医学考博英语作文句型之如何表达“有”

基本句型
　　第一句主题句写完后，第二句往往可以对第一句的概括性内容进行进一步的说明或陈述。陈述的意念很多，句型也很多，现在让我们从最基本的开始。
　　I.There is / are [There was; There were; There will be; There has been; There have been]+sth. (单数 / 复数) in [at; on] + sth. (表示地方、范围、方面存在或出现某事物，这是一个用途广泛的句型，也是考生容易犯错误的句型)
　　例句：
　　我国每年有100万肿瘤病人未能放疗。
　　In our country there are one million patients with tumor who fail to get radiotherapy every year.
　　One million patients with cancer fail to get radiotherapy every year in our country. (此句表达很好。)
　　*There are one million patients with tumor not get radiotherapy every year in our country. ( 此句表达错误)
　　One million patients with cancer do not get treatment every year in our country.
　　2. 药品器具市场有不少问题。
　　There are many problems in the markets of medications and medical devices.
　　Many problems exist in the markets of medications and medical devices.
　　*The markets of medications and medical devices have many problems. (not good)
　　The markets of medications and medical devices face many problems.
　　3. 在健康教育方面，中国与发达国家还有一定的距离。
　　There is a certain gap between China and developed counties in health education.
　　There exists a certain gap between China and developed countries in health education.
　　*In health education, China and developed countries have some distance. (此句错误)
　　Health education in China is not as good as that in developed countries.
　　4. 我国约有民办医院400多家。
　　There are nearly 400 private hospitals in our country.
　　5. 没有治愈过敏症的办法。
　　There are no cures for allergies.

II. 主语(多半为有生命的)+have / has [had; will have; has had; have had]+sth.(表示拥有、具有，用途极广，但不少考生也容易犯错误)
　　例句：
　　1. 人的耳朵有两个功能：听声音和保持平衡。
　　The human ear has two main functions: hearing and maintaining balance.
　　2. 艾滋病有三个特点。
　　AIDS has three basic characteristics [features].
　　3. 我国70%~80%的大学生有心理问题。
　　70%~80%of colleges students in our country have mental problems.
　　4.大多数的吸烟者都有肺部疾病。
　　Most smokers have lung problems.
　　5.临床护理专家在日常工作中有四种不同的角色：护理者、顾问、教育者和研究者。
　　Clinical nurse specialists have four different roles in their daily practice: nurse practitioner, counselor, tutor [educator] and researcher.
　　III. contain sth. / include sth. (表示含有、包括)
　　1. 其他反应还有胃痛、恶心、腹泻和气短。
　　Other reactions include stomach pains, sickness, diarrhea and shortness of breath.
　　2. 他们的血液和体液里都含有大量艾滋病病毒，具有很强的传染性。
　　Their blood and body liquids contain lots of AIDS viruses which are highly infectious.
　　There are lots of highly infectious AIDS viruses in their blood and body liquids.
　　3. 所以，应选择富有碳水化合物的食物。
　　Therefore, you should choose foods which contain a lot of carbohydrate.
　　Therefore, one should choose foods (which are) rich in carbohydrate.
　　4. 狗会传播多种疾病，有一些是致人死命的疾病。
　　Dogs can spread many diseases, including some that are deadly to people.
　　Dogs can spread many diseases some of which can make people die.
　　5. 一种食物中很难含有全部的维生素。
　　One kind of food can hardly contain all the vitamins.
　　It is unlikely to have a kind of food that contains all sorts of vitamins.
　　6. 差异可能有个体、宗教、年龄、种族、生活方式、社会经济状况、家庭结构等。
　　The differences may include individuality, spiritual beliefs, gender, age, race, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and family structure.
　　7. 临床护理专家(clinical nurse specialist) 的作用有临床实践、咨询服务、教学以及相关护理研究成果的应用。
　　The role of clinical nurse specialists should include clinical practice, consultation, teaching and the application of relevant nursing research.
　　实践上，汉语的“有”字，在许多情况下，是不须用have或there is之类的英语词汇表达出来的，例如：
　　1. 有的细菌是有害于人体健康的微生物，有的则有益。
　　Some bacteria are harmful micro-organisms to our human body, but some are helpful.
　　*There are some bacteria are harmful micro-organisms to our human body, there are some are helpful. (此句表达错误)
　　Some bacteria are bad for health, but some are good.
　　2. 过去几年，农村医疗卫生的形势有了很大的变化。
　　The situation of rural medical care greatly changed in the past years.
　　There were great changes in the situation of rural medical care in the past years.
　　*The situation of rural medical care had great changes recently. [not good]
　　The situation of rural medical care witnessed great changes in the past years.
　　Rural medical care greatly changed in the past years.
　　3. 导致这种情况的原因，我认为有两点。
　　I think that two reasons resulted in this situation.
　　I think there are two reasons leading to this situation.
　　4. 好医院应该有什么病人治什么病人。
　　A good hospital should treat whatever patients come to it.
　　A good hospital should treat all kinds of patients.
　　A good hospital should not refuse any patient.
　　5. 在整个青年期，人的行为都具有很大的盲目性和冲动性。
　　In the whole period of youth, a person’s actions are full of blindness and impulse.
　　In the whole period of youth, a person’s actions are characterized by blindness and impulse.
　　In the whole period of youth, a person’s actions are often out of blindness and sudden excitement.
　　When people are young, they often act blindly and impulsively.
　　6. 人类与艾滋病作斗争已经有二十多年了。
　　Man has been fighting against [dealing with] AIDS for more than twenty years.
　　7. 要让患者在生命的末期没有身体上的痛苦。
　　Make sure that patients do not suffer much physical pain at the end of life.
　　We should make patients free of [from] much bodily pain at the end of their life.
　　We can free patients of [from] much bodily pain at the end their life.

