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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 #92 :h6  
一、代词 s-J>(|  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 TY],H=  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 H_3S#.  
  主格、宾格、所有格 ubjuuha"  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) {|O8)bW'  
l%oie1g l  
(二) 反身代词 :w_Zr 5H]  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 Ky[/7S5E  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) (& =-o(  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) 2kp.Ljt@  
D\jRF-z  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating   S`)KC-  
    A                 B    DvKM[z3j  
  a series of indicators that could help +^iUY%pm  
             C      wWKC .N  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. .9#4qoM'  
    D hc4<`W{  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 bc}U &X<  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 f<= #WV  
nU-.a5  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Cg |_ ) _w  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 KwndY,QD  
M`*B/Fh 2  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies r :{2}nE  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the @Y 1iEL%\y  
     A   B      C          D )mz [2Sfg  
  Pacific. 16_HO%v->  
OmQSNU.our  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 @Ck6s  
G(~d1%(  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 @vh3S+=M  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: _iLXs  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 @C62%fU{5  
C '4u+raq  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined I& l1b>  
                       A   ck>|p09q'9  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and S}gUz9ks  
             B =K I4  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. vmK<_xbwd  
   C       D SL" ;\[uI  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 t uo'4%]i  
Ck8`$x&t  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important zDeh#  
        A     '31pb9@fH  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John IE.JIi^w  
   B        C      Idop!b5!  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  {\ [u2{  
      D Izm8 qt=m  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. y K)7%j!  
u6IEBYG ((  
o)F^0t  
(四) Who和which的区别 RKFj6u  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ^$f} s,09  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 }C!N$8d,  
2#~5[PtP^  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ,pE{N&p9  
              A            B L3iY Z>]  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. (.4mX t  
   C                  D =Y#)c]`  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ag^EH"%zw  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 y3 @R>@$  
VeeQmR?u-  
(五) that和which的区别 d]6.$"\" p  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 pt<!b0G  
<3zA|  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it ysm)B?+k  
              A        B Gh}sk-Xk=  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. \)'s6>58|  
      C              D VCfa<hn  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 @T[}] e  
oG~a`9N%C  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 eFS;+?bu  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ZZ k6 @C  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when k"X<gA  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. > 5-z"f  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which \g& P5  
ovJwo r  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly \nT, NV11  
              A         B   7\I,;swo  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. gz8>uGx&V!  
         C      D CUIT)mF:  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 NT+%u-  
@9S3u#vP  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  ~k>H4hV3  
  affected the way people in the United States----. 6$] @}O^V  
   (A) living and working ?/"Fwjau  
   (B) they live and work iV<4#aBg  
   (C) live and work d7 |3A  
   (D) to live and to work k$]-fQM  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 W$&{jr-p  
rC )pCC  
二、介词 o"h* @.  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 ~2 aR>R_nT  
z+IHt(  
(一) 介词搭配 7;0$UYDU*  
/S9s%scAy  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those JBzRL"|  
    A         B   C      o[<lTsw<  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. m"3gTqG   
                D ,EhQTVJ  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 4rX jso|  
;&="aD  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. n`'v8 `a]  
A       B     C  D k Qm\f  
分析:B错改为be rich in B?o ?LI  
> wsS75n1  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the kFCjko  
    A         B      C #fT1\1[]  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. r7dvj#^  
             D ,UOAGu<_gb  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 V* :Q~ ^  
w?u4-GT  
,V$PV,G  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 #f *,mY|>  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 Z?XgY\(a(Q  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. -s ]  
          A      B  C     D Iv J ;9d  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 /K+GM8rtE  
Kterp%J?  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has l;u_4`1H  
                 A  B     Z{' .fq2A  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on 7*{9 2_M  
      C ]J`yh$a  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ZW+[f$X  
      D 4KO2oIR  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ]g}Tqf/N%  
&DUt`Dr w  
2、介词by d5b \kRr  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by C}})dL;(  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing `#v(MK{9+V  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States Muhq,>!U  
    A         B       n aQ0TN,  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. ZD)pdNX  
   C     D w-[A"M]I  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 >icL,n"]  
HOEjLwH  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils !a(#G7zA  
   A                      $d@_R^]X  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to s :4<wmu4=  
     B    C       D VaLx-RX  
   supply moccasins and field rations. jjs1Vj1@<  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 <%@S-+D`]  
=*ZQGM3w  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with '[XtARtY`  
        A                _t9@ vVQ  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements upD 2vtU  
        B          C   2N,<~L`FX'  
  that are often represented at symbols. dc ]+1 A  
              D R0 g-  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 Pf?*bI  
三、谓语动词  P[l?  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 p@/i e@DX  
①、主谓分割原则 o0f{ePZ=  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, FG?69b>  
     A     ~"oxytJ  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. /& qN yo  
        B      C      D |_=o0 l f  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 0st)/\  
GsYi/Z   
②、与后者一致原则 oZ)\Ya=  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, :d&^//9  
not only…but also Sdc yL%6!  
