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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 A5<Z&Y[  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 w*%$ lhp!  
2)基本用法 T,2Dr;  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 %W',cu  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , wn|@D<  
seldom等。例如: ZHECcPhz  
The sun rises in the east. kah3Uhr~  
He usually goes to work by bus. u;ooDIq@  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. }"B? 8T@_~  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 VfqY_NmgC  
如: K6*UFO4}i  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. i2a"J&,6O  
The project starts early this year. 1 lCikS^c  
There is a conference tonight. s/vOxGc  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: m2q;^o:J  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. D4O5@KfL  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. J*~2 :{=%  
2 、一般过去时 j /dE6d  
1)构成:动词过去式 }42qMOi#w1  
2)基本用法 <Z:8~:@  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: +bc#GzVF  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 a$zm/  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: N!Wq}#&l  
He died five years ago. m7wc)"`t  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. a;'E}b{`F  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he w^rb|mKo  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. N[x@j)w-`  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. g3~~"`2  
3 、一般将来时 3pTS@  
1)构成 yEpN,A  
will +动词原形 ZA_zKJ[[7  
2)基本用法 #ON#4WD?  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 [[?[? V ,  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. 4&oXy,8LC  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 *0&4mi8  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 eN| HJ=  
明即将发生的事。例如: qaMZfA  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. [Zt# c C+  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 Cwsoz  
可能性。例如: pqH( Tbjq  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. /nY).lSH  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 9QOr,~~s  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: YV1a 3  
We're leaving on Friday. 65waq~#  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. T@Ss&eGT2  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ?@lx  
He is about to retire. Q3BLL` W~  
4 、现在进行时 jiwpDB&[  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 CQBT::  
2)基本用法 95$pG/o  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: o <D3Y95b  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. =`]|/<=9'U  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. to!mz\F  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 <ELziE~>V  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: &\"Y/b ]  
He is constantly complaining about his job. ]r/(n]=(  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 8/Et&TJ`  
5 、现在完成时 & %N(kyp  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 B@cJ\  
2)基本用法 G *mO&:q  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 Ynv 9&P  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since  /,1SE(  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: <CNE>@-f  
We’ve just back. '^Pq(b~  
We have studied English for more than ten years. q3c*<n g#  
He has lived here since 1995. 6?%]odI#  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. UfK4eZx*`  
Have you booked your hotel yet QO5OnYh  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 VFilF<jvu  
(1)过去与现在的关系 _-@Z Ohw&  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 tv 4s12&  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 I$aXnd6)  
造成的影响。 s~'9Hv9  
(2)时间状语不同 5*JV )[  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, %:" RzHN  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till Rz`@N`U  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: gXq!a|eH  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) @ \!KF*v  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 96vj)ql  
开着的。) +DicP"~*  
6 、过去进行时 @kwLBAK}@  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 $|Q".dD  
2)基本用法 AiY|O S3R  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: i%xI9BO9  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. hA@zoIoe  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. !IO&&\5  
7 、过去完成时 hbV E; 9  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 :L]-'\y  
2)基本用法 _mw13jcN]  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 ktN%!Mh\  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: $ b4*/vMr  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning n49;Z,[~  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. _i-\mR_~  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. l<$rqz3D  
8 、过去将来时 +z+ F-  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 mRwXN*Izw  
2)基本用法 ] t*33  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 |drf"lX<{  
时的宾语从句中。例如: R_maNfS]Z  
He said he would stop smoking next month. K-Re"zsz  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. bi+9R-=&  
9 、将来完成时 HB%K|&!+  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 vxb@9 eb!H  
2)基本用法 {&E?<D2_&  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: E\ tL   
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. [9LxhPi  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. V>6QPA^  
10 、现在完成进行时 Qr<AV:  
1)构成 p*Xix%#6  
2)基本用法 FzVZs# O  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 2bkJ /u`i  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 )Q~C4C-j  
状语连用。例如: ]}.0el{  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. ~)_K"h.DY  
He has been studying English for years. ^1R"7h  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. $_wo6/J5+D  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 I,]J=xi  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: KyjyjfIwH  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) W-1sU g[AN  
They have built a ship.(已完成) 5 5^tfu   
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) z4bN)W )p  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! w=|py>%  
(表达不满情绪) 7N| AA^I  
II. 动词的语态 Gy9 $Wj  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 qIz}$%!A  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: 9j0o&Xn  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 ~}K{e  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called =MxpH+spI  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called Z&-tMai;  
将来 shall/will be w763 zi{  
called [3kl^TE  
------ shall/will have been called ?~Pv3'%d  
应注意的事项: -R:X<eb  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 hXc}r6<B  
He was beat severely by the gunman. ; h85=l<8u  
The cup was broken by Tom. NJm-%K  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 V 9Hl1\j^  
或副词。例如: Lc%xc`n8B  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. *7Xzht&f  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. gHZqA_*T8U  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 AuXs B  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: V'I T1~  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) +?Ez} BP  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) ^KbL , T  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) $''UlWK  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 ^Q\XGl  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: 5z Kqb  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. JD*8@N  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. x[x (y{&~  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: l `R KqT+  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: }LQC.!  
She got her purse stolen. |IN[uQ  
I must get my hair cut. y42#n  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 ^1 ;BiQ  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: n"Z |e tZ4  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. \0&SI1Yp  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. 9yL6W'B!  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, oM-[B h]A  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: *|KVN&#  
The book sells very well. P)hi||[  
The parachute opens easily. |r !G,  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: 4K7{f+T  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; 2(+P[(N1,  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 h.}u?{  
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