_c-=  
A and B, 8NHm#Z3Ol  
A , B, and C {K.H09Y  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- ,Iyc0  
   is known as accounting. -!XG>Z  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary ~W21%T+  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's -i8KJzPL f  
     transactions *Y(59J2  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are s-IE}I?;  
     summarized  _BP%@o  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an M>i(p%  
     enterprise 4 "2%mx:  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 #p(c{L!  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 v8-My1toV  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed n0=]C%wr  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and  zjUQ]  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on ;$iT]S  
   human patients. ^# $IoW  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in Z+ k) N  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures - jZAvb  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures & ^$@LH3  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull pl>b 6 |  
     fractures 9YI@c_1 Q  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 0hoMf=bb$  
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四、宾语从句结构 KRxJ2  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 J~K O#`  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: U1:m=!S;x  
     state(陈述,表明)+that |y7TYjg6  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that rCa]T@=  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, "S#$:92  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite nN&dtjoF  
   units called quanta or photons. #Tc`W_-  
    (A) energy that .*N,x(V  
    (B) that it is energy J PTLh{/  
    (C) it is energy #^RIp>NN9  
    (D) that energy O_ r-(wE4  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 iJh{ ,0))g  
F lVG,Z  
kDJYEI9j>  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth f]10^y5&  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is y=9fuGL6  
   placed on them. u L v  
   (A) although its crust and mantle I[A<e]uK  
   (B) its crust and mantle to IHW s<U  
   (C) that its crust and mantle D+AkV|  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to X%I@4 B7Ts  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 w:I!{iX  
五、介词+ which结构 BV<_1 WT}  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 UH&1QV  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, hH$9GL{H  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 bOYM-\ {y  
uYO$gRem  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, ) F -8  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 &n?RKcH}d  
J10/pS  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is q(46v`u  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees w$]wd`N}  
   for public office. {qSMJja!t  
    (A) that +u |SX/C  
    (B)by which ifWQwS/,a  
    (C)is that _b)Ie`a.H  
    (D)by those I(3YXv VN  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 B$OV^iwxK  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 <}xgp[O  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 =yRv *C  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players S%?%06$  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called _9=cxwi<w  
   wickers. ([SJ6ff]&  
   (A) when P~&J@8)c  
   (B) which ;B }4pv}  
   (C) is when }0/l48G  
   (D) in which Q 4L7{^[X  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 ym` 4v5w  
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六、in that结构 dtG>iJ  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, 8"[{[<-   
  because of +名词, 6@:<62!;  
  consequently是副词 A&jR-%JG  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 _Wp.s]D [  
s|[qq7  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals 05jjLM'e  
   ---- it is a liquid. kf95)iLo  
   (A) whereas ~?iQnQYI  
   (B) in that `O%O[  
   (C) because of T}"[f/:N/  
   (D) consequently .rX,*|1x  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 0q]0+o*%  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 YB:}L b  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual =<K6gC27  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. gC_KT,=H;  
   (A)they Uaj_,qb(  
   (B)in they Z@>kqJ%  
   (C)that they tCw B 7 c-  
   (D)in that they Otf{)f  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 43O5|8o  
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zXbA$ c  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 bUYjmb2g)  
)ac!@slb^7  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ <zAYq=IU  
   great inspiration for her poems. <jM { <8-  
   (A) that she drew #k)t.P Q  
   (B) by drawing her Jz P0D'  
   (C) from which she drew {.y_{yWo  
   (D) drawn from which $3%+N|L  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ]M'~uTf  
七、what结构 "{Y6.)x  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: O}}rosA  
  what=the thing that QBN\wL8g  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend es=OWJt^  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. 9QL%q; #  
   (A) it grows  nb6Y/`G  
   (B) what grows )OVa7[-T  
   (C) does it grow 0'YJczDq:7  
   (D) what does it grow LhM$!o?W  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。  ARs]qUY  
g x?r8  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle WIpV'F|t]`  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory %H,s~IU  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. ju .pQ=PSX  
   (A) there 9 %i\)  
   (B) where k}NM]9EAE  
   (C) that J_m@YkK  
   (D) what !6@'H4cb=  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 !\9^|Ef?  
