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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 2CLB1  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 > <Z'D  
2)基本用法 {d!Y3+I%G  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 ZF{~ih*^u  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , SG'JE}jzO  
seldom等。例如: bBE+jqi 2  
The sun rises in the east. z +VV}:Q  
He usually goes to work by bus. >Y&KTSD"  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. b9("DZW;  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 JP=ZUu  
如: x)viY5vjH  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. +zO]N &  
The project starts early this year. 1f//wk|  
There is a conference tonight. 2 P}bG>M  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: P. V\ov7m2  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. =,:K)  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. E(Gr0#8  
2 、一般过去时 {LB`)Kuu  
1)构成:动词过去式 =AkX4k  
2)基本用法 "$)yB  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: Y5%;p33uFG  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 I'InZ0J2  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: O E|+R4M  
He died five years ago. RVF F6N^  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. wn84?$BGd  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he O/9fuEF  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week.  1N.tQ^  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ? ( 12aU  
3 、一般将来时 WZ* &@|w  
1)构成 5$^c@ 0  
will +动词原形 i+ic23$4M  
2)基本用法 FsY`nWwg  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 Z;J`5=TS  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. 2np-Fc{S  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 gA+YtU{z  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 X[{\ 3Av  
明即将发生的事。例如: t>oM%/H  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. 4vGbG:x  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 llqDT-cp  
可能性。例如: mxhW|}_-j  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. +/_!P;I  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 !Bncx`pl  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: ._(z~3s  
We're leaving on Friday. >I:9'"`  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. dw99FA6  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: -;S3|  
He is about to retire. ~,+[M-  
4 、现在进行时 /0!$p[cjm  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 >rRjm+vg  
2)基本用法 dcR6KG8  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 'F6#l"~/  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. I')x]edU  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. o"f%\N0_8  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 EyPy*_A  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: ;pCG9  
He is constantly complaining about his job. yT2vO_rH  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. B~e7w 4  
5 、现在完成时 AF QnCl Of  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 sCL/pb]  
2)基本用法 WJBW:2=;  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 m|(I} |kT3  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since  |UABar b  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: t>m8iS>  
We’ve just back. ~7KynE  
We have studied English for more than ten years. *yL|}  
He has lived here since 1995. zvWO4\  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ^ON-#  
Have you booked your hotel yet VuP#b'g=|]  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 M ^ 0w/  
(1)过去与现在的关系 ^Osd/g  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 fbi H   
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 "`y W]v  
造成的影响。 hXj* {vT  
(2)时间状语不同 pIM*c6  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, 7H/! rx  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ]Hv*^Bak  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: K gR1El. r  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) dw=Xjyk? h  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 >' BU*  
开着的。) 'd~, o[x  
6 、过去进行时 \xa36~hh40  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 (2hk <  
2)基本用法 Sm~? zU[k/  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: |hZ|+7  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. FRs|!\S=  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. oj,Vi-TZ  
7 、过去完成时 q/aL8V< "z  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 & y 2GQJE  
2)基本用法 s%0[DO3NV  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 ~CjmYP'o  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: #I* ht0++  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning h}c6+@w&-  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. gFH;bZU  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. QWIOim-  
8 、过去将来时 @EH4N%fH  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 7J)Hwl  
2)基本用法 yx`r;|ds}  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 k(w9vt0?  
时的宾语从句中。例如: o@Cn_p^X  
He said he would stop smoking next month. lD+y, ";  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. {0m[:af&  
9 、将来完成时 tpy :o(H  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 n "`SL<K1  
2)基本用法 G~mB=]  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: J6?_?XzToT  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. Z< m'he  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. 3YZ3fhpw  
10 、现在完成进行时 UmHJ/DI@  
1)构成 MHzsxF|  
2)基本用法 DI cyXZH<  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 y<gYf -E+  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 %lq7; emtp  
状语连用。例如: tg%WVy2  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. ]Rys=.!  
He has been studying English for years. ZkV vL4yIK  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. H2t pP~!G  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 1k70>RQ&69  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: (? #U &  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) ]oZ,{Q5~  
They have built a ship.(已完成) m{=~| I  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) ObHz+qRG  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! {/VL\AW5$  
(表达不满情绪) l`w|o  
II. 动词的语态 0 6v5/Xf  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 Kd|l\k!  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: :|6D@  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 #(wz l  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called HW%bx"r+4f  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called 4lo}-@j  
将来 shall/will be 6'lT`E|  
called n[p9$W`  
------ shall/will have been called U JRT4>G  
应注意的事项: `uJ l<kHI  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 VH1c)FI  
He was beat severely by the gunman. G&@RLht  
The cup was broken by Tom. =+#R yV  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 <:}AC{I  
或副词。例如: f(ec/0W  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. 2o7C2)YT$  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. _EBDv0s  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 `U>b6 {K  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: -bX.4+U  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) oUS>p":  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) \}Kp=8@nE  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) TVh7h`Eg  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 ~G^doj3|+  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: 2Mi;}J1C{  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. s~ZC!-[;  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. nU#q@p)Xg  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: "TNUw&ih  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: !oRm.c O  
She got her purse stolen. OmuZ 0@ .  
I must get my hair cut. Qy,qQA/   
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 I%WK*AORM  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: -L<Pm(v&  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. Xr;noV-X  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. h>Pg:*N,(  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, C)kQi2T  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: lR3^&d72?  
The book sells very well. ; ;H:$lx  
The parachute opens easily. QQ8W;x  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: E%:zE Q  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; muq|^Hfb  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 1qN9bwRO  
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