填空题常考结构 90W=v*
JyE-c}I
一、主句单一原则 N~$>| gn
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 ZEI)U,
I.
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ,gQl_Amvz
i0{\c}r:4b
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. BN79\rt
(A) They occur where they are WBWW7 HK
(B) Occuring where ~
q-Z-MA
(C) Where they occur SDC|>e9i
(D) Where do they occur h<%$?h+}
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 %RV81H9B
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 e1W9"&4>G{
doL-G?8B
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center sF!#*Y
(A) Fort Wayne >S:(BJMo
(B) Although Fort Wayne 0R)x"4Ww
(C) For wayne is in F@Sk=l(
(D) Fort Wayne, in =8 @DYz'
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 j_g(6uZhz3
3*</vo#`
t~ {O)tt
二、谓语动词专一原则 o+.L@3RT4
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 UPGUJ>2Z
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 W_M#Gi/AL
CPy>sV3Ru0
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” .@)vJtH)
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with 3&})gU&a
social issues. Aeh#
(A) covers r&8aB85
(B) covers it `$> Y
(C) which covers *90dkJZ.
(D) which it covers b_ TI_
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 Y!xPmL^]?
>gp53\
%}TJr]'F
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused ;w .la
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on 7~P2q/2E>
the paper. A4f"v)vM
(A) the impression is ZXs,TaU
(B) if the impression is `C: 7N=9
(C) impressions -&
(iU#W
(D) the impression Ua
\f]y
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression =7}1NeC`
三、平行结构 Mbxl{M
>
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 eQuw uT
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: Kuh3.1#o
A and B, [z!m
A , B, and C lUjZ=3"'
/g>-s&w
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- h.R46 :
is known as accounting. w98M#GqV
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary 9BZ B1oX
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's Ydr
h+
transactions a%c <3'
(C) transactions of an enterprise are 7NRa&W2
summarized Kkq-x'gt^
(D) summarizing the transactions of an 424iFc[
enterprise kAp#6->(q
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 !B Pm{_C
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 X[h{g`
g8E5"jpXx3
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed ]d(Z%
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and VfzyBjQ
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on >[wxZ5))
human patients. I*%3E.Z@g
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in >dK0&+A
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures JJ1>)S}X-
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures j)8$hK/e0.
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull L
*\[;.mk
fractures (&79}IEd
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 zf)*W#+
'2Zs15)V
四、宾语从句结构 #xx.yn(7
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 Qa/1*Mb
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: >A
@yF?
state(陈述,表明)+that . 0yBI=QI
indicate(指明,表明)+that xKBi".wA
VXZYRr3F
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, 4P?`<
K'
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 1E!.E=Y?M
units called quanta or photons. VTR4uT-
(A) energy that LsI@_,XW<
(B) that it is energy 4xT /8>v2|
(C) it is energy ?99r>01>
(D) that energy bHm/Z Zx
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 !W,LG$=/
R#Yj%$E1
;=@O.iF;H
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth U.Vn|s(`z
indicate--yield when unusual weight is a{e
2*V
placed on them. Muq~p~m}
(A) although its crust and mantle Ha]vG@?+
(B) its crust and mantle to \kKd:C{
(C) that its crust and mantle -]}#Z:&
(D) for its crust and mantle to A`~?2LH,~F
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 yz,_\{}
五、介词+ which结构 S['%>
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 +8"8s
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, si~zg\uY
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 n>B
,O
d14@G4#Bd
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, hN0h'JJ[7
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 <2
kv/
sqF.,A,
例1:In the United States, a primary election is
!Q_Kil.9
a method ---- voters select the nominees &)Zv>P8z`
for public office. je#LD
(A) that wZCboQ
,
(B)by which Exv!!0Cd^
(C)is that "g"%7jK
(D)by those bhg6p$411
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 Z/GSR$@lI
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 ettBque
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 %< ;u
JP K
%RwWyzm#\
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players F 3q<j$y
hit wooden balls through wire arches called v^t oe
wickers. w .M
(A) when .2rpQa/h
(B) which .!2
u#A
(C) is when P A*U\
(D) in which
JAMV@
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 R;U4a2~
F!?f|z,/
六、in that结构 vz:VegS
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, GqP02P'2
because of +名词, gd%Ho8,T
consequently是副词 [z_ztK1
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 )"tM[~e`
PbxQ \.