j0V/\Ep)T<  
7')W+`o8eL  
八、同位语结构 2lOUNxQ$  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 |D%mWQng  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) (V]3w  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing 6Io}3}3  
   and swallowing . :zLf~ W  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste pt,L  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly Fb =uN   
   (C) the chief organ of taste *X2PT(e[  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes (;%T]?<9#  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 $D#h, `  
vZ"gCf3#?3  
*Q/^ib9=  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 |%v:>XEO  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) ,aC}0t  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of >(S)aug$1  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of _#6Q f  
   Dishonor. )`f-qTe  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 5P"R'/[PA_  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson iBSg`"S^]C  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause p TwzVz~  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. "T5oUy&i  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 4A6Y \ZXI  
xw 43P.  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as H/x0'  
   hosts to many insect pests. ;WX.D]>{W  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than K6p\ >J  
     goldenrods klT?h[I!  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods x,25ROaHY  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy K}re{y  
     plants #RR;?`,L}  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants ~F'6k&A^q  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 r4SwvxhG  
~ O\A 0e  
azv173XZ  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 7wx=#  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 [E a{);  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to .4%z$(+6  
   Athens. -fA=&$V  
   (A) the distance is \KhcNr?ja=  
   (B) that the distance is $8eiifj  
   (C) is that the distance #9|&;C5',!  
   (D) the distance X|{ Tljn  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 #E!^oZm<Z  
VNWB$mM.2  
九、比较结构 SDC|>e9i  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 4u}Cki,vOK  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less bp9RF d{  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. vz4( k/  
    (A) does %evb.h)  
    (B) in fVn4=d6X  
    (C) it does in 0}<blU  
    (D) in it does fU|v[  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 =|i_T%a  
{V>F69IU  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. b+qd' ,.Z  
    (A) rays more than infrared Ds(Z.  
    (B) rays are more infrared than As46:<!2  
    (C) more than infrared rays nvndgeSy  
    (D) more infrared rays than E \/[hT  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 w|&lRo@1  
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4E.9CjN1>  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 'EIe5O p  
例3:The activities of the international marketing 23r(4  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. W|8VE,"7  
   (A) the domestic marketer has :8@)W<>%  
   (B) the domestic marketer does v Z]j%c@  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer A4f"v)vM  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer 3]vVuQK.  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 :7LA/j  
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing #,z-Pj?O!  
   is greater than --. R*bx&..<  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined r2#G|/=@  
   (B) mining and farming combination {g nl6+j  
   (C) that mining and farming combined 2?7ID~\  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming }+m4(lpl  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 a%c <3'  
<J%Z?3@ T  
十、定语从句省略结构 XdA]);,  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 `5- ;'nX  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture fSd|6iFH  
   and overpower. jo&j<3i  
   (A) can   )T9Cv8  
   (B) they can 6 9 $R.  
