该错题常考要点 `<C<[JP:o
一、代词 AG N/kx
代词中主要讲解六个问题 o}OY,P
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 }Y~Dk]*
主格、宾格、所有格 =:-fK-d
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 2?JV "O=
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(二) 反身代词 ;)(g$r^_i
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 )/T[Cnx.Nc
He killed himself. (他自杀了) H3A$YkK [
He killed him. (他杀了他) VfX^iG r
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating ;w7 mr1
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a series of indicators that could help HN7CcE+l
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themselves to predict earthquakes. YV
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 (Rw<1q`,
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 mci> MEb
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 J2bvHxb Rd
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 2c `m=
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies R'>!1\?Iq
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the `Ij@;=(
A B C D *WwM"NFHDd
Pacific. I|Oco?Q"
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 "H-s_Y#
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 &d_^k.%y
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: K@JZ$
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 1-2hh)
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined {)[o*+9
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the word“normalcy”to express social and a=z] tTs4
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economic conditions they promised the nation. G@]3EP
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 broLC5hbQU
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important BoD{fg
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John ?uWUs )9
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Keats, published the year of her death. DIC*{aBf
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. E C#0-,z
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(四) Who和which的区别 Ak'=
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which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 '&IGdB I
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 `TrWtSwv
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 'eM0i[E+`
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. -3K h
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 *z0!=>(
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ?ZF):}rvZ
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(五) that和which的区别 4
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介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 c(Q@5@1y:
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it o[Iu9.zJpy
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. EX,>V,.UV
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 L2H
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 WzIUHNn'I
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, `v*HH}aDO
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when kR =sr/{
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. Yy *=@qu>g
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which *EWWN?d
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly QLqtE;;)JK
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. [LoQYDku
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 #U:|-
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has t2[/eM.G
affected the way people in the United States----. W!{RJWe
(A) living and working hGtz[u#p
(B) they live and work OBi(]l}^O
(C) live and work *5)UIRd
(D) to live and to work QjTSbHtH
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 G6p gG+w
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二、介词 BH:A]#_{
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 k]m ~DVS
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(一) 介词搭配 J(]|)?x2
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those $qD\ku;'
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. s= %3`3Fo
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 Q yqOtRk
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. x,gk]C f
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分析:B错改为be rich in 8pnD6Lp>
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the UT;%I_i!'
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. H_&to3b(
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 505c(+
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 3Q,&D'];[
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. f&<+45JI
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 8dR `T}
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has jSjC43lh
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on }uma<b
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ,zgz7
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ."wF86jW|
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2、介词by ,lH
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ),yar9C
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing &dtst??
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States t`B@01;8A
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. $
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 QF/ULW0G!
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils =803rNe
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to !JXiTI!
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supply moccasins and field rations. v#x`c_
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Gko"iO#
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with -)(5^OQ
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements 5QiQDQT}5
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that are often represented at symbols. !~|-CF0z=
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 O[VY|.MEk
三、谓语动词 Dizz ?O
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 JwbZ`Z*w
①、主谓分割原则 }@q/.Ct! x
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Dy.i^`7\
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. n725hY6}<l
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 }sH[_%
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②、与后者一致原则 {V
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not…but, 强调but后面的名词, G$f%]A1
not only…but also u79- B-YW^
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③、与前者一致原则 0S4BV%7F
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, ol"|?*3q
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 UiG/Rn
例:The athlete, together with his coach and YJv$,Z&;HO
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ;+wB!/k,
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④、就近原则 nq{/fD(2
or, either…or, neither…nor, m'NAM%$}J
单数名词+or+复数名词+are %C_tBNE<
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is | @AXW
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 OL
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如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 p{L;)WTI
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are $Er=i }`
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 9InP2u\&:
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 4<-Kd~uL
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 Q|)>9m
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There are five apples that are red. ? uYO]!VC
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 i%9vZ
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets v8-My1toV
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. sa8O<Ab
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 IMWt!#vuY
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ^^v3iCT
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 1x_EAHZ>7
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 !kSemDC
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 lWc[Q1
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: sc]#T)xG
a. there be 句型 Doc zQc-U+
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 %$ya>0?mq
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 QT+kCN
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. +1wEoU.l2
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is (/uN+
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific &n| <NF
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 GgEg (AT
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miles in width. `mcb0
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分析:倒装句,are改为is 0i
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and pbG-uH^
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film nP*DZC0kE&
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. Srw`vql{(
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 "zw{m+7f,
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 {KSLB8gtL
fifty percent of + 名词 f]10^y5&
one percent of + 名词 b6;MTz*k>
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 0>m$e(Z
one percent of my students + are T=w0T-[f
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. I[A<e]uK
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这里要强调两个结构 \gT({XU?
