(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 oE.
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(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 AY x*Ngn
2)基本用法 zg>)Lq|VsT
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 WcHL:38
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , .+d.~jHX
seldom等。例如: eHl)/='
The sun rises in the east. <y2HzBC
He usually goes to work by bus. [X
"pOz
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. H.)Y*zK0.
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 e
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如: =nff;Xu
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. r
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The project starts early this year. UFzC8
There is a conference tonight. =@ d/SZ|(E
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: l.Q.G<ol
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 5HC5
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. y2M]z:Y U
2 、一般过去时 @L ,4JPk
1)构成:动词过去式 1smKU9B2)
2)基本用法 /<VR-yr
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: 92(P~
Sdv
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 ],-(YPiAD
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: >&YUV.mLY
He died five years ago. mW=9WV
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. QAzwNXE+
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he q:MSV{k
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. GS
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When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. QV[#^1
3 、一般将来时 puAjAvIax
1)构成 aQ*?L
l
will +动词原形 B:96E&
2)基本用法 Yb\d(k$h
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 %n^ugm0B
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. / ?'FSWDU
3)表示将来时的其他形式 (L*<CV
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 $ftxid8
明即将发生的事。例如: -Q6Vz=ku
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. z&Xk~R*$
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 gsYQ"/S9
可能性。例如: ? sv[vR(
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. (#BOcx5J]
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 }g&
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置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如:
LP'~7FG
We're leaving on Friday. 7J1f$5$m5
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. .I0M'L~!/L
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: w7c0j
If{
He is about to retire. :JU$
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4 、现在进行时 2^%O%Pc
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 lNz1|nS(Kd
2)基本用法 E|A~T7G=
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: OF0v0Y/a
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. `CRF E5
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. i|rC Ga0}
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩
`!xI!Y\
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: |\xTcS|d
He is constantly complaining about his job.
ZH<qidpR
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 55ft,a
5 、现在完成时 H<tU[U=G
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 -p"}K~lt:
2)基本用法 @;tM R|p
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 E#Ol{6
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since kt kS$
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: 1\)C;c,
We’ve just back. Tz~a. h@
We have studied English for more than ten years. B.!&z-)#
He has lived here since 1995. X3][C
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. 4];>O
Have you booked your hotel yet $wyPGok
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 BY9Z}/{j
(1)过去与现在的关系 ?M^qSo=/~
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 HA0F'k
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 :9e4(7~ona
造成的影响。 noLr185
(2)时间状语不同 FAdTp.
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, Vvp{y
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till 8Zy*#[-
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: G`/4n@
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) Hy -)yR
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 _~'MQ`P
开着的。) ?B@3A)a
6 、过去进行时 zl|+YjR
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 \y6Y}C
v
2)基本用法 I!}V+gu=
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: pju*i6z
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. 5j\Kej
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. 45x4JG
7 、过去完成时 ~*J
<lln
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 #DARZh U)
2)基本用法 "kC6G%
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 rCsC}2O
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: yMzy!b Ky
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ?* r
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. `z.sWF|f!O
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. >5
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8 、过去将来时 :fnJp9c
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 N"tX K
2)基本用法 9Y2.ob!$}
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 p!)PbSw#
时的宾语从句中。例如: :;TF_Sv
He said he would stop smoking next month. F_i
"v5#
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. t:P7ah
9 、将来完成时 j?T>S]xOX
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 }eI9me@Aa
2)基本用法 mkPqxzxbrL
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: W#kyD)(F
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. Wb#<ctM>
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. uhnnjI
10 、现在完成进行时 H|,d`@U
1)构成 nr8#;D
2)基本用法 b|may/xWH
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是
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到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 A>315!d"
状语连用。例如: .W$9nbly
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. pIug$Ke_%
He has been studying English for years.
gNZ"Kr o6
He has been playing computer games since early morning. [3ggJcUgW>
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 3q@H8%jcw
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: lPC{R k.\C
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) )7-mALyW
They have built a ship.(已完成) E7.{SGH}
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) =Lb(N61
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours!
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(表达不满情绪) 7:=(yBG
II. 动词的语态 ,%
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英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 #,FXc~ V
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: [H9<JdUZ
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 /,j'Vr\"
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called \f VX<L
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called .b!HEi<F
将来 shall/will be .:B0(4Mj
called J-G)mvkv
------ shall/will have been called _{}^]ZB
应注意的事项: sYSq >M
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 muBl~6_mb2
He was beat severely by the gunman. f'7/Wj
The cup was broken by Tom. ADP3Nic
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 Z^J)]UL/
或副词。例如: [iyhrc:@
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. h CV(O2jL
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. X3XTB*
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 x[BA <UNO
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: ]D^; Ca
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) 4
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He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) ,wHlU-%
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) 0&Iu+hv
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 goD#2lg
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: se bm
We were made to work twelve hours a day. b`cH.v
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. NjdDImz.;s
5) 表示被动的其他形式: ZLf(m35
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: r-[YJzf@P
She got her purse stolen. uhwCC
I must get my hair cut. Cs,t:ajP
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 3
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词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: S6_dmTV*
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. hsI9{j]f
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. =#%Vs>G
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, q _:7uQ
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: !;Ctz'wz
The book sells very well. T\7t#Z
k
The parachute opens easily. &