}'?N+MN  
kW'xuZ&  
③、与前者一致原则 YQB.3  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, t+R8{9L-  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ) o)k~6uT  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and [OH9/ "  
     A      B  C     8P wobln  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. IX!Q X  
         D MjO.s+I  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is W!$aK)]4u  
\6UK:'5{  
④、就近原则 i + I%]  
or, either…or, neither…nor, r ek89.p  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are -ejH%CT  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is G~oGBq6Gz  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 z|VQp,ra  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数  ,ux?wa+  
1-@[th  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are F`l r5  
        A      B        wS Ty2Oyo;  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 9{gY|2R_  
    C              D .xR J )9q  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ?8 cgQf$  
s~ZLnEb  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 .OLm{  
There are five apples that are red. &E0d{ 2  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 ;\P\0pI50  
,KXS6:1%5Y  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets +|#lUXC  
      A            ),#%jc 2_^  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. ]8)nIT^EP  
   B   C    D FLT4:B7  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 =!rdn#KH  
![=C`O6K  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 L: hEt  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ^_6.*Mvx  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 W@R\m=e2  
huj 6Ysr  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 E$B7E@(U  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: {Kn:>l$*7  
a. there be 句型 C&Nga `J  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 (9!$p|d*  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 xcBV,[E{  
u9-:/<R#}y  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. ELh`|X  
   A     B      C    D    }.j<kmd  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is A 9 I5  
99G zhX_  
60 D0z  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 74Fv9  
             A     B    ZbmBwW_ 7  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30  58S>B'  
     C         xa 7~{ E,  
  miles in width. >A'Q9Tia;  
     D   "pQFIV,  
分析:倒装句,are改为is F+%6?2 J  
FU;b8{Y  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and PVK. %y9  
   A    B       C         x~!gGfP  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film `7.(dn>WL0  
                    D 4z {jWNM)N  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. w(>mP9Cb  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 y7iHB k"^:  
%E1_)^ ^  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 n'WhCrW  
fifty percent of + 名词 ^p@R!228  
one percent of + 名词 `$kKTc:f  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: #Cj$;q{!  
  one percent of my students + are [I XX#^F  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. orT%lHwjL  
!(%^Tg=  
这里要强调两个结构 U};~ff+  
half of =fifty percent /'yi!:FZFC  
most of + 可数名词 + are khXp}p!Zm  
most of + 不可数名词+ is aPELAU-  
MQ~OG9.  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 3U.?Jbm-8  
   A       B         C   [,@gSb|D?  
  found in central and eastern Canada. aDDs"DXx  
           D mN!5JZ' 2  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 {c#{dT  
?PpGBm2f*  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized >Rnj6A|Q  
                 A   B  l.Psh7B2  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. yf lt2 R  
              C     D $y2"Q,n+  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 nVSuvq|S  
KS9 e V  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 U\<8}+x  
①、主要考察时间状语 z~Ec*  
4ONou&T  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. BGe&c,feIc  
   A        B  C     D Vk3xWD~  
r )pg9}+  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was XBTtfl &  
ljS~>&  
7yp}*b{s  
②、For和since的区别 UNc[h&@_  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 qaj~q(j~ C  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 L_k'r\L  
  I has been a teacher for three years. >f !  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. Fq-A vU  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 bPe|/wp  
YNRorE   
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became RKt#2%FFO  
   A      B              *h H\H  
  the primary responsibility of the president. &B;M.sz~C4  
     C    D K<_bG<tm_  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 T&/ ]|4  
iaq+#k@V  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of zx(=ArCRr  
             A  B  C   3Dm`8Xt  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. sK&[sN33  
            D +ROwk  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 [ q% Rx!L  
_>k&,p]y  
V"r2 t9A  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  Pf4b/w/  
   A       B        C     D Y[8GoqE|  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 'on8r*  
0+vt LDq@P  
(三) 谓语的语态 A:?|\ r  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 'H]&$AZ;@  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: S 6|#9C&  
①、prove &`9p.  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 E;m-^dxc  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; '&O J hLE  
&.ilku/  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming a9"1a'  
                      A   k|Syw ATr  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be 8vK$]e36  
    B                  C 'Y%@fZf x  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ^_Ap?zn  
                  D 3utv  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 [\rnJ lE  
]8c%)%Vi  
C~ r(*nr  
②、Locate,Situate {wNNp't7  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 }=fVO<R v  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 d `g)(*  
这两个词也可以用作被动 TJhzyJ"t  
  My school was located near the river. +pefk+  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 6 #vc"5@M  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. FB\lUO)U\c  
   (A)locates I/H cIBJ  
   (B)locating =rB=! ;  
   (C)to locate W7 .Y`u[  
   (D)is located wyVQV8+&>  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 'ZUB:R@[  
3%NbT  
③、表示需要概念的动词 z/ Kjz$l!  
