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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 h/C{  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 JQ}4{k  
2)基本用法 $Xo_8SX,  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 +~F>:v?Rh  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , BIMX2.S1o  
seldom等。例如: tpzWi W/  
The sun rises in the east. nO6UlY  
He usually goes to work by bus. FiRe b3zR  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 0K"+u9D^  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 _0naqa!JyH  
如: !4^Lv{1QZ  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. D3g5#.$,}>  
The project starts early this year. dh{py  
There is a conference tonight. /C`AA/@  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: a>#$&&oQ0  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. ,eOZv=:  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. (`Y;U(n  
2 、一般过去时 hb1h .F  
1)构成:动词过去式 3k_\ xQ  
2)基本用法 yp]v Dm  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:  nmL|v  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 p `oB._ R  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: uUBUUr  
He died five years ago. Qe7 SH{  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. k%-y \WM  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 7]5+%[Dg!  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ]*$o qn=m  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. *mn9CVZ(}M  
3 、一般将来时 p8s%bPjK  
1)构成 =RWY0|f  
will +动词原形 01aw+o  
2)基本用法 mT j  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 .aK= z)  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. `"~X1;  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 l~f9F`~'  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 geM`O|Np  
明即将发生的事。例如: L^s?EqLXS  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. z&qOu8Jh  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 '/ueY#eG  
可能性。例如: &$qIJvMiK  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. *:l$ud  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 u7p:6W  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: (Zy=e?E,  
We're leaving on Friday. k[1[Y{n.  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. k'[\r>T  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: t!ZFpMv]n  
He is about to retire. I= z+`o8  
4 、现在进行时 w6B`_Z'f  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 127@ TN"  
2)基本用法 V/"41  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: H/G;hk  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. xA}{ZnTbN  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. \>eFs} Y/  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 8H SGOs =8  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: :~,akX$  
He is constantly complaining about his job. 0g@*N4  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 4MgG]  
5 、现在完成时 YGq-AB  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 TF,a `?c`  
2)基本用法 E~Y%x/oX  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 Q[Tbdc%1EG  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since 5g4c1K  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: X`daaG_l  
We’ve just back. ~U4;YlQP  
We have studied English for more than ten years. ~/R}K g(  
He has lived here since 1995. jM(!!A jpC  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ~_SVQ7P  
Have you booked your hotel yet z:W1(/W~  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 .rbKvd?-}  
(1)过去与现在的关系 5s2/YG=  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 ; >>/}J w\  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 mZ t:  
造成的影响。 a<V*  )  
(2)时间状语不同 3 _k3U  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, }A_>J7w  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till N6-bUM6%I  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: `r8bBzr@%  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) z0&I>PG^  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 2$%0~Z5  
开着的。) _b 8XF&O  
6 、过去进行时 z15QFVm  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 QJ-?6 7_i  
2)基本用法 x?Oc<CQ-2  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: x@>^c:-f  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. j k}m  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. \OXKK<^$uK  
7 、过去完成时 OL"So u4  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 4.mbW  
2)基本用法 A,s .<TG  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 IsCJdgG  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: &gR)bNIC_=  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning DWH)<\?  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. + nslS:(  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. U!x\oLP  
8 、过去将来时 .el_pg  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 H{T)?J~  
2)基本用法 t`mLZ <X  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 Vkb&' rXw+  
时的宾语从句中。例如: h@D4~(r  
He said he would stop smoking next month. CQ3{'"b  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. i=<(fq  
9 、将来完成时 2WOd TM{u  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 jWW2&cBm\  
2)基本用法 Ic/<jFZXM  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: ;mb 6i_  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. hK$-R1O  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. HF\L`dJX?  
10 、现在完成进行时 V*'9yk"  
1)构成 4p~:(U[q  
2)基本用法 +T^m  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 8LwbOR"  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 %3VwCuE  
状语连用。例如: ]yVB66l  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. {hRAR8  
He has been studying English for years. 95wV+ q*  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. W^+b gg<.  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 si nG $=  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: IW1]H~1w  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) w-CuO4P  
They have built a ship.(已完成) ccm <rZ7  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) SqTm/ t  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! O.K8$  
(表达不满情绪) *} w.xt  
II. 动词的语态 l2`8]Qr   
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 3.d=1|E  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: d$2{_6  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 a 5)[?ol  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called oG*lU h}  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called W'0wTZG  
将来 shall/will be 7_Q86o  
called 5^d%+*l;q  
------ shall/will have been called sy@k3wQ  
应注意的事项: X7 Za Q .  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 gCm?nb)  
He was beat severely by the gunman. ~IWi @m{  
The cup was broken by Tom. 462ae` 6l  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 "4?hK  
或副词。例如: 9H)uTyuNi  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. IkZ_N#m  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. YJ6vyG>%C  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 ?\p E#~m  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: oF6MV&q/  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) RYhdf   
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) ) k2NF="o  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) &4%J35~  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 &sNID4FR  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: |zT0g]WH  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. D8#q.OR]  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. ?^!dLW  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: g`6wj|@ =W  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: eJA{]^Zf  
She got her purse stolen. j`GbI0,bT  
I must get my hair cut. jlP7'xt1%  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 g|HrhUT;  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: E 9:hK  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. m pivg  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. 8WGM%n#q  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 4Qo1f5 >N  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: (KMobIP^  
The book sells very well. Iz8 ^? >X  
The parachute opens easily. UmE{>5Pt  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: U:|v(U$"?  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; n6Zx0ad?  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 {4 d$]o0V  
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