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals z~2;u5S&
---- it is a liquid. OYa9f[ $
(A) whereas *cXi*7|=
(B) in that 3:sx%Ci/2
(C) because of Sy*p6DP
(D) consequently DbR!s1ux
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 0x&L'&Sp
N
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 }U}ppq0Eo
QQ=tiW
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual JnQ@uZb`
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. "N,@J-]/k
(A)they VGCd)&s
(B)in they E3CwA8)k
(C)that they k0
b6X5
(D)in that they `oO*ORq&
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 ~xJr|_,gp
5@W63!N
G ,`]2'(@
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 y<BG-
;<F^&/a|yQ
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ \ZSq ZDq
great inspiration for her poems. ^7:UC\_
(A) that she drew %r(qQM.Pl
(B) by drawing her P+e {,~o
(C) from which she drew (K ]wk9a
(D) drawn from which zCS }i_ p
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 x%dVD
七、what结构 GJF
,w{J
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: Ty;^3
what=the thing that $P #KL//
O_DT7;g
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend 16~5 ;u
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. zvv/|z2(r
(A) it grows M~9IL\J^G
(B) what grows zP$"6~.
(C) does it grow ,OkI
0[
(D) what does it grow T-js*
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 (3j f_
83)m#
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle h6:|RGF
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory /1+jQS
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. R0q|{5S
(A) there #)%X0%9.*<
(B) where T I yHM1+
(C) that AG Gxx?I
(D) what 4Ub7T=LG
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 aMxM3"
$WQm"WAKe
P
qa;fiJ)
八、同位语结构 q9Lq+4\
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 Saks~m7,
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) /~/nhK
m
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing 1[e%E#h
and swallowing . uJ3*AO
(A) is the chief organ of taste PD^Cj?wm
(B) tasting the organ chiefly ~#=
70
(C) the chief organ of taste hz-^9U
(D) the organ chiefly tastes [QwqP=-6
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 1f$1~5Z
bZgFea_>i
{YIVi:4q
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词
6'.CW4L
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) G;J!3A;TE
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of X$SXDb~G
Native Americans in her novel, Century of GP=bp_L
Dishonor. jq(rnbV
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause io7Zv*&T0
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson '.XR,\g>
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause @-O%u*%J
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. HQc^ybX5
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 )24
1-b V
1HeE$
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as OlX
otp8
hosts to many insect pests. LP}'upv
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than Ka8Bed3
goldenrods fczH^+mI
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods c,5yH
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy -'j|U[&N\
plants .s3y^
1C
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants ^7Z.~A y
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 ifadnl26
s
eMU t%zvb
kp,$ NfD
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 <a&$D
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 wU&vkb)k
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to knRs{1}Pw{
Athens. B?;P:!/1
(A) the distance is Tuy5
h5
(B) that the distance is e^-C
xHwA-
(C) is that the distance le~p2l#e
(D) the distance pUeok+k_
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 jR^_1bu
*NoixV1>
九、比较结构 N"zm
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 Vv*](iM
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less > |(L3UA9
snow than --eastern Nebraska. "IRF^1 p
(A) does Mo[
yRRS#
(B) in ??,/85lM
(C) it does in u56WB9Z
(D) in it does I$oqFF|D
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 $Sd pF-'
=v=u+nO
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. p4z
thdN[
(A) rays more than infrared ria.MCe\!
(B) rays are more infrared than jXYjs8Iy
(C) more than infrared rays #E4|@}30`
(D) more infrared rays than g\G}b
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 :dwP
h.5KzC
S
Zo}vV 2
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 fY!9i5@'
例3:The activities of the international marketing !twYjOryH[
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. /NQ
PTr
(A) the domestic marketer has \/R
$p
(B) the domestic marketer does N@V:nCl
(C) those of the domestic marketer
Q
6dqFnz
(D) that which has the domestic marketer KxQMPtHstz
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 &o'$uLF~Y
5'n$aFqI
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing Zhc99 L&K
is greater than --. E_Fm5zb?X
(A) that of its mining and farming combined h8icF}m
(B) mining and farming combination *s|'V+1
(C) that mining and farming combined hp}JKj@
(D) of its combination mining and farming +6:jm54
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 :jFZz%
{TaYkuWS
十、定语从句省略结构 nBwDq^
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 \Yh*ywwP#
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture +g_m|LF
and overpower. b;5
M$
(A) can |v_ttJ;+Y
(B) they can RM>A9nv$\
(C) which can '1X^@]+6
(D) and Wu'9ouw!
