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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 &\CJg'D:m  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 |_xZ/DT  
2)基本用法 #RCZA4>  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 .aVHd<M  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , 3sd{AkD^  
seldom等。例如: ;$E~ZT4p  
The sun rises in the east. ^T uP=q5?  
He usually goes to work by bus. yf0vR%,\  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. uK+9gTv  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 #"3[f@|e  
如: ]{q- Y<{"  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. 9&|12x$  
The project starts early this year. N2+mN0k;  
There is a conference tonight. .b!OZ  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: "u3fs2  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. :8\*)"^E  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. E< io^  
2 、一般过去时 +R{A'Yl[(  
1)构成:动词过去式 v%69]a-T  
2)基本用法 +j)-L  \  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: xr7-[)3Q$  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由  8o%<.]   
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: H`+]dXLB  
He died five years ago. [FeJ8P>z  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. (IO \+  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he V)WIfRs  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. $w";*">:0  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. !"o1ve`{  
3 、一般将来时 it/C y\f  
1)构成 ~]6Oz;~<3  
will +动词原形 |2+F I<v4  
2)基本用法 `0n 7Cyed  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 y$r?t0  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. CwH)6uA  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 g[D,\  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 ] fwTi(4y  
明即将发生的事。例如: ShsP]$Yp  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. >m;|I/2@  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 EkgN6S`}  
可能性。例如: 8YJqM,t5)  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. VW<" c 5|  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 ]>S$R&a  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: S*DBY~pZy  
We're leaving on Friday. [u9S+:7"  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. d@q t%r3;  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如:  S9ak '  
He is about to retire. ke;*uS  
4 、现在进行时 Jj^<:t5{rN  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 gp|7{}Q{  
2)基本用法 ?`[ uh%  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: W) Kpnb7  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. "=Fn.r4I  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. [0,q7d?"  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 Y$`hudJ&  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: ,*}g r  
He is constantly complaining about his job. VkP:%-*#v  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. smLD m  
5 、现在完成时 +/_B/[e<>  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 |@bNd7=2d  
2)基本用法 'y@ 2,9 v  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 `))J8j"  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since c wD*>[j  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: YvP"W/5  
We’ve just back. Vwh&^{Eh  
We have studied English for more than ten years. uRq#pYn@  
He has lived here since 1995. H/la'f#o%  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. 2.L6]^N p(  
Have you booked your hotel yet ^9V8M9  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 `GN5QLg#}0  
(1)过去与现在的关系 +nyN+X34 B  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 g}og@UY7#  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 NVh>Q>B$_  
造成的影响。 QO`SnN}  
(2)时间状语不同 T+`GOFx  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, w#bbm'j7r  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till #Uk6Fmu ]  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: mbG^fy'  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) 8_,wOkk_B  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 jE5 9h  
开着的。) i2R]lE8  
6 、过去进行时 n)7$xYuH  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 iW%0pLn  
2)基本用法 *wZV*)}  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: GQAg ex)D  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. <+JFa l  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. WD`{kqc  
7 、过去完成时 +A3\Hj&W  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 M#<fh:>  
2)基本用法 !_z>w6uR  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 Y`p&*O  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: 6#63D>OWp  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning /faP]J)  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. "JGig!9  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. z`{zqP:  
8 、过去将来时 !{aA*E{  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 Q"_T040B  
2)基本用法 kF~e3A7C  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 AS^$1i :  
时的宾语从句中。例如: 4gt "dfy+  
He said he would stop smoking next month. m8A1^ R  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. 9uoj3 Rh<  
9 、将来完成时 QRa6*AYm  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 l+qtA~V&2  
2)基本用法 7}85o J  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: LMj'?SuH  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. N2Hb19/k  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. !9OgA  
10 、现在完成进行时 k}qiIMdI  
1)构成 *dgN pJ 9  
2)基本用法 |^!@  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 }f*S 9V  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 ^Pp FI  
状语连用。例如: k;X1x65uP  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. ,6pH *b $  
He has been studying English for years. wajhFBJ  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. 9F!&y-  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 Rj= Om  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: H.K`#W&  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) 3f8Z ?[Bb@  
They have built a ship.(已完成) L@GD$F=<0  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) O UMr}~/  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! 4+bsG6i  
(表达不满情绪) IBsn>*ja<  
II. 动词的语态 KHiJOeLc  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 P ://Zi6>  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: !~v>&bCG>9  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 F tjm@:X  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called ?yK\L-ad  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called w7u >|x!  
将来 shall/will be PD4E& k  
called KYN{iaj  
------ shall/will have been called ,iUx'U  
应注意的事项: &.B6P|N'  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 8?XZF[D  
He was beat severely by the gunman. l[k$O$jo  
The cup was broken by Tom. iSHl_/I <  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 O1,[7F.4g  
或副词。例如: 3R {y68-S  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. TVA1FD  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. F)Lbr>H?I  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 (z7#KJ1+Aw  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: = @o}  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) H;1}Nvvd  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) HxaUVg0  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) y rk#)@/m  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 $(U|JR@  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: pJ[Q.QxU  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. 1S.~-K*X  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 8n?.w:Y/  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: HJmO+  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: r;z A `  
She got her purse stolen. ,H*3_c&Q  
I must get my hair cut. 43XuQg4  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 s9iM hCu|  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: @#apOoVW>  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. 4KCxhJq  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. \~PFD%]:3  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, sXu]k#I^"  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: s><co]  
The book sells very well. bb{+  
The parachute opens easily. c'b,=SM  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: N!AFs WV  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; 9=|5-? ^  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 lK-I[i!  
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