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主题 : 2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法
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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 .<&s%{EW  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 <hvRP!~<)  
2)基本用法 f )NHM'  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 }[!92WS/ee  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , rAukHeH  
seldom等。例如: SvuTc!$?  
The sun rises in the east. X0$@Ik  
He usually goes to work by bus. !1Y&Y@ze  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. ejePDgi_[  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 +4)7j&L  
如: Q*ju sm  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. C"eXs#A  
The project starts early this year. ]r/^9XaqtA  
There is a conference tonight. -Zc![cAlO  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: !a-b6Aa  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. E4oz|2!m  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. bbN%$/d  
2 、一般过去时 FxW&8 9G  
1)构成:动词过去式 {{{#?~3$7  
2)基本用法 9lzQ\}  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: z@U} ~TvP  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 -j`LhS~|  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: (?i[jO||B  
He died five years ago. veh 5 }2  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. {^ec(EsO#  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he ${r[!0|   
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. AHbZQulC  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. 4g` jd  
3 、一般将来时 [c&B|h=>  
1)构成 oh-|'5+,;h  
will +动词原形 yI;"9G  
2)基本用法 [0@`wZ  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 <iLM{@lZvJ  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. Frm;Ej3?$  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 Ib `-pRU;  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 a \5FAkI  
明即将发生的事。例如: 2KJ1V+g@a6  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. blt'={Z?.x  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 z~oDWANP  
可能性。例如: >)nS2b OE  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. -*ELLY[  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 G=/k>@Di  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: XEH}4;C'{  
We're leaving on Friday. _ -..~K.|  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. \Ad7 Gi~  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: 7(k^a)~PL  
He is about to retire. Kx`/\u=/  
4 、现在进行时 D{7w!z  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 oF:v JDSS  
2)基本用法 A#@_V'a8  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: Xq#Y*lKVD  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. |`rJJFA  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. eny/ fm  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 n(ir[w#,]"  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: ,XKCz ]8V  
He is constantly complaining about his job. ?8V UO x  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. #=c`of6  
5 、现在完成时 `FF8ie8L  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 s'HD{W`  
2)基本用法 a$11PBi[9  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 K >tf,  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since P.\nLE J=  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: LO%!Z,}   
We’ve just back. k-LEI}h  
We have studied English for more than ten years. ?? qq:`s  
He has lived here since 1995. (#\pQ51  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. s<QkDERMX  
Have you booked your hotel yet %ati7{2!  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 5N7H{vT_  
(1)过去与现在的关系 *#U+qgA;`  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 T3 %C%BcX  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 0$.m_0H  
造成的影响。 IND]j72  
(2)时间状语不同 9]'&RyH=#  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, :\ QUs}  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till 4$6T+i2E   
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: b-5y9 K  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) F _3:bX  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 gN6rp(?y  
开着的。) ->{d`-}m'  
6 、过去进行时 A=5epsB  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 T(?HMyg3  
2)基本用法 w(d>HHg  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: RI n9(r  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. K*-@Q0"KM{  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. '])2k@o@  
7 、过去完成时 uGN^!NG-0  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。  )v4b  
2)基本用法 AV8T  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 po9 9 y-  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: {XurC}#\  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 3riw1r;Q  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. _jU5O;  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. zvc`3  
8 、过去将来时 *u6Y8IL1  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 ?L) !pP]  
2)基本用法 /\s}uSW  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 >ydRSr^  
时的宾语从句中。例如: 3 voT^o  
He said he would stop smoking next month. Ty(@+M~-  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. )jrT6x^IB  
9 、将来完成时 va|*c22;|  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 YZ$ZcfXDW  
2)基本用法 0yM[Z':i'{  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: -D^A:}$  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. o_M.EZO  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. &ZHC-qMRK  
10 、现在完成进行时 _96~rel_P  
1)构成 -~" :f8  
2)基本用法 RF!a//  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 ysIh[1E~%:  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 q@5K6yE  
状语连用。例如: sd#|3  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. ^\:8w0Y^  
He has been studying English for years. {yU+)t(.  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. 60=m  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别  }}<Z,/O  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: DD9?V}Yx  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) Q^K"8 ;  
They have built a ship.(已完成) <mMTD8Sx]  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) %Pqk63QF  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! ~n')&u{  
(表达不满情绪) -F"Q EL#   
II. 动词的语态 x.0p%O=`  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 if;71ZE  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: wv QMnE8\  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 Cd79 tu|  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called (KZHX5T=  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called :!;'J/B@..  
将来 shall/will be ?;YC'bF  
called ']- @? sD$  
------ shall/will have been called Mr--4D0Hk  
应注意的事项: !J*,)kRN  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 E Uar /  
He was beat severely by the gunman. {*ZY(6^  
The cup was broken by Tom. M}_ i52  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 g>d;|sK  
或副词。例如: LIU} a5  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. MF6 0-VE  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. }),w1/#5u8  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 FEPXu Cb  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: ]nQt>R p_  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) xt'tL:d  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) A`}yBSb  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) cw&Hgjj2  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 /:<IIqO.  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: HIGq%m=-x  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. 2,vB'CAI  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. J`IDlGFYp  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: M L7 \BT  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: 04J}UE]Ww  
She got her purse stolen. n\I#CH0V  
I must get my hair cut. qj0 1]  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 d_S*#/k  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: ,:Vm6u!  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. EA.D}XC  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. o!E v;' D  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, Y\],2[liF  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: x# ~ x;)  
The book sells very well. c[}(O H  
The parachute opens easily. 6m.k;'  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: 1%M&CX  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; wn Y$fT9  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 _$< Gyz*  
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