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 mQ2=t%
y:Aha#<
例2:A majority of people in the United States can 9*VL |
get all the calcium their bodies----from the V,]Fh5f
food they eat. |\W~+}'g~
(A) require Q;GcV&f;f
(B) requires S2>$S^[U
(C) requiring k}!'@
(D)to require O)
D$UG\<
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 ua,!kyS
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food "bz]5c~
}:(;mW8
D
2 a*+mw
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 eOx8D|^W
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of .@$A~/ YU
A k]~$AaNq
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around r 5t{I2
B C D NDJP`FI
the world. <r
m)c.
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to w
:x[kA
N1"p ;czK
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive @^GI :z
A B C tJmy}.t1
than the Sun dies and exploded. t%Bh'HkG
D uPE Ab2u="
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more _-2ntO<E
q/ (h{cq
十一、状语从句省略结构 [z!pm-Ir
Metals expand when they are heated. 1DGl[k/zv
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: +O^} t
2*a9mi
第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; aU_l"+5>vq
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, ^m
AxV7k
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 q(A_k+NL
l
dp$jrNLr
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of R7O<>kt
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand
A[F_x*S
considerable impact. YMVi7D~;Q$
(A) apparently zKp R:F
(B) are apparently w9n0p0xr<
(C) apparently their yXqC
(D) are they apparently L-9;"]d~|
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 BzV97'
:))&"GY
9+/D\|"{
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: s_^N=3Si
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 7U^{xDg.b
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) kDxI7$]E
%oWG"u
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the Qvel#*-4
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly _18Z]XtX
white. *ae)<l3v
(A) when, pure which o6:bmKWE
(B) when, which pure 06Q9X!xD
(C) which, pure when .J8 gW
(D) which, when pure
n_k`L(8*
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, S%B56|'
qg|ark*1u
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 1ox#hQBoS
is highly efficient and needs servicing q&_\A0
infrequently BUV4L5(
(A) Even NU+PG`Vb
(B) It is dLeos9M:
(C) Even though 5rc3jIXc{|
(D) There is !&3"($-U3G
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 H8B2{]HAt
>n(dyU @
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 TTbJ9O<43
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 p#-=mXE/2
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; QMmZvz\^
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 qn{4AWmJ
FP7N^HVBG=
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: 9ZR"Lo>3e+
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 O '`|(
L
The starring troops have to surrender. 7y42)X
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; 49O_A[(d
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 E>gLUMG$
p!)tA
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is W(?J,8>
.6y*Z+Zg
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often -nX{&Z3-s
called scapegoating.
+lZ-xU1
(A) Eliminate problems `[XH=-p
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) ;=E}PbZt2
(C) Eliminating problems qu]a+cYY
(D) Problems are eliminated X56q,jCJ{
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 |u$*'EsP
w
40*vBz
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them ;~WoJlEK3
from damage due to weather. RdL5VAD
(A) Painting VkJTcC:1
(B) Painted h.Sbds
(C) The paint Z=%u:K}[
(D) By painting f,LeJTX=
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 fIatp
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 {!{T,_ J
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting 6z/&j} (
mz;ExV16
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to ?qn4ea-\P
conserve water in the winter. @y0kX<M
(A) when losing leaves 3W.D^^)eCV
(B) leaves are lost 3O2vY1Y2
(C) that losing leaves /BF7N3
(D) the leaves losing //Xz
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 dr(e)eD(R>
@cm[]]f'l
十三、make结构 4K4u]"1
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) M$f
_I +
共有三种形式: CPP9=CoR37
make it possible+to do kjQI=:i=
make it possible+that引导的从句 `fVzY"Qv k
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) U^-J_yq
I9U
8@e!X
做题技巧: (.{. "
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it =umF C[.W
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it S%7bM~J@
gKIN* Od
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and R9+f^o`W
thus make--details that are otherwise '64/2x
impossible to observe . &N%-.&t'
(A) it visible u9+)jN<Yh
(B) visibly y>RqA*J
(C) visible Ja@?.gW
(D) they are visible tfe'].uT
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 x_H"<-By
vha@YP
C=
I+Fr#1
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large mj y+_
amount of information on a single map. /J,&G:
E
r
(A) possible 2Ju,P_<dt
(B) it possible `R$bx 64
(C) it is possible ):Ekf2
(D) that possible 8[8U49V9(
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 9AQ2FD
G&7 } m
[{_K[5i
十四、the more …the more…结构 xtp55"g
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: 89A04HX
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 @;d7#!:cE
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 .GPuKP|
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 y? 65*lUl
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。
2f -Or/v
e?-LB
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 11yS2D
number of lines of magnetic force. *K w/ilI
(A) of SCMZ-^b
(B) the qk(u5Z
(C) is the =TXc- J
(D) is of the kc:2ID&
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B <4Cy U
j
6~q"#94
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the HLM"dmI
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. y|Zj
M
(A) the stress it is greater C/pu]%n@4
(B) greater is the stress GD .>u
(C) greater stress is @BXV>U2B{
(D) the greater the stress Tk4"qGC.
