(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 h/C{
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 JQ}4{k
2)基本用法 $Xo_8SX,
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 +~F>:v?Rh
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , BIMX2.S1o
seldom等。例如: tpzWi
W/
The sun rises in the east. nO6UlY
He usually goes to work by bus. FiReb3zR
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 0K"+u9D^
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 _0naqa!JyH
如: !4^Lv{1QZ
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. D3g5#.$,}>
The project starts early this year. dh{py
There is a conference tonight. /C`AA/@
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: a>#$&&oQ0
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. ,e OZv=:
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. (`Y;U(n
2 、一般过去时 hb1h.F
1)构成:动词过去式 3k_\xQ
2)基本用法 yp]v
Dm
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:
nmL|v
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 p `oB._
R
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: uUBUUr
He died five years ago. Qe7
SH{
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. k%-y\WM
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 7]5+%[Dg!
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ]*$o qn=m
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. *mn9CVZ(}M
3 、一般将来时 p8s%bPjK
1)构成 =RWY0| f
will +动词原形 01aw+o
2)基本用法 mT j
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 .aK=
z)
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. `"~ X1;
3)表示将来时的其他形式 l~f9F`~'
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 geM`O|Np
明即将发生的事。例如: L^s?EqLXS
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. z&qOu8Jh
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 '/ueY#eG
可能性。例如: &$qIJvMiK
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. *:l$ud
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 u7p:6W
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: (Zy=e?E,
We're leaving on Friday. k[1[Y{n.
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. k'[\r>T
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: t!ZFpMv]n
He is about to retire. I= z+`o8
4 、现在进行时 w6B`_Z'f
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 127@
TN"
2)基本用法 V/"41
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: H/G;hk
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. xA}{ZnTbN
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. \>eFs} Y/
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 8HSGOs =8
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: :~,akX$
He is constantly complaining about his job. 0g@*N4
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back.
4MgG]
5 、现在完成时 YGq-AB
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 TF,a`?c`
2)基本用法
E~Y%x/oX
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 Q[Tbdc%1EG
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since 5g4c1K
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: X`daaG_l
We’ve just back. ~U4;YlQP
We have studied English for more than ten years. ~/R}K g(
He has lived here since 1995. jM(!!AjpC
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ~_SVQ7P
Have you booked your hotel yet z: W1(/W~
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 .rbKvd?-}
(1)过去与现在的关系 5 s2/YG=
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 ;
>>/}J
w\
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 mZ
t:
造成的影响。 a<V*
)
(2)时间状语不同 3
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一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, }A_>J7w
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till N6-bUM6%I
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: `r8bBzr@%
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) z0&I>PG^
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 2$%0~Z5
开着的。) _b 8XF&O
6 、过去进行时 z15QFVm
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 QJ-?67_i
2)基本用法 x?Oc<CQ-2
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: x@>^ c:-f
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. jk}m
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. \OXKK<^$uK
7 、过去完成时 OL"So
u4
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 4.mbW
2)基本用法 A,s .<TG
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 IsCJdgG
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: &gR)bNIC_=
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning DWH)<\?
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. +
nslS:(
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. U!x\oLP
8 、过去将来时 .el_pg
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 H{T)?J~
2)基本用法 t`mLZ
<X
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 Vkb&'
rXw+
时的宾语从句中。例如: h@D4~(r
He said he would stop smoking next month. CQ3{'"b
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. i=<(fq
9 、将来完成时 2WOd
TM{u
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 jWW2&cBm\
2)基本用法 Ic/<jFZXM
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: ;mb
6i_
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. hK$-R1O
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. HF\L`dJX?
10 、现在完成进行时 V*'9yk"
1)构成 4p~:(U[q
2)基本用法 +T^m
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 8LwbOR"
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 %3VwCuE
状语连用。例如: ]yVB66l
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. {hRAR8
He has been studying English for years. 95wV+ q*
He has been playing computer games since early morning. W^+bgg<.
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 sinG $=
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: IW1]H~1w
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) w-CuO4P
They have built a ship.(已完成) ccm <rZ7
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) SqTm/ t
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! O.K8$
(表达不满情绪) *}w.xt
II. 动词的语态 l2`8]Qr
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 3.d=1|E
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: d$2{_6
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 a5)[?ol
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called oG*lUh}
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called W'0wT ZG
将来 shall/will be 7_Q86o
called 5^d%+*l;q
------ shall/will have been called sy@k3wQ
应注意的事项: X7 ZaQ .
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 gCm?nb)
He was beat severely by the gunman. ~IWi@m{
The cup was broken by Tom. 462ae`
6l
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词
"4?hK
或副词。例如: 9H)uTyuNi
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. IkZ_N #m
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. YJ6vyG>%C
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 ?\p
E#~m
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: oF6MV&q/
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) RYhdf
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) )
k2NF="o
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) &4%J35~
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 &sNID4FR
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: |zT0g]WH
We were made to work twelve hours a day. D8 #q.OR]
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. ?^!dLW
5) 表示被动的其他形式: g`6wj|@ =W
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: eJA{]^Zf
She got her purse stolen. j`GbI0,bT
I must get my hair cut. jlP7'xt1%
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 g|HrhUT;
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: E9:hK
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. mpivg
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. 8WGM%n#q
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 4Qo1f5>N
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: (KMobIP^
The book sells very well. Iz8^?>X
The parachute opens easily. UmE{>5Pt
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: U:|v(U$"?
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; n6Zx0ad?
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 {4 d$]o0V