need, want, require等 2`ED?F68gH  
-<jd/ 5  
My watch needed repairing jlA?JB  
My watch needed to be repaired. XoZw8cY  
|vI1C5e  
④、表示人的情感的动词 waYH_)Zx  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 1;Q>B>6  
[D v6z t>  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 ;#>,eD2u  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 F\H^= P  
]\8{z"  
主动和被动技巧总结: ,;)1|-^nu  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 ?u)[xEx6}+  
 -l ?J  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the i,h)   
                 A      )HFl 0[vT  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, _Q $D6+  
                 B :AzP3~BI  
  power structures, and flood-control works along r8uc.z2%  
                    C |}O9'fyU8  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. =q4 QBAW  
                D kV mJG#  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ] SErM#$*  
potb6jc?  
四、非谓语动词 x,3oa_'E  
u3Jsu=Nx-  
(一) 分词 ~Xf&<&5d T  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 o (OC3  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 f7Dx.-  
)%}? p2.  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then DJF-J#  
   A p(5'|eqBV  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. wJ| wAS  
     B      C            D /wj L<  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning P]pVYX# m  
j})6O!L.  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 /y \KLa  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in Q\>Kd N{  
      A               B   m ST/u>'  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. #hBDOXHPf  
               C         D \\qw"w9  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living hE-u9i  
uQ;b'6Jcp  
XZaei\rUn)  
一些动词后面必须用doing wHQyMq^  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 sQT0y(FW  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ]i=\5FH e  
 advocate, suggest &oWdBna"_  
 delay, quit nnU &R  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, K4vl#*qn  
 avoid, escape(逃避) ?PIOuN=  
 spend+名词+doing; H\f.a R=  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Og`6>?>97  
(8<U+)[tPy  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their m CFScT  
   A     B    C              D VP$`.y  
  crops. 1{oq8LB  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 Q' ] _3  
{XMF26C#  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, a;Q6S  
               A        B j*m7&wOE  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. (u81p  
        C          D .17WF\1HC.  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing R 2uo ZA,  
swvn*xr  
(二) 不定式 T`f6`1x  
A. 动词不定式的省略 I| qoHN,g  
①、help后面可以省略to W8Z&J18AU  
  help do u/e-m/  
  help sb. to do 'W 5r(M4U  
ve2GRTO^aC  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid "VxZ nT  
              A      B   ]Cpd`}'  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. F#KO!\iA+  
         C     D 4oT1<n`r+  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 jk2h"):B>  
5|!x0H;   
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 M7 &u_Cn?  
