该错题常考要点 /kJ*WA?J
一、代词 #S
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代词中主要讲解六个问题 Fza)dJ7
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 XsR%_eT
主格、宾格、所有格 ? {l2
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) %(kq Hxc
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(二) 反身代词 #mM&CscE
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 4k
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He killed himself. (他自杀了) z)]EB6uRg
He killed him. (他杀了他) -e)bq:T
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating xH
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a series of indicators that could help
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themselves to predict earthquakes. ,AD| u_pP
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 pts}?
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 :E^B~ OuL
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 mvL'l)
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 z84W{!
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies =ddx/zN
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the k
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Pacific. m@Nx`aS?
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 u}rot+)%
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 6^aYW#O<Ua
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 1h#k&r#*3
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 {UmCn>c
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined (XwLKkw0n
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the word“normalcy”to express social and h]MVFn{
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economic conditions they promised the nation. 9v
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 0;h1LI)
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important cORM R!
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John Tb={g;0@
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Keats, published the year of her death. D;I`k
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 6{$dFwl
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(四) Who和which的区别 o1WidJ"
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 M#cr*%
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 -p.*<y
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 1bJ]3\
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. &fSc{/
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 FMdLkyK;
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 iEviH>b5
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(五) that和which的区别 %W4aKb?BT
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 mp,e9Nd;
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it )6>|bmpU
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. 8F^,8kIR
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 U>_IYT
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 6"i{P
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, )J+{oB[>b
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ,xYsH+ybA
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. (~Uel1~@
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which &'(a$S>v
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly t@(9ga(
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. =zm0w~']E!
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 `~_H=l9{
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has *
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affected the way people in the United States----. z!s.9
(A) living and working hza> jR
(B) they live and work n @&"+
(C) live and work 3vdu;W=Sz
(D) to live and to work zb;(?!Bd#
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 pw,O"6J*
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二、介词 u C,"5C
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 9-
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(一) 介词搭配 v2hZq-q
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 1,"I=
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. .dx
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 DR:8oo&E
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. GE1i+.+-.
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分析:B错改为be rich in oZTgN .q
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the {5^K Xj$B
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. >+cSPN'i>
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 ?4XnEDAm
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 lT2 4JhJ#
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 dsJm>U
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. w OI^Q~
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 X) V7bVW
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has HPg3`Ul
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on j^flwk
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. WJ|:kuF
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 A /(lK q
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2、介词by B
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ';0 qj$#
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing O*[{z
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例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ;}qhc l+
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. )KE[!ofD
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 {ox2Tg?
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils w]u@G-e
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to qH>`}/,P
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supply moccasins and field rations. !z 53OT!
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 j'?7D0>
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with x}TS
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements {D`
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that are often represented at symbols. X(A.X:"
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 fB1
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三、谓语动词 ,CvG 20>
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 'sh~,+g
①、主谓分割原则 69m
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例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, vI1i,x#i
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. $e1=xSQp4
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 JyL a#\ R
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②、与后者一致原则 +Y"r71|A6+
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, }`(N:p
not only…but also xu5ia|gYz7
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③、与前者一致原则 $+JS&k/'m
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, ncu`vYI.
