英语倍数句型及其译法 I[b@U<\
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: GWP;;x%
倍数增加 ) {=2td$=$
8GC(?#Kb
(一) A is n timesas great(long,much,…)as B.(①) I^'U_"vB
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) TMsEHd
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) h9Zf4@w
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. t-#Y6U}b+
G(piq4D
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. /W !A^
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 )KvQaC
G
~Oj}rn
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 YE#OAfj~
2+G_Y>
(二)increase to ntimes(④) E%L]ifA9!
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) BS
}uv3
increase by n times(⑥) sePOW#|
increase by a factor of n(⑦) V%~u8b
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 h 9V9.'
[MM11K
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times ascompared with last year. Q"]C"?
The output of chemical fertilizer has beenraised five times as against l986. ku,Y-
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 dy u brIG
That can increase metabolic rates by two orthree times. l7 D/]&
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 _\ n'uW$
The drain voltage has been increased by afactor of four. bA#E8dlC_
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 h+$1+Es
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 6.tppAO+
9s)YPlDz
(三)There is an-fold increase/growth…(⑧) /IVw}:G
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: #m9V)1"wB
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. ee&QZVL>
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 WT(R =bLw
hBLg;"=Em
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) {U=za1Ga
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. ,%dn)gt7
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 y)U8\
451C2 %y
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: L.!:nu]rV
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) Uy ;oJY
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 Mz]LFM
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. F5L/7j<}
【= A is one and ahalf times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) >~J_9'gX6
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 *goi^Xp
7Yj\*N
倍数减少 U$VTk
a((5_8SX5
(一)A is n times assmall (light,slow,…)as B.(12) k1-?2kf"{
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) pSq\3Hp]Q
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 :g<dwuVO
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. 3CQpe
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 5+%BZ
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. (a7IxW
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 y''? yr
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 f
.+e
9M01}
(二)decrease ntimes/n--fold (14) |k
4+I
decrease by n times(15) (:T~*7/"
decrease by a factor of n(16) 5Y9 j/wA
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 ?wwY8e?S
u> >t"w
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 J_P2% b=C
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. )sNtwSl^
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 cW&OVNj
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by tentimes. yxA0#6so
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 7^Onq0ym T
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. c1n? @L
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 =}c~BHT
(三)There is an-fold decrease/reduction… n }MG
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) M>I}^Zp!
这个句型还有其它一些形式, Vl9\&EL
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. @&M$`b
^
发现迅速减少到1/7。 >Xb
]n_`
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. Jge;/f!i
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 [|F.*06SK
T\cdtjk
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。 5Vvy:<.la