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 /d-7n|#E
Mx
e
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 L"!BN/i_
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 5=Y\d,SS"
l,3[hx
Ss7XjWP.}
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified ,
GQ9g $&T
A B T/C1x9=?
thus making it possible the gentle /c 1FFkq|K
C
.oo>NS
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. VIxcyp0X
D /P|jHK|{
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 #VEHyz 6P
+<H)DPG<
dGzZ_Vf
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more zKk2
>.
than sixty-five million items of scientific, Io&F0~Z;;(
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the rB:W\5~7
popular title, “attic of the nation.” fm\IQqIK%
(A) however wy$9QN
(B) thus r#pC0Yj!3
(C) and 3l 0>
(D) moreover ^1S(6'a#
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 70:a2m
e;<=aa)}?
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the GKwm %A
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. GRb"jF>ut
(A) to save the seeds ;p#)z/zZ
(B) saving the seeds yA!#>u%g
(C)which saves the seeds ,P<n\(DQ
(D) the seeds saved :d-+Z%Y
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B M: qeqn+
-lm\~VZT3
T'l >$6
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 gfs?H #
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. &/4W1=>(
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. Qsc%qt-l
40oRO0p
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. ]dc^@}1bN
(A) the tallest 9Ay*'
(B) the tallest that is 8|`4D 'Ln
(C) which is the tallest ]z,W1Zs?
(D) which the tallest is 4QZ -7_
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 mh!;W=|/"
h\b]>q@
~&=-*
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of HKCM
KHR
A B C "8aw=3A
domestic animals. C$xU!9K[+
D z1?7}9~`0c
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 1y l2i|m+
-#H>kbs
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 ;GO>#yg4Eh
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: l~wx8
,?G
program, programmed, programmed NA>h$N
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: s!``OyI/Z
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 &C<B=T"I
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be 6$w)"Rq
tWD~|<\. )
xxgS!J
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona g= k}6"F~
features structures built of red sandstone by
~sshhuF
ancestors of the Hopi people. :f?\ mVS+
(A) That the 2f16 /0J@
(B) In the Gvw4ot/
(C) Around the 7OG=LF*V-
(D) The Z!60n{T79c
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 >nkd U
K?,eIZ{.S
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called i)g=Lew
lymphocytes and plasma cells. kMAQHpDD
(A) to be made x'@0]f.
(B) making X"YH49?
(C) made -$J\BkI
(D) are made ,J"6(nk
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 p<*3mbgGO
A&rk5y;
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given &duWV6Acw
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of 'Ar+k\.J
human beings. P7 O$*
(A) without %eB 0)'
(B) lack X:bv
?o>Y
(C) minus '8K5=|!J
(D) not having 2W:R{dHE
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 0B#9CxU%
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 'd 4I/
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 i"Hec9Ri
qPGpN0M`
h3D~?Iom
十八、逻辑主语结构 A Vf'"~?
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 NFw7g&1;Kp
9W88_rE'e}
例1:Having been served lunch, --. =(:{>tO_"
(A) the problem was discussed by the members 8}z]B^?Fy
of the committee (T:OZmEO.
(B) the committee members discussed the L[o;@+32
problem vaN}M)W/
(C) it was discussed by the committee |&OW_*l
members the problem =<Q_&_.60
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by )@+lfIE(l
the members of the committee </!