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 E 99hlY~1:
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ?eH&'m}-
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. !oPq?lW9
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is PyVC}dUAX
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④、就近原则 CTX9zrY*T
or, either…or, neither…nor, F+R?a+e
单数名词+or+复数名词+are $mf
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如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 1b=lpw1}
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 )?_#gLrE6
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 :w}{$v}#D;
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are x{D yTtX<
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 9T#;,{VQ
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 V5+SWXZ
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 UOQEk22
There are five apples that are red. N0hE4t
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 \RNg|G
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets &zs'/xv]
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. /cc\fw1+
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 ~?B;!Csk
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 Bl=t
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The rich are not always happier than the poor. mPq$?gdp
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 R|i/lEq
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 NcY608C
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: qzb<J=FAU
a. there be 句型 _X@v/sAy
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 {Z
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b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 Ef<b~E@
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. z=$jGL
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ZE%YXG
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific :d ~|jS
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 MxBTX4ES
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miles in width. 7'OtruJ
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分析:倒装句,are改为is +i
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and W\18{mbuy
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film w9|w2UK
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. ntmyNf?;
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 &N;-J2M
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 }MlwC;ot
fifty percent of + 名词 DLCkM*'
one percent of + 名词 &7_Qd4=08w
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: k^OV56
one percent of my students + are S/ibb&
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. @JRNb=?a
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这里要强调两个结构 m XXt'_"
half of =fifty percent `8FUX= Sh
most of + 可数名词 + are T,$WlK
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most of + 不可数名词+ is [b$4Shx
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been %e@#uxm
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found in central and eastern Canada. *cO sv
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 |c`w'W?C6
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized TFuR@KaBR
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. qL94SW;
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 "al`$ %(
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 Sv;_HZ
①、主要考察时间状语 l|hUw
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. lKgKtQpi
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was 95<EN(oUD
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②、For和since的区别 ZR\VCVH\^
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 oc^Br~ Th
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 e]Zngt?b
I has been a teacher for three years. 07Edfe
I has been a teacher since 1996. BW,mwq
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 @X3{
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became "l >Igm
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the primary responsibility of the president. Pm$q]A~
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 M?/jkc.8H
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of .I@CS>j
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. DI;DECQl$
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 6;
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. 3v")J*t
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live iV fgDo
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(三) 谓语的语态 |7KeR-
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 >q7BVF6V|
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: YJ:3!B>Zo
①、prove >]%8Zx[
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 JCY~W=;v
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; N0>0z]4;q
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming ?m
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be <ER'Ed
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. iE.-FZc
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 ]B=C|usJ
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②、Locate,Situate tvd0R$5}
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 gw _$
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 D7
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这两个词也可以用作被动 a ,7&"
My school was located near the river. [\R>Xcu>
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 AnZclqtb
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. ;W:6{9m ze
(A)locates *^ \FIUd
(B)locating <Q<+4Y{R
(C)to locate @U -$dw'4
(D)is located @tRMe64
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 W4YE~
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③、表示需要概念的动词 x O7IzqY
need, want, require等 )R{UXk3q}
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My watch needed repairing vuz4qCQ
My watch needed to be repaired. z 2/!m[U
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④、表示人的情感的动词 [RU
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move, annoy, surprise, please等 (foBp
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 @LLTB(@wR
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 ,ZI\dtl
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主动和被动技巧总结: BQ05`nkF
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 hv)7H)|l~]
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the `{FwTZ=6{
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, <rK=9"$y(t
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power structures, and flood-control works along :Eh'(
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. I6OSC&A`
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 dU;upS_-
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四、非谓语动词 #7z|mVzH
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(一) 分词 = hX[
现在分词和过去分词的区别 &`:rp!Lc
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 c"Y!$'|Q
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then y' tRANxQ
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. F ! )-|n}
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning `facFt[\
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 {^&k!H2
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in 8gpB z'/,
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. BRtXf0~&p
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living uZ[/%GTX{)
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一些动词后面必须用doing 6:RMU
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 [#X|+M&u6
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, W8.j/K:
advocate, suggest [`bZ5*&
delay, quit D{svR-~T
forgive(原谅),tolerate, >r:X~XnRUj
avoid, escape(逃避) j1F w
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spend+名词+doing; C"9"{
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing DrFu r(=T
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their zW)gC9_|m-
A B C D q4k`)?k9
crops. {|p"; uJ
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 =WjJN Q
V@Kn24''
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, \AJS,QD
A B -Qg,99M
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 0k.v0a7%
C D \L
%q[
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing \AHY[WKx
q'2`0MRa
(二) 不定式
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A. 动词不定式的省略 !3QRzkJX~
①、help后面可以省略to BP:(IP!&
help do t,1in4sN
help sb. to do Gb?g,>C
0 S2v"(_T
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid hXPocP
A B s`r-v/3l
the habits that might shorten the lives. O%prD}x
C D @kz!{g]Sn
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 /=q.tDH=I
e& p_f<
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 KjBOjD'I
make, d&5c_6oW
let, .hc|t-7f
have sb. do sth T!1SMo^
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. YsZ
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例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians =?HzNA$yh
A B hEWx.
