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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 z/{X{+Z  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 hU#e\L 7  
2)基本用法 mF*x&^ie  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 uMg\s\Z  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , 3 39q%j$  
seldom等。例如: )J S6W  
The sun rises in the east. Q> %n&;:  
He usually goes to work by bus. 2cYBm^o|x  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. _!',%  +  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 qG6s.TcG  
如: 2 kDsIEA  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. 7s(tAbPdB  
The project starts early this year. O]u'7nO{{  
There is a conference tonight. ^AP8T8v  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: T^}UE<  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. Q7865  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. =5+*TL`  
2 、一般过去时 |u&cN-}C d  
1)构成:动词过去式 +"?+B e  
2)基本用法 /}?7Eni  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: _M^.4H2  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 kTvM,<  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: <gp?}Lk  
He died five years ago. 11=$] K>  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand.  j#](Q!  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he ZL!u$)(V  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. t2N W$ -E  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. 5f-b>=02  
3 、一般将来时 Zl9@E;|=  
1)构成 [qYr~:`-[  
will +动词原形 <g[z jV9p  
2)基本用法 g$nS6w|5H  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 ?E([Nc0T  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. ]O@$}B];)  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 A]z*#+Sl  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 Wc3z7xK1@  
明即将发生的事。例如: Ke$_l]}  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. L|=5jn9 :  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 r\Nfq(w  
可能性。例如: qkb'@f=  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. U.7fMc#  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 Ed9Uw 7  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: 4-(kk0]`z  
We're leaving on Friday. b9.M'P\  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. xnP!P2  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: t^rw@$"}  
He is about to retire. *3GV9'-P  
4 、现在进行时 ]?Ef0?44  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 4QL>LK  
2)基本用法 OZ[YB  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: V`V\/s gj  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. &.?XntI9O  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. +a1x;  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 OmYVJt_  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: (Fv tL*  
He is constantly complaining about his job. wVf~FssN  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. HgI!q<)  
5 、现在完成时 $XBK_ 5  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 L4#pMc  
2)基本用法 :=*de Z<  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 !vnQ;g5  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since  N;7/C  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: (\V i _  
We’ve just back. :2 ;Jo^6Se  
We have studied English for more than ten years. D #ddx  
He has lived here since 1995. b z>X~   
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. U84W(X  
Have you booked your hotel yet M`xiC  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 FR&`R  
(1)过去与现在的关系 ~/ %Xm<  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 L * n K> +  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 Z:; }  
造成的影响。 : ! ya&o  
(2)时间状语不同 4E'9;tA3l  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, wb-yAQ8  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till eRauyL"Q+  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: yU$ MB,1  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) gT+/nSrLV  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 i;[y!U  
开着的。) &hCbXs=  
6 、过去进行时 'j1e(wq  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 uOxHa>h  
2)基本用法 E+td~&x  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: a"8[,A3  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. 95DEuReKi  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. xQy,1f3s+  
7 、过去完成时 ngY%T5-  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 {Gxe%gu6 K  
2)基本用法 <h T\xBb:  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 g7oY1;  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: b7Y g~Lw  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning [ oWkd_dK  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 8h )XULs2  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. 0X$mT:=9  
8 、过去将来时 "kg`TJf=  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 =x~I'|%3  
2)基本用法 8:cbr/F<  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 {.Tx70kn  
时的宾语从句中。例如: $ /VQsb  
He said he would stop smoking next month. ZWs   
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. I[z:;4W}L^  
9 、将来完成时 Z\0Rw>#  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 Z%T Ajm  
2)基本用法 |diI(2w  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: Vn s3859$8  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. z^Q'GBoBA  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. $-4](br|  
10 、现在完成进行时 > A#5` $i  
1)构成 Lp`.fn8Ln  
2)基本用法 X -pbSq~5  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 3^xUN|.F*V  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 ,GbmL8P7Y  
状语连用。例如: pP<8zTLn  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. hU)t5/h;K  
He has been studying English for years. fHt\KP  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. .ZXoRT  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 a[{$4JpK  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: F %>$WN#2  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) w,{h9f  
They have built a ship.(已完成) M!&Hn,22  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) LG}{ibB  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! *_V+K  
(表达不满情绪) [lmF2  
II. 动词的语态 ]uXJjS f  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 Y&2FH/(M  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: LF|0lAr  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 K:Z$V  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called A U~DbU0O  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called IQqUFP$8g  
将来 shall/will be ly0R'4j \  
called y^2#;0W  
------ shall/will have been called VKa+[  
应注意的事项: 7FX4|]  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 .7iRV  
He was beat severely by the gunman. \w9}O2 lL  
The cup was broken by Tom. 6St= r)_  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 I ~,.@{4  
或副词。例如: ]n^iG7aB?  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. ~nZcA^b#DQ  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. !do`OEQKR  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 M/S~"iD  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: \gA!)q.;  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) ]b- 2:M  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) @SfQbM##%  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) :EX>Y<`]  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 reu[rZ&  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: 0X)vr~`  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. ;" dX]":  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. P&`%VW3E  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: O|Uz)Y94  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: & ALnE:F  
She got her purse stolen. MA .;=T  
I must get my hair cut. #GM^:rF  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 5lsslE+:J  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: J[lC$X[  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately.  WNR]GI  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. s8-RXEPb  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, p)biOG  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: $dM_uSt  
The book sells very well. 0%%1:W-  
The parachute opens easily. 3.W[]zH/u  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: (%_X{R'  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; [,;Y5#Y[5  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 sL@\,]Y  
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