  make, EOu\7;kE9  
  let, 0x!XE|7I  
  have sb. do sth 7u]0dHj  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. eOa:%{Kj  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians 60P^aj$V  
        A               B J&w%lYiu5  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. 0UeDM*  
   C     D R4G$!6Ld  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ^D8 YF  
kRs(A~ngc  
③、感官动词 `T2RaWR4=  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe )NJD+yQ%  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 z"8%W?o>  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 8MgoAX,p  
!0:uM)_k  
I#QBJ#  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 /gh=+;{  
(1)表示第一人 #4"(M9kf  
the first woman to do sth. Ub=g<MYHV  
%7 h _D  
(2)表示迫使的动词 ko\VDyt,  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do Ovh  
^Ts|/+}'i  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 22S4q`j  
     A                 B    rLO1Sv  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. T6MlKcw,t  
       C           D S05+G}[$  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 r4/G&m[V  
3 /V&PDC*'  
YL \d2  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 q15t7-Z6  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ogQY"c8  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 3jQy"9f  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 $j*%}x~[  
  be apt to do P F#+G;q;  
,K=\Y9l3  
(4)表示目的的名词, ,>lOmyh  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 oLK-~[p  
固定的句式: p`:hY`P  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. 9}4P%>_  
the objective 目标 $qG;^1$  
aim 6Mu_9UAl`  
goal DX u915  
reason理由 vw VeHjR  
function功能 0 `%eP5  
intension意图 y J*`OU#  
HwTb753  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing g bDre~|  
                       A  ! J`>;&  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. Hhx"47:  
           B          C     D .4E5{F{~  
分析:the function to provide, A错 jp=z ^l  
?O3E.!Q|  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure ..BIoSrj  
                  A       hG~4i:p <  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds | a001_Wv  
     B  T DOOq;+  
  that make up various components of a living cell. iUDNm|e  
    C    D -PXRd)~  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 n N.6?a  
XY % er  
(5) 其他同根名词 '5xIisP  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 1 ; _tu  
 attempt to do 企图 [7x,&  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Mttt]]  
 ambition, Do1 Ip&X  
 be ambitious to do  4lrF{S8  
 effort wW2b?b{*Z  
co!o +jP  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ^`M,ju  
  A                    B   xvo""R/g8  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. U\OfB'Dn  
          C       D bloe|o!  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 `^ FAD   
F)fCj^ zL  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great =QdHji/sB  
  A                   B   > ZR CM  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. >O0z +tj  
       C            D _8zZ.~)  
分析:efforts to register, C错 O*qSc^9q  
+]?/c>M  
?a)X)#lQ  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 Ltk'`  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 `Uz2(zqS  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 6f=,$:S$  
Evjvaa^  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 M:[rH  
I am glad to see you. +=_^4  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. I`e$U  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. WA'4y\N  
?WVp,vP  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 tccw0  
It is difficult to decide. /R/\>'{E&c  
z2.9l?"rfQ  
x6n(BMr  
五、句子的结构 v8{ jEAK  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 )Bz2-|\  
J&hzr t  
(一) 主语的重复 S*aMUV&  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 K^z u{`S  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any wSV}{9}wr%  
          A      B      $Gy &  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the lwVo%-  
          C          D hXAgT!ZD  
  League of Nations. ^i"~6QYE  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 c }-AD r9  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson YK{E=<:  
KfPYH\ 0  
a1 Kh  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are w=;Jj7}L  
        A        B   /# FU"  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. HL`=zB%  
    C         D hvFXYq_[O  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 Y3 V9  
7{BTtUMAC  
(二)谓语的重复 Lu][0+-  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 :>q*#vlb  
2{Johqf  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  ?cB:1?\j  
    A            B    *.,G;EC^  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. >WZ_) `R  
         C   D !H^e$BA  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 x b (Cd  
|19 zjhl  
(三)谓语的缺少 %7wN S  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body n5U-D0/Q  
          A     B    AzZb0wW6p  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. FhFP M)[  
         C               D K\VL[HP-  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 {aoG60N  
?l/+*/AR;  
(四)主句的重复 h?-*SLT  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ls,;ozU  
T*"*##c  
l\DcXgD x  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 2 )F~  
      A         B        C   *%aWGAu:  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. 8`Iz%rw&(J  
     D *Z}9S9YtN  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 -VafN   
;56mkP  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow qZB}}pM#  
        A   B       *t_JR  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. =C4!h'hz  
      C    D XdV(=PS!a@  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ^77X?nDz=h  
@3Nvf}He  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided nJr:U2d  
   A                     B  "8*5!an u-  
  names for towns, only George Washington `&/~%>  
      C {Q/_I@m].  
  is remembered in the name of a state. P~9y}7Q\0  
          D PlC8&$   
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 }~+_|  
六、比较级和最高级 M|9=B<6`7  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 q6AL}9]9  
<d] t{M62W  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 i7|sVz=  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 3x3 =ke!  
      A               MzpDvnI9  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. 2E_d$nsJ  
     B       C           D }:xj%?ki  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 <:!;79T\  
/;V:<mekf  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 cM;,nX%/  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses.  Jknit  
     A      B     C  D 35 3*D%8  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 vf/|b6'y  
nv}z%.rRUj  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere $I4:g.gKpG  
     A       B     C   D g>;u} +lO  
  is the grizzly bear. ^M7pCetjdW  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ^7-l<R[T  
Rpou.RrXR7  
=P7!6V\f  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 Y9ipy_@_?  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 6< @F  
zwJK|Sk  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with Uk<2XGj  
   A           B  _6Qb 3tl  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. M) Z3q  
   C                 D &N|`Q (QXS  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 &KP JB"0L  
o@ W:PmKW  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 3.E3}Jz`  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as g#s hd~e  
ql2O%B.6?  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 la{Iqm{i  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 G * '1[Bu  
the taller boy 9ELRn @5.  
