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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 M:V_/@W.  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 |D.ND%K&  
2)基本用法 8i,K~Bu=  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 QdC<Sk!G  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , l@:0e]8|o  
seldom等。例如: PxE3K-S)G  
The sun rises in the east. v.ui!|c  
He usually goes to work by bus. a'z7(8$$  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. m4yL@d,Yw  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 6`-jPR  
如: [fIg{Q  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. ctJE+1#PH  
The project starts early this year. sT' 5%4  
There is a conference tonight. y)gKxRaCS  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: xP,hTE  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. V470C@  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. Xs?o{]Fe  
2 、一般过去时 8e| % M  
1)构成:动词过去式 H7j0K~U0  
2)基本用法 &! ?eL  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: PiYxk+N  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 O7IJ%_A&  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: 6K<K  
He died five years ago. r>U@3%0&  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. i7>tU=  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he @y&b w9\  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. nj 53G67y  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. '6Q =#:mc\  
3 、一般将来时 fwf$Co+R:*  
1)构成 J9[r|`gJ(  
will +动词原形 ]P?vdgEM&  
2)基本用法 e@OX_t_  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 w*JGUk  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. d{7 +w/Zi  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 3kMf!VL  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 A$:U'ZG_  
明即将发生的事。例如: ~`:L?Jkb6H  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. J~UuS+Ufv  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 7VFLJr t  
可能性。例如: 'ub@]ru|  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. OH(waKq2I  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 <<R*2b  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: e&aWq@D  
We're leaving on Friday. "~ C,bk  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. exUu7& *:  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ^RtIh-Z.9  
He is about to retire. ` v@m-j6  
4 、现在进行时 ? '{SX9  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。  v<(  
2)基本用法 .+A+|yR  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: &AbNWtCV+G  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 8&`LYdzt  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. wyO4Y  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 ~g ZLY ls  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: j yUCH*@  
He is constantly complaining about his job. T !WT;A   
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. PKg@[<g43  
5 、现在完成时 ~;{; ,8!)  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 '^~{@~ ;%L  
2)基本用法 C mWgcw1  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 ::{Q1F  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since \B,@`dw  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: >rKIG~P_  
We’ve just back. pm0{R[:T7  
We have studied English for more than ten years. :hk5 .[  
He has lived here since 1995. d K 3*;  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ARwD~ Tr  
Have you booked your hotel yet kr:^tbJ  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 r 8rgY42  
(1)过去与现在的关系 -23w2Qt  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 V>-e y9Q\  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 -g Sa_8R  
造成的影响。  KD7dye  
(2)时间状语不同 {|_M # w~&  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, ipgC RHE  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till qqr?!vem6  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: (U_ujPD ?  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) Z=Y& B>:[  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 =llvuUd\n  
开着的。) m6&~HfwN  
6 、过去进行时 ]kRfB:4ED  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 z] P SpUd  
2)基本用法 wyj{zWRJp  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: ,nLy4T&"  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. %D}kD6=  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. {V$|3m>:*  
7 、过去完成时 JG!mc7  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 ,+vy,<e&  
2)基本用法 2U\u4N O{  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 mPN@{.(j  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: w QH<gJE/:  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning [.'|_l  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 3<Zq ]jk?n  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. 1s2>C!\  
8 、过去将来时 # 448-8x  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 '}JhzKNj  
2)基本用法 qL&[K>2z  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 DV+xg3\(>1  
时的宾语从句中。例如: .TMs bZ|j  
He said he would stop smoking next month. g\(G\ tnu>  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. '(VJ&UlS2  
9 、将来完成时 gsv uE  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 Lh"<XYY  
2)基本用法 be{H$9'  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: 6C^ D#.S  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. -MO#]K3<  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. FLCexlv^  
10 、现在完成进行时 5C*Pd Wpl  
1)构成 a %'the  
2)基本用法 o\<ULW*  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 }DE g-j,F  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 f ue( UMF~  
状语连用。例如: dA`IEQJL  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. } FlT%>Gw  
He has been studying English for years. %lx!. G  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. uk]$#TV*q>  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 +I:Unp  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: C12 Fl  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) ksqQM  
They have built a ship.(已完成) HT cb_a  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) qQ/^@3tXL  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! q&- `,8#  
(表达不满情绪) kT66;Y[  
II. 动词的语态 nH'e?> x~e  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 \0I_<  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: Y>T-af49  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 4Zddw0|2  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called YnS#H"  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called qzLPw*;  
将来 shall/will be  #ut  
called 7~% ?#  
------ shall/will have been called =tn)}Y.<e  
应注意的事项: 9C9oUtS  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 a=1@*ID  
He was beat severely by the gunman. r~8 $1"  
The cup was broken by Tom. G]tn i  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 beGa#JH,  
或副词。例如: P[ck84F/  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. E\EsWb  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. ~2N"#b&J  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 qLG&WB  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: nYSiS}?S .  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) 7#a-u<HF"  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) ~?Pw& K2  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) eA?RK.e  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 ZzpUUH/r  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: D%SlAzZ3  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. 2(+2+ }  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 1#2 I  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: (gU!=F?#m  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: iB yf{I>+  
She got her purse stolen. h"Q8b}$^)  
I must get my hair cut. 9T9!kb  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 }C?'BRX  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: WDD%Q8ejV&  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. *#|&JIEsi  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. >T-u~i$s  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, C2I_%nU Z1  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: $( kF#  
The book sells very well. #q$HQ&k  
The parachute opens easily. n;_sG>N  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: E CuH%b^,  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; ;[YG@-"XZ  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 &wawr2)}  
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