   (C) which can ^@/wXj:  
   (D) and .$p eq  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 n eu<zSS  
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can sHPAr}14  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the _YlyS )#@  
   food they eat. Jq)k5X>&Sj  
    (A) require T\.~!Q  
    (B) requires &V 7J5~_  
    (C) requiring 6I(Y<LZ5  
    (D)to require `vzMuL;  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 Q*Jb0f  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food Q1*_l  
Cm8h b  
4xT /8>v2|  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 [bKc5qp  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of %n6<6t`$  
    A n&&C(#mBC  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around \nyqW4nTm  
   B          C      D \c{sG\ >  
   the world. ~Fo2MwE2~  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to HZ!<dy3  
lmUCrs37  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive /T  {R\  
          A  B      C ^-Arfm%dn  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. Y5ei:r|^  
              D n|T$3j)  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more wPYeKOh'  
hN0h'JJ[7  
十一、状语从句省略结构 <2 kv/  
Metals expand when they are heated. G3!O@j!7w$  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: DfGq m-c  
Omn $O>  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; Q$: ,N=%  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, 8?'=Aeo  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 I5[@C<b  
Ed;!A(64r  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of ub1~+T'O  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand  .MDSP/s  
   considerable impact. 1PWi~1q{Q  
   (A) apparently D > U(&n  
   (B) are apparently zcOm"-E-  
   (C) apparently their *GhV1# <  
   (D) are they apparently i 8 cmT+}>  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 }43qpJe8U  
EN}4-P/5  
(<H@W/0$  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: DtS7)/<T  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; >*^SQ{9  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ns/*WH&[x  
K-c>J uv&,  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the a>Aq/=  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly ^x( s !4d]  
   white. gHXv mR"  
   (A) when, pure which 8{&.[S C7  
   (B) when, which pure w&hCt c  
   (C) which, pure when VGCd)&s  
   (D) which, when pure 0}:Wh&g  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, NOAz"m+o  
-" r4  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine FId,/la  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing #z*,-EV|  
   infrequently I34 1s0  
   (A) Even }1a(*s,s-^  
   (B) It is mZnsr@KF  
   (C) Even though G]Im.x3O-  
   (D) There is >@-BZJg/k  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 ATV|M[B  
'RQEktm  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 *m'&<pg]X  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 Uw)B(;Hy?  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; oy=ej+:  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 `0 W+(9}  
0yb9R/3.  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: +5:9?&lH  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 GN+,9  
  The starring troops have to surrender. |B2>}Y/  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; >G vd?r  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 BGstf4v>A<  
DKNcp8<J  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is E7<l^/<2S+  
Xw16 2/:h  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often , LqfwA|  
   called scapegoating. + a+DiD>./  
   (A) Eliminate problems ji5Nq +S2  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) ]-OF3+l4  
   (C) Eliminating problems IL%P\Zs  
   (D) Problems are eliminated U@}P]'`'f  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 )s ?Hkn  
Ece=loV*l  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them }l5Q0'  
   from damage due to weather. i~{0>"9  
    (A) Painting 'lgS;ItpKu  
    (B) Painted K/!>[d  
    (C) The paint #*+$o<Q]9  
    (D) By painting ]QF*\2b-I2  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 ca:Vdrw`  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 ]ia{N  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting YcM 0A~<  
+ ;B K|([#  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to z[]8"C=  
   conserve water in the winter. is{H >#+"  
   (A) when losing leaves ezhK[/E=  
   (B) leaves are lost W'Y#(N[ktP  
   (C) that losing leaves j"vL$h  
   (D) the leaves losing F7`[r9 $  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 mzn#4;m$  
 *,e `.  
十三、make结构 K^c%$n:}+  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) <a& $D  
共有三种形式: 2Gn26L 5  
   make it possible+to do uL=FK  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 Vd A!tL  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) y2>AbrJ  
OsgjSJrf  
做题技巧: G4J)o?:m@  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it -~^sSLrbP  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it 8 g3?@i  
+ y|Q7+  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and "?s  
   thus make--details that are otherwise ; r95i1a'  
   impossible to observe . cA B<'44R  
   (A) it visible SF[}s uL  
   (B) visibly 4.q^r]m*  
   (C) visible ;AJ6I*O@+  
   (D) they are visible o}y(T07n  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 sQMfU{S /  
jXYjs8Iy  
y*#+:D]o*  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large P$&l1Mp  
   amount of information on a single map. j -7aJj%  
   (A) possible -BEd7@?A  
   (B) it possible z(1`Iy M  
   (C) it is possible =&WH9IKz  
   (D) that possible FM<`\ d'  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 ;1q|SmF  
q5\iQ2f{WV  
^n*:zmD  
十四、the more …the more…结构 Oe lf^&m  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: zE i\#Zg$  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 'Ej+Jczzpp  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 OtoG,~?  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 i '[! 'HY  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 R]4 h)"  
D+{& zo  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 6_>(9&g`zV  
   number of lines of magnetic force. %]N|?9L"=  
   (A) of d2Ta&Md  
   (B) the ' 1X^@]+6  
   (C) is the f9vitFkb+  
   (D) is of the D/+l$aBz  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B -#,4rN#  
#szIYyk  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the Tt4Q|"CJA  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  +%Z:k  
   (A) the stress it is greater JA4}B wn  
   (B) greater is the stress 9U Hh#  
   (C) greater stress is p$cb&NNh*H  
   (D) the greater the stress Y++n0sK5<  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 3AAciMq}  
{u4AOM=)  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 V!NRBXg  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 5F#FC89Kk  
U5p3b;  
y{ 2\T  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , z L9:e7o  
             A     B 0[ (kFe  
   thus making it possible the gentle '*^9'=  
       C            1 hD(l6tG@  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. 7spZe"  
         D #qv!1$}2  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 A5Q4wy`  
VP<LY/'f  
>XX93  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more K(HrwH`a{  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, AGKT*l.-  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the 'H#0-V"=  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” Zr=B8wuT  
    (A) however 7P]i|Q{  
    (B) thus vU(fd!V ?  