-H9WwFk  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 /@feY?glc  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed K</="3 HK  
          A            B *7UDTgY  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is '-NHu +  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. Vk?US &1q}  
    C          D xXfFi5Eom  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they $ Fik]TbQp  
!7y:|k,ac  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 \z[L=  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, m(p0)X),_i  
  A  B         C     _ m<@ou7  
  the Navajos form largest group. J*m ~fZ^  
         D U~s-'-C /  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 #5=!ew  
DxJY{e9  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, &.)ST0b4  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 8s)(e9Sr  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the }e0>Uk`[  
3iBUIv  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many J[jzkzSu`  
            A      B         C .kZ<Q] Vk  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. )bR`uV9<  
            D KAR **Mp+  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ~xU\%@I\  
4StoEgFS  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 5[|ZceY  
例如:my best friends &9Xn:<"`)  
#kRt\Fzq  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial CjZIBMGc  
            A    B     C "s.s(TR8  
  and banking center. f2G 3cg~H  
        D +~za6  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 +!eh\.u|]  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 pz,iQUs _o  
 wjfc9z  
B(,j*,f  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary !T RU  
                 A         )8 %lZ {  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. gaU1A"S}  
    B   C     D CC|=$(PgT  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 %eW2w@8]  
"V{v*Aei0  
七、平行结构 (R-(  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 `{  ` W-C  
Fr)6<9%xVm  
X{tfF!+iy  
(一) 对等连接词 .9@y*_ 9  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 Eu`K2_b  
单一式: and, or ,but h1Logm+m  
相关式: both…and, not … but, Z!*k0 <Z  
     either …or, neither…nor FC#t}4as  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as oL -udH  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, OEhDRU%k  
没有so...as... 67]! xy  
between…and, F~wqt7*  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also Nbd[xs-lw  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, "HtaJVp//  
BoP,MpF  
短语式: as well as 9F2MCqvcm  
     rather than (而不是) T~)R,OA7m  
     other than (除…之外) uQiW{Kja2  
     instead of (代替) pP^5y{  
Bj * M W  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 Huf;A1.  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  DsH#?h<-o  
       A     B   gfQ1p?  
  but he is now living in Detroit. }TRVCF1  
       C   D T[%@B"  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 t (Gg 1  
>j)y7DSE  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics x,UP7=6  
       A         B /A93mY[  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford Uf#9y182*c  
  remained active in city and regional planning. M?QX'fia  
          C    D  Xd5uF/w  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 cBQ+`DXn5c  
(二)平行的内容 XPT@ LM  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 =DwY-Ex  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of RL b o  
             A         B   0,j!*  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, ?63ep:QEk  
         C            D Aaz2._:/-m  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. *{dMo,.eI  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 `_!R;f  
Zx)gLD d  
o<Qt<*  
第二、名词单复数的平行 W|\ $}@>  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 a LJ d1Q  
<jG[ z69)  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ^w z 2e  
  A     B          C   @@H?w7y?&  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. uLSuY}K0  
                 D   /]-a 1  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 >1hhz  
d[oHjWk  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, iJS7g  
                   A         B QBb%$_Z  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. J=b 'b%  
      C          D GQDW}b8  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have aUq 2$lw1  
fndbGbl8p  
第三、时态的平行 ~L:H]_8F l  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated F8|m i`f-  
                A     A=r8_.@2@  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops >1$Vh=\OI  
                   B <[?ZpG  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. DA>TT~L  
          C    D g0#w 4rGF)  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 !V-(K_\t  
U04&z 91"  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- RLfB]\w  
  spread from its home in Central America and m]Mm (7v(  
  now grows throughout the tropics. - PTfsQk  
   (A) to be    (B) it   onl,R{,`0  
   (C) the     (D) its ~l]g4iEp  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? _gw paAJ  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ~~q>]4>  
I.it4~]H  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- w<Bw2c  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. tGF3Hw^mS  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised 49YN@ PXC  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised kW=!RX[&  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 :QC |N@C  
nPk&/H%5hn  
第四、排列位置的平行 |,tKw4  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 1u"#rC>7.4  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode k"6&&  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  ;9LOeH?  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes -q \Rbb5M  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes ^0-e.@  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 tG~[E,/`  
