(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 M:V_/@W.
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 |D.ND%K&
2)基本用法 8i,K~Bu=
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 QdC<Sk!G
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , l@:0e]8|o
seldom等。例如: PxE3K-S)G
The sun rises in the east. v.ui!|c
He usually goes to work by bus. a'z7(8$$
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. m4yL@d,Yw
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 6`-jPR
如: [fIg{Q
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. ctJE+1#PH
The project starts early this year. sT' 5%4
There is a conference tonight. y)gKxRaCS
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: xP,hTE
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. V470C@
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. Xs?o{]Fe
2 、一般过去时 8e|
%
M
1)构成:动词过去式 H7j0K ~U0
2)基本用法 &!
?eL
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: PiYxk+N
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 O7IJ%_A&
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: 6K<K
He died five years ago. r>U@3%0&
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. i7>tU=
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he @y&b
w9\
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. nj
53G67y
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. '6Q=#:mc\
3 、一般将来时 fwf$Co+R:*
1)构成 J9[r|`gJ(
will +动词原形 ]P?vdgEM&
2)基本用法 e@OX_t_
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 w*JGUk
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. d{7+w/Zi
3)表示将来时的其他形式 3kMf!VL
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 A$:U'ZG_
明即将发生的事。例如: ~`:L?Jkb6H
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. J~UuS+Ufv
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 7VF LJrt
可能性。例如: 'u b@]ru|
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. OH(waKq2I
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 <<R*2b
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: e&aWq@D
We're leaving on Friday. "~
C,bk
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. exUu7&*:
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ^RtIh-Z.9
He is about to retire. ` v@m-j6
4 、现在进行时 ?'{SX9
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。
v<(
2)基本用法 .+A+|yR
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: &AbNWtCV+G
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 8&`LYdzt
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. wyO4Y
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 ~g
ZLY ls
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: j yUCH*@
He is constantly complaining about his job. T!WT;A
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. PKg@[<g43
5 、现在完成时 ~;{;,8!)
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 '^~{@~ ;%L
2)基本用法 C
mWgcw1
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 ::{Q1F
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since \B,@`dw
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如:
>rKIG~P_
We’ve just back. pm0{R[:T7
We have studied English for more than ten years. :hk5 .[
He has lived here since 1995. d K
3*;
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ARwD~
Tr
Have you booked your hotel yet kr:^tbJ
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 r8rgY42
(1)过去与现在的关系 -23w2Qt
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 V>-e y9Q\
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 -g Sa_8R
造成的影响。
KD7dye
(2)时间状语不同 {|_M
#w~&
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, ipgC RHE
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till qqr?!vem6
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: (U_ujPD ?
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) Z=Y& B>:[
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 =llvuUd\n
开着的。) m6&~HfwN
6 、过去进行时 ]kRfB:4ED
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 z] PSpUd
2)基本用法 wyj{zWRJp
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: ,nLy4T&"
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. %D}kD6=
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. {V$|3m>:*
7 、过去完成时 JG!mc7
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 ,+vy,<e&
2)基本用法 2U\u4NO{
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 mPN@{.(j
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: wQH<gJE/:
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning [.'|_l
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 3<Zq ]jk?n
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. 1 s2>C!\
8 、过去将来时 # 448-8x
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 '}JhzKNj
2)基本用法 qL&[K>2z
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 DV+xg3\(>1
时的宾语从句中。例如: .TMs bZ|j
He said he would stop smoking next month. g\(G\ tnu>
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. '(VJ&UlS2
9 、将来完成时 gsvuE
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 Lh"<XYY
2)基本用法 be{H$9'
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: 6C^
D#.S
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. -MO#]K3<
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. FLCexlv^
10 、现在完成进行时 5C*Pd
Wpl
1)构成 a
%'the
2)基本用法 o\<ULW*
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 }DEg-j,F
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 fue(
UMF~
状语连用。例如: dA`IEQJL
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. } FlT%>Gw
He has been studying English for years. %lx!.G
He has been playing computer games since early morning. uk]$#TV*q>
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 +I:Unp
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: C12
Fl
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) ks qQM
They have built a ship.(已完成) HTcb_a
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) qQ/^@3tXL
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! q&-`,8#
(表达不满情绪) kT66;Y[
II. 动词的语态 nH'e?>
x~e
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 \0I_<
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: Y>T-af49
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 4Zddw0|2
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called YnS#H"
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called qzLPw*;
将来 shall/will be #ut
called 7~%?#
------ shall/will have been called =tn)}Y.<e
应注意的事项: 9C9oUtS
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 a=1@*ID
He was beat severely by the gunman. r~8 $1"
The cup was broken by Tom. G]tn i
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 beGa#JH,
或副词。例如: P [ck84F/
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. E \EsWb
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. ~2N"#b&J
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 qLG&WB
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: nYSiS}?S.
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) 7#a-u<HF"
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) ~?Pw& K2
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) eA ?RK.e
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 ZzpUUH/r
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: D%Sl AzZ3
We were made to work twelve hours a day. 2(+2+}
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 1#2
I
5) 表示被动的其他形式: (gU!=F?#m
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: iByf{ I>+
She got her purse stolen. h"Q8b}$^)
I must get my hair cut. 9T9!kb
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 }C?'BRX
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: WDD%Q8ejV&
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. *#|&JIEsi
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. >T-u~i$s
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, C2I_%nU Z1
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: $( kF#
The book sells very well. #q$HQ&k
The parachute opens easily. n;_sG>N
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: ECuH%b^,
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; ;[YG@-"XZ
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 &wawr2)}