    (C) and 8kvA^r`  
    (D) moreover 6ND*L0  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 y]+[o1]-c  
1_l)$"  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the ei"c|/pO  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. %oWG"u  
    (A) to save the seeds 1$`|$V1  
    (B) saving the seeds <0? r# }  
    (C)which saves the seeds {47Uu%XT  
    (D) the seeds saved a>9_#_hI  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B Bj9FSKiH  
Sw$/Z)1K&  
7i'clB9!  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 t F 7u-  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. U2tgBF?)A  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. QMmZvz\^  
A f!`7l-  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. A$n.'*gK  
   (A) the tallest e'c3.sQ|?  
   (B) the tallest that is mwN "Cu4t  
   (C) which is the tallest ^eefR5^_w  
   (D) which the tallest is !0|&f>y  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 r'_#rl  
6W3."};  
Z=;=9<vA  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of |2 =w":2#  
       A  B       C S4_ZG>\VT  
   domestic animals. nD)SR  
    D B|+% ExT7  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 .x/H2r'1  
+ut%C.1  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 )te_ <W  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: p]Qe5@NT  
  program, programmed, programmed AXi4{Q,  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: + iQ~ Y2Gh  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 wN6sica|  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be #q9BU:  
rXip"uz(K>  
d4Y[}Fcp+  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona T2mZkK?rA  
   features structures built of red sandstone by (5[#?_~  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. W&Xi &[Ux  
   (A) That the YxA nh  
   (B) In the A^0-%Ygl  
   (C) Around the gq~`!tW'  
   (D) The AP=SCq;  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 K+yi_n L  
 Y!|};  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called QEx&AT  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. pMp@W`i^6  
   (A) to be made >Wpdq(o  
   (B) making W^3'9nYU  
   (C) made y92<(ziaX)  
   (D) are made ~H]d9C  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 J=n^&y  
icK U)  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given xlW>3'uHfa  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of }yCgd 5+_  
   human beings. >>=v`}  
   (A) without F#e fs6{  
   (B) lack uQWd`7  
   (C) minus $g#d1u0q  
   (D) not having !|Y&h0e  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 +,9Mufh  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 Z,b^f Vw  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 [3W+h1  
UX'tdB !A  
m$ q*  
十八、逻辑主语结构 0j{KZy  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 `P9%[8`C 9  
k${F7I(Tb  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. N{zou?+  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members H Sk}09GV  
    of the committee c1_?Z  
   (B) the committee members discussed the 1) G6  
    problem lnntb3q  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee ymyk.#Z<%  
    members the problem pJwy ~ L  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by 2E3x=  
    the members of the committee BRMR> ~k(  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B SkA"MhX  
OAz -w  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until ~# |p=Y  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. N DV_/BI  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch >pA9'KWs]  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn ZCVN+::Y  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch v|mZcAz  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn |4a#O8d  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 7e&%R4{b  
_/!IjB:(70  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her NASRr  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her ?5 d3k%  
   first article in print. WChJ <[]W  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane re/l5v,|3  
    Hawes had <tg>1,C  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane )/9/p17:xu  
    Hawe's first <&rvv4*H  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first [nlW}1)46  
    teaching position 6]^}GyM!  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching o3l_&?^  
    position 7=8e|$K_  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 3say&|kJ  
T!)v9L  
例4: Even at low levels, --. :_Y@,CpIEg  
   (A) the nervous system has produced X ] &Q^  
     detrimental effects by lead [x 5T7=  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the   Hs8c%C  
    nervous system 0> m-J  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the kfBVF%90  
    nervous system R I"A'/56  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on y!Q&;xO+!  