`m8 \
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B M &`ZF
(1pI#H"f9
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until 8axz`2 `
almost two centuries later, in 1834. XJJdCv^
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch 0kC}qru'
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn Z3jh-{ 0
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch Sc!]M 5
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn
s+#|j;V<
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 "9F]
Wv/
}#0MJ6L
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her YdsY2
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her Xc)V;1
first article in print. WOqAVd\
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane HqM>K*XKU
Hawes had 9gjI;*(z1
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane R}~p1=D
Hawe's first ^Ej4^d
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first dzA5l:5
teaching position Jt-s6-2
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching _`RzPIS^
position z3F ^OU
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 aJh=4j~.
2 uuI_9 "^
例4: Even at low levels, --. 2kv%k3Q{
(A) the nervous system has produced &!)F0PN:u
detrimental effects by lead xL.T}f~y2>
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the %y@iA91K
nervous system iC U[X&
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the sU7>q}!
nervous system !8 3x,*O
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on sy^k:y?
the nervous system {?a9>g-BW
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 Y~RZf /`
Effp^7 3
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking mtfyhFk
A B C xP@VK!sc
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. wp/u*g
D 'pE %'8R
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 ~;ink
K;2]c3T
X,- '
v[z
十九、复合宾语结构 E(G=~>P
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 ;qI5GQ {
We played soccer. o3H+.u$
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 uC
K!lq-
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 v{rc5 ]\R
`
R@24 )
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 inBd.%Yr
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, bw*@0;
例:We appoint him monitor. /p,D01Ws}(
We elected him president. YtQKsM
i_GE9A=h
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck Fqzk/m
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not VGcl)fIqw?
consider them --because they are now primarily hMJ \a
kept as pets. C#r_qn
(A) where sporting dogs @"9y\1u
(B) sporting dogs ^a`zvrE
v
(C) when sporting dogs yZ:|wxVY
(D) they are sportingdogs f/)3b`$Wu
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 Rn{q/h
;J\{r$q
二十、It结构 OxF\Hm)(
一、强调句型 ,|I\{J #C
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 Oe9{`~
NQfIY`lt'
这个句型需要注意几点: ]_BG"IR!..
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; 6@2p@eYo
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; !W$3p'8Tu
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 [ur/`
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: c%~'[W04\
原句: Ann bought these books last year. 3|:uIoR{
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. n 2#uH
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. %o4d43uZ
^e>v{AE%
二、形式主语 k5-mK{RZ
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 RAE|eTnna
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 j{_MDE7N
`ss]\46>
$Z28nPd/
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than y6*i/3
A B 5!nZvv
the events that occur in their lives , that are HTqik w5X
C 3C,e>zE}
the main focus of social psychology. *)]SsM1
D D"x~bs?V\
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is [/#n+sz.A
609=o+
例2: --an increasing international exchange of jilO% "
educational films. ;?:,L
(A) It is *Mp<4B
(B) There is v>R.M"f
(C) Though there is w@:o:yLS
(D) Although it is ;%k%AXw
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 NX=dx&i>+
~r>UjC_
B:
F 1zc4l6
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 dJ&s/Z/>E
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, LAwS8t',
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 AT9SD vJ
.A `:o
in which+完整的句子 sNZ
Pv^c
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 O0{v`|w9+
B+Bv(p
名词+of which+谓语动词 L"-&B$B:
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 h n]6he
P<(mH=K
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of iLI]aZ
which are accented. =~S
(A) line consists of each
Q$zlxn 7\
(B) consists of each line UCWU|r<s,
(C) each line consists syfR5wc
(D) it consists of each line NEH$&%OV?
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 =+L>^w#6=
five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 )5v .9N6v
9|m L
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a TExlGAHo+O
sticky substance on them ------ insects. T{M:)}V
(A) traps Q!{Dw:7
(B) trap its I$LO0avvH2
(C) which traps bW|y -GM
(D) which it traps 1hWz%c|
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 l :"*]m7o_
hH/O2
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists C=cTj7Ub
have paid little attention to cultural CQ[-Cp7
A WGx>{'LJ
interpretations given to silence, or to the types of AlxS?f2w
B C U8KY/!XZ
social contexts in which tends to occur. F! e`i-xt
D ^'4uTbxP_!
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 MvmP["%J4_
qI^jwl|k
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin $ZO<8|bW
became interested in the art movement ]Dg0@Y
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, M(uB
;Te
both --her novels and short stories. Rp*t"HSaAW
(A) in which the influence w#,v n8
(B) of which influenced :nUsC+oBS
(C) to have influence F w m:c[G
(D) its influence in $"{3i8$3mT
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。