(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 EY> %#0
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 )RA7Y}e|m
2)基本用法 g($ y4~#
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 Yckl,g_
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , mufF_e)
seldom等。例如: =BNmuAY7
The sun rises in the east. C
UY2eQJ{U
He usually goes to work by bus. tPFV6n
i
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. FnL~8otPF'
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 <qv:7@
如: S@T>u,t'
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. x!LUhX '
The project starts early this year. 3}Uae#oy
There is a conference tonight. U4^dDj
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: /I".n]
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 8Ck:c45v
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. (3=. 3[
2 、一般过去时 /m9t2,KB
1)构成:动词过去式 S@Jl_`<
2)基本用法 /kNr5s
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: g/JAr<
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 N!Kd VDdT|
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: aJIj%Y$
He died five years ago. AE^&hH0^
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. ?CM,k0
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he a?Q~C<k
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. PMkwY{.u
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. `4Nc(aUr
3 、一般将来时 zB 7wGl9
1)构成 Cg )#B+
will +动词原形 r_
r+&4n
2)基本用法 h
:NHReMT
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 N9{ivq|fO
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. 0fNWI
3)表示将来时的其他形式 w&C SE
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 ~oSLWA9
明即将发生的事。例如: Fd|:7NRA<
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. M(oW;^B
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 9DPf2`*$
可能性。例如: 0!+ab'3a
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. 9
x{T"'
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 [-Q"A
6!Zd
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: I0)iC[s8;
We're leaving on Friday. hhYo9jTHW
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. i?*&1
i@
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: FcfN]!
He is about to retire. mc9$"
4 、现在进行时 T5Pc2R
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 P[gk9{sv
2)基本用法 VFG)|Z
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: wl(}F^:/`
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. _>3GNvS
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. 2hU4g
e
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(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 3OM\R%M
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: '@pav>UPD
He is constantly complaining about his job. W>1\f0'
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. U*1~Zf
5 、现在完成时 guFR5>-L
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 CR,
Y%0vQ
2)基本用法 ?%;uR#4
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 BAzqdG
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since ` qt4~rD
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: S6]D;c8GE
We’ve just back. b<:s{f"t,
We have studied English for more than ten years. 6E_YQbdy
He has lived here since 1995. *wh'4i}u
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. "rAm6b-`
Have you booked your hotel yet :ye)%UU"|:
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 CTPn'P=\C
(1)过去与现在的关系 sPd5f2'
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 LO` (V
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 - MBK/
造成的影响。 3QXGbu}:h!
(2)时间状语不同 7:1Hgj(
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, +<3tv&"
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till HP?e?3.T
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: 071wo7
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) C?E;sRr0
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 [n< U>up
开着的。) aC%0jJ<eo
6 、过去进行时 if`/LJsa
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 Dnd
2)基本用法 q.g!WLiI
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如:
YemOP9
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. 1p{\jCi,2
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. [[bMYD1eO
7 、过去完成时 mFo6f\DHr`
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 x^C,xP[#Y;
2)基本用法 "@Te!.~A.
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 ^K;,,s;0
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: qed;
UyN
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 3z5,4ps
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. ff{ESFtD
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. ['sIR+c%'O
8 、过去将来时 O'!k$iJNb
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 %3kqBH!d
2)基本用法 ||/noUK
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 `@`Q"J
时的宾语从句中。例如: 6o{anHBB
He said he would stop smoking next month. nYE_WXY3V
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. X|8Yz3:o
9 、将来完成时 VJ1si0vWtq
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 Ar>Om!]=v
2)基本用法 +z9;BPw%
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: /'ybl^Km
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. FUHa"$Bg
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. JRl8S
10 、现在完成进行时 hgsE"H<V
1)构成 XrBLw}lD`N
2)基本用法 ~LkReQI
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 @.MM-
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 17nWrTxR$
状语连用。例如: OPKm^}
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. t}TtWI
He has been studying English for years. ^hZwm8G
He has been playing computer games since early morning. nA+[[(6
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 zW+Y{^hf
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: 3,iL#_+t
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) h=)Im)
They have built a ship.(已完成) 12cfqIo9
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) W
%Um:C\I
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! IK}T.*[
(表达不满情绪) )vPce
II. 动词的语态 8l)l9;4 6
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 $\a;?>WA"
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: {4:En;
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 Z$
[A.gD4
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called {\0 R[+d
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called tkJ/h<
将来 shall/will be VgoQz]z
called xD_jfAH'
------ shall/will have been called %DRDe
应注意的事项: w.0.||C
O
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 ;1eu8N8
He was beat severely by the gunman. irL ehPX9
The cup was broken by Tom. Lu<'A4Q1
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 i,V~5dE[I<
或副词。例如: jgC/
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. iaR'):TD
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. 8ayB<b>+]"
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 Z3Viil:
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: 7o;}"Y1
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) N7[i443a
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) Ye,E7A*L
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) 1[^2f70n
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 C:
H9C
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: j]kx~
We were made to work twelve hours a day. &"25a[x{B
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. wG-X833\(
5) 表示被动的其他形式: l'mgjv~
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: yn`H }@`k
She got her purse stolen. ;}1*M !
I must get my hair cut. uh@ZHef[l
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 TLw.rEN!;
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: mD=x3d
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. 1Hk`i%
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. U z[#t1*
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, Y!"LrkC
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: "0pu_
The book sells very well. #]
cO]
I
The parachute opens easily. !S$LRm\'
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: #J#x,BLI
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; y)C nH4{
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 :I[nA?d[&