to know when to play various parts of a composition. wZ$tJQO
C D 6zv;lx0<D&
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know (*MNox?w
Sf=F cb
③、感官动词 ;*W=c
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe &{ DR
6
see sb do sth. 强调过程 ;i.I&*t
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 ;]{{)dst
g})6V
O%fUm0O d
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 h (qshbC}
(1)表示第一人 %)8d{1at
the first woman to do sth. K2*1T+?X
c[&d @
(2)表示迫使的动词 oDz*~{BHg
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do XpR.rq$]
u/_Gq[Q,u
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis a_Z.J3
A B y*}AX%8`e~
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. jaK' W
C D 1a5?)D
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 M`)s>jp@w
EfFj!)fz
Jz=;mrW
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 >BJ2v=RA
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ;>inT7?3|
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 5tN%a>D%
be lieable to do 易于…的 =ZCH1J5"
be apt to do I h5/=_n
ny278tr Q7
(4)表示目的的名词, | \AbL!u
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 \#uqD\DE
固定的句式: qJsQb
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. )o05Vda
the objective 目标 &W&7bZ$;
aim p3
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goal @uQ%o%Ru6
reason理由 (jp1; #P!
function功能 6$W -?
intension意图 tfi2y]{A
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing o@qN#Mg?>}
A
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. 1.hOE>A%
B C D K?z*3^^X;
分析:the function to provide, A错 W)6U6
X !&"&n
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure -=-x>(pRW7
A
sq8 tv]
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds '0\0SL
B yrxx+z|wR
that make up various components of a living cell. D6C-x
C D "2y7l
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 ')C_An>X6
PO=ZxG
(5) 其他同根名词 kphy7>Km
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 % xH>0
attempt to do 企图 Ym
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decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 rsIt~w
ambition, Gaw,1Ow!`2
be ambitious to do Sgjr4axu
effort % @^VrhS
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation zm_hLk
A B l*m]2"n]
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 6):sO/es
C D 45!`g+)
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 0SGczgg
I5|S8d<
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great *$WiJ3'(m
A B `rOe5Zp$
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. R!M|k%(
C D SqT"/e]b'
分析:efforts to register, C错 +wf& L
PauFuzPP
bj
*v'
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 |'l* $
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ,_X,V!
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 1{uDHB
1J!tcj1(
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时
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I am glad to see you. eJwii
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. Wf&G9Be?8
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. #ui%=ja[:~
B#/~U`t*
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 Se]t;7j
It is difficult to decide. J~ gkGso
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五、句子的结构 0aq-drl5\
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 OG<]`!"
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(一) 主语的重复 uS+b* :
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ?wiq
3f 6
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any *~aI>7H
A B L[9+xK^g
compromises concerning the establishment of the cF>;f(X
C D =P+wp{?AN|
League of Nations. 0eu$oel-
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 '2B0D|r"a
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson LAjw!QB
SEn8t"n
^ZZ@!Udy
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are PYRwcJ$b\d
A B !7Q.w/|=
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. UgBY
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C D 'k) P(H
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 m>m`aLrnb
:<|fZa4!"
(二)谓语的重复 J'oz P^N
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 JSP8Lu"n
<L[)P{jn?p
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of mi3q1npb7[
A B "PM:&v
one or more sentences related to the same idea. ]5M
Rp7
C D 6v#sq
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 A^jm<~
vTa23YDW
(三)谓语的缺少 W;*vcbP
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body ?9M+fi
A B {+59
YO
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 81 Not
C D ;:YjgZ:+Q]
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 Pg}G4L?H;J
c8 fb)`,k
(四)主句的重复 [?(W7
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 t$Ji{t-
^E,UcK;
.Zm }
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite JVYYwA^.