    the nervous system Y zSUJ=0/  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 2mbZ6'p {  
wg*2mo  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking m-UI^M,@<  
            A   B     C k9.2*+vvg  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. >9(lFh0P  
       D C9U~lcIS  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 o64&BpCK  
|Gb"%5YD  
#m6 eG&a  
十九、复合宾语结构 _YY:}'+  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 iNgHx[*?  
We played soccer. Q uy5H  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 a 1Qg&s<  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 Bhl@\Kq  
it!8+hvq9*  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 yw2^kk93|  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, >n)N=Zyu  
例:We appoint him monitor. _K>cB<+d  
  We elected him president. nM1U=Du  
SEF/ D0  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck 2P~zYdjS  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not l=[<gPE  
   consider them --because they are now primarily .0S.7w3dZo  
   kept as pets. iV[g.sP-  
   (A) where sporting dogs bN@V=C3  
   (B) sporting dogs CeoK@y=o  
   (C) when sporting dogs `UL #g![J  
   (D) they are sportingdogs J{Ei+@^/9  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 /cUcfe#X  
UMuqdLaT9  
二十、It结构 k5]s~* ,0  
一、强调句型 h}i /u  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 L"A ,7@:Vd  
2?58=i%b  
这个句型需要注意几点: *g]q~\b/;  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; KlDW'R $  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; )uiYu3 I  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 1w/1k6`0  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: p<*3mbgGO  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. E8zga )  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. "qjkw f)\  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. @ |v4B[/  
OF&{mJH"g'  
二、形式主语 :#1{c^i%3  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 MW l?pG!Y  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 J^8(h R  
2jV.\C k  
DW&%"$2  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than >=BH$4Ce  
    A               B \fIGMoy!  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are {I0b%>r=  
                  C PnkJ Wl<S  
   the main focus of social psychology. H6%QM}t  
           D "S)2<tV  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is jA_w OR7$  
?3 {&"  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of mW~t/$Y$  
   educational films. &<hDl<E  
   (A) It is  s+IU%y/9$a  
   (B) There is  j06?Mm_c2  
   (C) Though there is +c;/hM<IX.  
   (D) Although it is &N4Jpa}w/%  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 \1|]?ZQ\K  
${I$@qq83  
Tj5G /H>   
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 /){F0Zjjt  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, v`&  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 I#lvaoeN  
V)x(\ls]SX  
in which+完整的句子 $p_FrN{  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 DXX(qk)6  
xX;@ BS  
名词+of which+谓语动词 C-25\  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 cfZG3 "  
QG{).|pm  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of jC_7cAsl  
   which are accented. 38Rod]\E  
   (A) line consists of each ?Q$LIoR  
   (B) consists of each line r]!<iw  
   (C) each line consists 00DWXGt20o  
   (D) it consists of each line m]g"]U:  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 FN$ hEc!  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 B_f0-nKP  
i&cH  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a `i{k^Q  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. fVR:m`'Iq_  
   (A) traps   P1P P#>E-2  
   (B) trap its  7ko7)"N  
   (C) which traps WIwbf|\  
   (D) which it traps ":,HY)z  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 JOj\#!\>k0  
K#"@nVWJ.m  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists V/5hEoDt  
  have paid little attention to cultural Q*TxjE7K  
   A             N0s)Nao4  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of =goZI67  
         B      C :oB4\/(G#  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. ^H+j;K{5,  
           D =#XsY,r  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 {d$S~  
!DnG)4#  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin $"{V],:T |  
   became interested in the art movement < /y V  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, V>P\yr?  
   both --her novels and short stories. +N[dYm  
   (A) in which the influence /3%]Ggwe  
   (B) of which influenced 4x'^?0H@  
   (C) to have influence 2h&pm   
   (D) its influence in ,Ucb)8a  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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