<h~=d("j  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: u:^sEk"Lk'  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 !t}yoN n|  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 j4u ["O3  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 yCN?kH G  
1 J}ML}h)  
八、词序的颠倒 LqNyi   
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 >dgz/n?:v  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 a ,"   
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage }F"98s W  
              A    B         0T^ 0)c  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. UmY{2 nzY  
      C       D    E^$8nqCL:  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 =T\=,B  
V7.g,  
M93*"jA  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 uP(t+}dQ+3  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only CD%Cb53  
          A      B     H \'1.8g/  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. ] "~ x  
    C         D ~Z!YB,)bp  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 j=Izwt>   
>239SyC-,  
(m6V)y  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 xVgm 9s$"c  
P+=m.  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were W)J MV  
          A   B     C   U^7bj  
  in what is now the United States. s]|tKQGl,  
    D 841y"@*BY  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 j/fniyJ)  
nO!&;E&  
所有的系动词分为三大类: &pjj  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, n:2._s T  
    is, remain, keep, stay, I "O^.VC  
    lie, exit(表示位于) C=]<R< Xy  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 ^L)TfI_n  
    become, turn, grow, b9m`y*My  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) {-8Nq`w  
g e:a{L  
第三种,感官动词 c)B3g.C4m  
    seem(好像是) T!ZjgCY}  
    look(看起来好像是) RL/y7M1j  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste )#cZ& O  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 k fZ`|w@q  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe B^r?N-Z A  
    A               B     K) fKL   
   to cause numerous deaths. PfRA\  
        C   D  m*A b<$y  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 6p*X8j3pW  
?]$<Ufr  
九、词性的混用 rKUtTj  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 hTzj{}w  
Z4Dx:m-  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 $rmxwxz&W:  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 6XF Ufi+  
;!A8A4~nu  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high q+9->D(6  
          A        B      6qFzo1LO  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and @Kz,TP!%A  
              C $cHU,  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. Nh}-6|M  
          D B qX"La,  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) |ymW0gh7o$  
g;'S5w9S  
dN3^PK  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 4X]/8%]V  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 ) hs&?: )  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds jq%<Z,rh  
         A       B      ElUFne=  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to mMwV5\(  
          C        U1y!R<qlp  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. W ,6q1  
            D Es7 c2YdU  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 ygnZ9ikh<-  
Zt! $"N.,  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, X}(X\rp  
            A       ,]wQ]fpt  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of M?sax+'  
      B      C A?#i{R  
   urban Black people in the United States. 9 nc_$H{  
   D [;, E cw^  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 #rX ^)2  
|Jd8ul:&e  
tq h)yr;  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 DSRc4 |L  
表示时间有两种可能, 51|s 2+GG  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 k{;?>=FH!  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, m<3. X"-  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 '+/mt_re=  
59D '*!l-  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence oCOv 6(  
       A     B     yJC: bD1xi  
  were made while the American Civil War. W?zj^y[w  
   C    D l H_pG~  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 <`SA >P  
F%y#)53g  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the `$1A;wg<  
   A      B           C    0AWxU?$A4  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. -!~pa^j  
          D >wqWIw.w>  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 jNX6Ct?  
y{(Dv}   
}KUK|p5  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 k}g4?  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。  ) 4t%?wT  
]Gm4gd`  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social fGe ie m  
                   A     t3.;qDy  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. H'$H@Kn]-  
     B   C    D Q1kM 4Up  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 6X'0 T}  
n| H8O3@  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples fA1{-JzV<4  
   A        B   C      fS'` 9  
  easily under the stress of compression. _ j'm2BA O  
   D >f&L7@  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 \goiW;b  
fbdpDVmpU  
=s.0 f:(  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 ^pY8'LF6  
,qB@agjvo<  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine  Jc]k\U  
    A         B eFy {VpO+  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. +,7vbs3  
          C            D ^XYK }J  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 yoieWnL}  
9RS vi Ii$  
-+2A@kmEJ  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, V4Qy^nn1  
         A e1V 1Ae  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. Z{ 9Io/  
   B      C      D =?]S8cth  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 hH05 p!2  
/Wl8Jf7'  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 fV6ddh  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; N3KI6p6\  
two hundred diligent students
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