A B C eJdQ7g[>
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. [aUT #
D ~H.
"{
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 %zVv3p:
agot
(
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow B(NL3WJ
A B rkXSygb
sweeps across the face of the Earth. JG$J,!.\
C D *38\&"s4_
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 Y)5}bmL
(S{c*"}2
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 'v5gg2
A B [^P2Kn
names for towns, only George Washington 4H'&5
C jt*@,+e|
is remembered in the name of a state. <\NXCUqDpo
D 8`<GplO
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ~)(Dm+vZ
六、比较级和最高级 .w"O/6."
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 6f1Y:qK'@
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 G
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例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which *2hzReM
A ~Y[b
QuA=)
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. `UPmr50Wq
B C D 6jA Q
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 |'#NDFI>}
%&NK|M+n
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 efm<
bJB2
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. <taW6=
;c
A B C D "Y6mM_flq
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 |M&/(0
6IH^rSUSK
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere W@Wh@eSb;
A B C D X8TZePh
is the grizzly bear. stSc
z#!
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ;o=mL_[
YFY)Z7fK
8V=o%[t
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 J %t1T]y~
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 jXQ_7
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with TgLlmU*qMU
A B
J\BdC];
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. k-/$8C
C D pOXEM1"2A
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 9"e!0Q4 0
JB7]51WH@
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 Fu$otMw%l
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as qA42f83
'1+ Bgf
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 -JK+{<
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ]cD!~nJ
the taller boy ]z,?{S
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 ,yoT3_%P
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed 0;9LIL5
A B f]EHDcC3X
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is !Kis,e
abundant, and humidity is moderate. C^a~)r.h
C D d@<XR~);
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 9"rATgN1
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 +hfl.OBy
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, lyyi?/W%
A B C mxIEg?r(
the Navajos form largest group. yC
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D b% F|VG
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 \%)p7PNY
B\Uj
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, @M1U)JoQ
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language NH{0KZ
R
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the \Tc$P#
;RR)C@n1
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many k,?k37%T]
A B C milU,!7J
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 6wGf47
D *+b[v7
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 Z'\_YbB
P^
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the D~-Ri`k.
例如:my best friends Z@1r
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial :wIbKs.r
A B C /V,:gLpQ
and banking center. HxkhlNB
D
!4|7U\;
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 *b> ~L
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 U5" C"+
3
F77~156
(|S e+Y#e,
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary +YP,LDJ!v
A *C$
W^u5h
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. 4\t9(_
B C D p 5P<3(
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 B&"fPi
ucyxvhH^-
七、平行结构 ?L'ijzP
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 kFeuKSa^d
OD{Rh(Id
z1s9[5
(一) 对等连接词 Tf` ~=fg%
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 ?!b}Ir<1j
单一式: and, or ,but \!`*F:7]-
相关式: both…and, not … but, lr=*Ty(V
either …or, neither…nor st~f}w@
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as !RAyUfS
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, P
bCXcs
没有so...as... H>k=V<
between…and, H+ t^eg88
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also V9][a
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Vc}m_T]O
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短语式: as well as c)+IX;q-C
rather than (而不是) T-uI CMEf
other than (除…之外) #X`j#"Ov2(
instead of (代替) XzkC ]e'
yS %J$o&
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 [PdatL2
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, uveTx
A B vaW,O/F
but he is now living in Detroit. [YLaRr
C D 3t)07(x_B
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 MZv In ZS
Y7{IF X
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics m
Y+Jju1
A B GFB(c
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford ia?{]!7$
remained active in city and regional planning. WnyEdYA
C D n<+g{QHi
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 m0DD|7}+
(二)平行的内容 ?%Hj,b
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 c|.~f+
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of '_N~PoV
A B jdqVS @SD
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, 2~h! ouleY
C D c07'mgsU
or yearly periods of light and darkness. Uus%1hC%a
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 P/
6$T2k_
q~ ]S5
+m8CN(c
第二、名词单复数的平行 Vb yGr~t
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 -}#=L@
lQ(I/[qVd
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, }-jS0{i
A B C Yz7H@Y
2
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radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. UVa:~c$U4
D utOATjB.z
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 %EV\nwn6
l ld,&N8
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate,
ja !K2^
A B 9lXjB_wG>
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. )c*NS7D~f
C D @>:V?
