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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 %x8`fm  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 3?Eoj95w!  
2)基本用法 P:, x?T?J^  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 sqpOS!]  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , SM#S/|.]  
seldom等。例如: -0VA!3l  
The sun rises in the east. T'b/]&0Tio  
He usually goes to work by bus. kAB+28A  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. /sT ^lf=  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 ^*x Hy`  
如: g?[& 0r1  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. lHKf#|  
The project starts early this year. jWK@NXMH  
There is a conference tonight. 'uKkl(==%  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: \S iHrr5  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. o`\.I &Ij  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. p>:ef <.i  
2 、一般过去时 8@ %mnyQ  
1)构成:动词过去式 hH1lgc  
2)基本用法 1O7]3&L@  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: a4T~\\,dZ>  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 a;"Uz|rz  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: xEVLE,*?>  
He died five years ago. 7}?k^x,1  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. l801` ~*gO  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he (A29Z H  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. B f5 &}2u  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. J; UBnC g  
3 、一般将来时 2'wr={>W  
1)构成 EJZ@p7*Oj  
will +动词原形 I?a8h`WS+  
2)基本用法 'aD6>8/Hj  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 N5nvL)a~  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. 'h-3V8m^e  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 [N)#/ 6j  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 ],8;eq%W)  
明即将发生的事。例如: 8> UKIdp  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. I4)Nb WQ  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 8q?;2w \l  
可能性。例如: Ko#4z%Yq  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. YgCc|W3{  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 v btAq^1  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: _=ugxL #eB  
We're leaving on Friday. $^t<9" t  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. Dy su{rL  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: 1e/L\Y=m  
He is about to retire. [*<.?9n)or  
4 、现在进行时 Zvxp%dES  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 C1d 04Q  
2)基本用法 ,'~ #Ch  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: K"L_`.&Q  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. ?w*yW;V`  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. ]u+MTW;  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 I:i<>kG  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: .)7:=  
He is constantly complaining about his job. GMb(10T`  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. ;UrK {>B  
5 、现在完成时 CZY7S*fL  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 J*j5#V];  
2)基本用法 0 " y%9  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 1}}>Un`U5,  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since wz#A1F  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: `4V"s-T'  
We’ve just back. 0I 5&a  
We have studied English for more than ten years. JO=1ivZl  
He has lived here since 1995. %v{1# ~u  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ~zF2`.  
Have you booked your hotel yet pjw aL^  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 (PRBS\*G  
(1)过去与现在的关系 DI1(`y  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 *5OCqU+g  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 ghAi{@s$)  
造成的影响。 8uch i  
(2)时间状语不同 8;8c"'Mn  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, }$kQs!#  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ;AIc?Cg  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: c|AtBgvf  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) g=l:cVr8y  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 , =BLnsg  
开着的。) 2p!"p`b~  
6 、过去进行时 JOb MZA$  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 wRtZ `o  
2)基本用法 =IjQ40W  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: DmqSQA  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. yT8=l"-[G  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. 6#e::GD  
7 、过去完成时 ,Hn^z<f   
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 &miexSNeF  
2)基本用法 > \Sr{p5KR  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 o<i,*y88  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: fJAnKUF)  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning >~nF=   
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. FFKGd/:!  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. fbvbz3N  
8 、过去将来时 Gi2$B76<  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 &>g'$a<[  
2)基本用法 2";SJF'5\  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 _+l1 b"^s1  
时的宾语从句中。例如: l^MzN  
He said he would stop smoking next month. Hu3wdq  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. nC1zzFFJ  
9 、将来完成时 . #lsic8]  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 8T)&`dM6P~  
2)基本用法 F[ ajOb8  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: 'B5^P  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. XQ%4L-rhN  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. ev1 W6B-a  
10 、现在完成进行时 s~I6SA&i  
1)构成 @yd4$Mv8%  
2)基本用法 )a@k]#)Skm  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 8to8!(  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 m7EcnQf  
状语连用。例如: p'7*6bj1  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. d8-A*W[  
He has been studying English for years. q9w~A-Oh`1  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. rc&%m  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 ljl^ GFo  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: V%$/#sza  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) bR@p<;G|  
They have built a ship.(已完成) [Nn`l,  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) C8FB:JNJV  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! WA dCF-S  
(表达不满情绪) quY:pqG38q  
II. 动词的语态 F:x [  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 %|s+jeUDn|  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: 6@DF  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 *_>Lmm.yh  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called I`NjqyTW  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called e7w SOs  
将来 shall/will be 98^V4maR:  
called SdD6 ~LS  
------ shall/will have been called *}P~P$q%  
应注意的事项: eJg8,7WC  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 Y]&j,j&  
He was beat severely by the gunman. ](hE^\ SC  
The cup was broken by Tom. h $2</J"  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 !r<pmr3f@7  
或副词。例如: E>K!Vrh-L  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. q<M2,YrbAI  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. s7F.sg  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 JD|=>)  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: ff^=Ruf$  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) Z.Lc>7o  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) -qGa]a  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) HAa; hb  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 %%[LKSTb  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: F'21jy&  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. *_d7E   
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. @J/K-.r  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: dl.p\t(1  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: bE !GJZ  
She got her purse stolen. Tw-;7Ae  
I must get my hair cut. R Mdk:YvBg  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 Hx?;fl'G%  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: g,!L$,/F  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. V2wb%;q  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. ?67Y-\}   
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, zHM( !\8K  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: 6a~|K-a6  
The book sells very well. -(;26\lE  
The parachute opens easily. rlOAo`hd  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: 286jI7T  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; _-K2/6zy  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 ;n*.W|Uph  
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