(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 I {SjlN}d
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 Oz75V|D
2)基本用法 PF0_8,@U
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 G~]Uk*M
q
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , <X#C)-.
seldom等。例如: vRTkgH#4l
The sun rises in the east. (fhb0i-
He usually goes to work by bus. O"+gQXe
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. W Tcw4
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 nd`1m[7MNu
如: K$z2YJ%
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. j\ZXG=j
The project starts early this year. mwO6g~@`
There is a conference tonight. 5f
rX
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: zWnX*2>b
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. \wmN
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. M^A48u{,"
2 、一般过去时 gZVc 5u<
1)构成:动词过去式 ]|#+zx|/D
2)基本用法 xKbXt;l2
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: D=TvYe
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 j<u pRS,$
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: &.3"Uo\#
He died five years ago. aI'&O^w+
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. ,.S~
Y
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he )w em|
:H
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. K&u_R
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. `Uq#W+r,
3 、一般将来时 7lTC{7C57
1)构成 sVQ|*0(J0r
will +动词原形 Y!xF;a
2)基本用法 XoK:N$\}t
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 _=>He=v/
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. I]|Pq
3)表示将来时的其他形式 3l]lwV
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 SZ7:u895E
明即将发生的事。例如: m<G,[Yc
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. l03B=$
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 i%iL[id:w
可能性。例如: xa'*P=<)C'
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. .D~;u-%|F
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 Mc
lkEfn
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: ;7*[Bcj.
We're leaving on Friday. AD>e?u
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. Z9E\,Ly
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: XT
s8s12
He is about to retire. :9afg
4 、现在进行时 =HK!(C
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 iO{hA
2)基本用法 Ep_HcX`
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: YpHg&|Fr
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. -/B+T>[nTb
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. uh_RGM&
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 `cn#B
BV
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: R+:yVi[F]U
He is constantly complaining about his job. 2>9C-VL2
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. Y|m+d
T6
5 、现在完成时 OdbEq?3S/?
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 _{O>v\u
2)基本用法 Mexk~zA^
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 Rh2+=N<X
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since 234p9A@
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: 1nM
#kJ"
We’ve just back. 68|E9^`l
We have studied English for more than ten years. PQt")[
He has lived here since 1995. )}R0Y=e
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. Ib!R D/
Have you booked your hotel yet n8 0?N}
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 )m+W
j
(1)过去与现在的关系 P:S .~Jq
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 g/_5unI}u
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 Kn{4;Xk\
造成的影响。 XX!%RE`M8
(2)时间状语不同 mIvx1_[
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, j;Gtu
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till g =hg%gRy"
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: ~_)^X
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) G>=*yqo
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 bs&43Ae
开着的。) dDMJ'
6 、过去进行时 tjS@meT
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 K3
m/(jdO
2)基本用法 a!SiX
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: }&D WaO]J7
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. u
Mv,zO5
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. J{<X7uB
7 、过去完成时 S+6.ZZ9c
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 y<3-?}.aZ
2)基本用法 kH1~k,|\&K
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 n&/
`
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: ^
+\d
z
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 5;WH:XM
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. h"W,WxL8
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. gVuFHHeUz
8 、过去将来时 e%M;?0j
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 {S\{Ii6
2)基本用法 yPp9\[+^j
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 3=[mP,pLh
时的宾语从句中。例如: **CR}
yV
He said he would stop smoking next month. Y@iS_lR
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. >:!5*E5?
9 、将来完成时 djZqc5t
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 29b9`NXt
2)基本用法 ="H%6S4'
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: Z{d^-
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. I{2hfKUe`
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. 'LC1(V!_j
10 、现在完成进行时 =qIp2c}Rx
1)构成 Q&;9x? e
2)基本用法 JbbzV>
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 +\A,&;!SR
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 =nS3p6>rZ
状语连用。例如: TdMruSY
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. 0d&6lqTo
He has been studying English for years. SfyQ$$Z
He has been playing computer games since early morning.
BWrxunHO
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 AT3Mlz~7#
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: ND;#7/$>
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) 2zb"MEOS5
They have built a ship.(已完成) "^-a
M
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) n\53w h@+
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! ;^*W+,4WB
(表达不满情绪) f6Ah6tb
II. 动词的语态 oc`H}Wvn
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 n>YKa)|W`
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: a=
2%4Wmz
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态
t{96p77)=
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called 6_Y,eL]"
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called 0,")C5j
将来 shall/will be :I#V.
called Rm( "=(
------ shall/will have been called ga +dt
应注意的事项: K0>zxqY
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 0l6.<-f{
He was beat severely by the gunman. &u
!,Hp
The cup was broken by Tom. =^?/+p8k
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 7[)E>XRE
或副词。例如: fJg+ Ryo
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. PW0LG^xp`
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. Zh~'9 JH
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 HRA
|q
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: GbI/4<)l}
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) l/5
hp.
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) ob]w;"
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态)
J&_n9$
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 1% ` Rs
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: UN#S;x*
We were made to work twelve hours a day. ?@x/
E&
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. F+qm[Bc8
5) 表示被动的其他形式: pb,d'z\S
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: -~w'Xo #
She got her purse stolen. HoAy_7-5
I must get my hair cut. [-
w%/D%@
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 *-
X[u:
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: UiNP3TJ'L
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. {!`6zBsP
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. lOp`m8_=
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, $~)SCbL^5
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: 3so%gvY.'
The book sells very well. * 4
n)
The parachute opens easily. zQ PQ
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: yhJ@(tu.Gd
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; *qq+jsA6wH
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 {;oPLr+Z