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have
+\Uq=@
3QSA|
第三、时态的平行 V Ioqn$
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated f
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b
A S:5vC{
with the imagist movement , but later develops s|HpN
B 0nOkQVMk>
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. _"0,
C D 0c}pg:XT
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 0+3_CS++r
5z/*/F=X
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- I}^Q u0ub
spread from its home in Central America and [d dKC)tA
now grows throughout the tropics. ;r8<
Ed
(A) to be (B) it yV.E+~y
(C) the (D) its mv,p*0
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? )t#>fnN
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow simD<&p
#3~hF)u&/
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- C(Cuk4K
commercially for their meat and eggs. `/"*_AKAI
(A) raised (B) and are raised OUtXu7E$
(C) raised as (D) are raised 9B)<7JJX!J
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 'G)UIjl
f
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第四、排列位置的平行 'g5 Gdn
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. D$
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(A) Not only does rust corrode 0Z4o3r[
(B) Not only rust corrodes O3JBS^;V2
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes ` W}Bc
(D) Rust not only corrodes QKHAN{hJ
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 FW@(
MIH
Z#vU~1W
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: Wm^RfxgN/
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 (3VV(18
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 AZH=r S`
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误
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rtn.^HF
八、词序的颠倒 I.>SC
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 ozOvpi:k3%
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 7x''V5*j
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage 7#[8td
A B pd\x^F`sk.
that can be given to any individual in the United States. Qq{>]5<
C D D!WyT`T
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 a,ZmDkzuv
[))TL
n6C]JWG\/U
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ^~DDl$NH
例:Certain types of computers work properly only We)l_>G
A B DFM~jlH
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. OzA'd\|
C D U-ADdOh"q
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 2H9;4>ss
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tDQuimYu7
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 s9[547?`
=-%10lOI
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were [I6&|Lz>
A B C kK~,?l
in what is now the United States. 60z8U#upM
D [ f;o3
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 b]6@
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所有的系动词分为三大类: ^\Epz*cL
第一种:表示保持某种状态, 9/#?]LJ
is, remain, keep, stay, yvIzgwN%s!
lie, exit(表示位于) +)ba9bJ|
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 {'a|$u+
become, turn, grow, ~-f"&@){,
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) o2rL&
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第三种,感官动词 h>"j!|#!s
seem(好像是) 9Q>85IiT
look(看起来好像是) @@V{W)rl
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste !:wA\mAd
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 %:}o\ _w
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe !2F X l;
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to cause numerous deaths. KBa ]s q_
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 8Z!Mad
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九、词性的混用 \b*z<Odv
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 W1_.wN$,5
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 Z(I=KBI
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; b\S
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ,c,@WQ2:-
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and MdDL?ev
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. H[RX~Xk2E
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) d7S?"JpV
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 "hk {"0E
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 20# V?hX3
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds sC A
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to Y5c[9\'\
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 1obajN
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 S_TD o
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, JvK]EwR
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of \ef:H&r
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urban Black people in the United States. Nz}PcWF/
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 d8iq9AP\o
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 !6x7^E;c
表示时间有两种可能, +w-J;GLSy
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 x[0O*ty-*<
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, Q'qX`K+@`
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 NWP!V@
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence qXhdU/
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were made while the American Civil War. rOz1tY)l0d
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 N/ f7"~+`
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the #=VYq4B=
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. Zazff@O *
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 9}u,`&
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 u*TC8!
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连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 Pc_aEBq
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social .w;kB}$YC
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. h%krA<G9
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 BMy3tyO
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples ocFk#FW
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easily under the stress of compression. o`,~#P|
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 \gk.[={^P
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 L%T(H<