然而，又有许多情况下，汉语没有“有”字，但英语可以用最基本最简单的have或there is来表达，这一点很值得我们考生注意。
　　例如：
　　1. 影响健康的因素很多。
　　There are many factors which can affect health.
　　*Many factors can affect health.
　　2. 基因将会在不同物种之间转移，转基因作物的培育过程中也会发生错误。
　　There will be movement of genes between species. There will be some mistakes in the development of genetically-modified crops, too.
　　3. 目前使用的化学物资多达20,000种。
　　Currently there are some 20,000 chemicals in use.
　　*Currently some 20,000 chemicals are in use.
　　4. 20%的大学生心理存在严重障碍。
　　20% of college students have serious mental problems.
　　5. 近来许多社区开展了各种各样的健康教育活动。
　　Recently there have been a variety of health education activities in many communities.
　　6. 过去的一年中，试管婴儿的出生数量大幅飙升。
　　There was a sharp increase in the number of newborn test-tube babies in the past year.
　　7. 他们个人卫生方面的问题很多。
　　They have many bad habits in personal hygiene.
　　There many problems in their personal hygiene.
　　Their personal hygiene is not satisfactory.
　　8. 治疗药物可分为三大类：抗HIV病毒药物，免疫调节剂和抗感染药物。
　　There are three kinds of treatment drugs: the anti-HIV ones, immunoregulation ones and anti-infective ones.
　　9. 该物质什么浓度对人无害，尚不清楚。
　　There is no known level at which this substances is not dangerous to people.
　　We do not know which concentration makes this substance harmful to people.
　　10. 手术后无需用药。
　　There will be no need for any medication after operation.
　　11. 毫无疑问，抽烟有害健康。
　　There is no doubt that smoking is harmful to health.
　　12. 男人的寿命比女人短。
　　Men have shorter lifespan than women.
　　Women usually live longer than men.
　　13. 这个医生对待病人态度亲切。
　　This doctor has a pleasant manner towards his patients.
　　The doctor is kind to his patients.
　　14. 乡村一级卫生院医疗质量无法保证，医疗事故更是经常出现。
　　You cannot have good medical services in village clinics, and there are often medical accidents there.
　　The quality of medical services in village clinics is usually poor, and there are often medical accidents there.

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