half of =fifty percent UK'8cz9
most of + 可数名词 + are 6GAEQ]
most of + 不可数名词+ is 0XljFQ
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been F +5
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found in central and eastern Canada. V,B
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 GS>YfJ&DZ
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized 2I suBX\[
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. KWYjN
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 modem6#x'
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 {qSMJja !t
①、主要考察时间状语 )~xH!%4F
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. butBS
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was 7#&Q-3\:
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②、For和since的区别 H7drDw
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 Y#P!<Q>}
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ~USyN'5lU7
I has been a teacher for three years. 2#qcYU
I has been a teacher since 1996. Te3 ?z
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 C%%gCPI^y
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became wrJ"(:VZ
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the primary responsibility of the president.
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 @d0~'_vtB
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of q&:%/?)x
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 3:c6x kaw
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 J{5p4bkb
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. Qip@L WvT
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live oe=1[9T"
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(三) 谓语的语态 L@?3E`4/v
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 iJKGzHvS
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: L{XW2c$h
①、prove Bq-}BN?pz
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 r&F
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尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; \0e`sOS`L
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 7^d7:1M
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be CHCT
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ^HE@ [b
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 Pj!f^MN
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②、Locate,Situate $(*>]PC+)
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 a#9pN?~
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 (I+e@UUiL
这两个词也可以用作被动 P>`|.@
My school was located near the river. EP+LK?{%
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 F'B0\v=
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. ip1gCH/?_+
(A)locates S a}P
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(B)locating ;=6E
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(C)to locate D`KaIqLz
(D)is located GY^;$ ?
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 Ji6.-[:
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③、表示需要概念的动词 OEC/'QOae
need, want, require等 j"VDqDDz
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My watch needed repairing Wu8^Z Z{
My watch needed to be repaired. Q7tvpU
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④、表示人的情感的动词 T
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move, annoy, surprise, please等 BL"7_phM,
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 k1s5cg=n(
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 }Gy M<!:
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主动和被动技巧总结: x($Djx
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 jp^Sw|
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the s{j A!T}
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ik;F@kdm`
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power structures, and flood-control works along #N'9
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. M]/DKo
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 =9,^Tu|
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四、非谓语动词 dM P'Vnfj
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(一) 分词 $CX3P)%
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现在分词和过去分词的区别 m8e()8lZ3
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 cC+2%q B
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ela^L_N hF
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. :."oWqb)
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning (V]3w
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 uLWu. Vx
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ]sk=V.GGQ
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 5)eM0,:
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living UeLO `Ug0;
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一些动词后面必须用doing a%`%("g!
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 6[c|14l
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ^jwzCo-
advocate, suggest hr 6j+p:
delay, quit ( I#6!Yt9J
forgive(原谅),tolerate, -OlrA{=c_
avoid, escape(逃避) QOSMV#Nw%
spend+名词+doing; X )tH23
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing ~ILv*v@m
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their #]tDxZ]
6
A B C D
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crops. 3WGE T[3
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 _G/R;N71
abR<( H12
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 4A6Y
\Z XI
A B A%Ka)UU+n
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. f(D'qV T{
C D PR:B6 F8
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing {/,(F^T>2
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(二) 不定式 WF~BCP$OR
A. 动词不定式的省略 1LRP
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①、help后面可以省略to !6=;dX
help do G&{yM2:E
help sb. to do D5P-$1KPt
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q^
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 1Ys=KA-!_x
A B 92<+ug =
the habits that might shorten the lives. zMbFh_dcq
C D DPxx9lN_rx
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 Sc>mw
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 $`3yImv+w
make, E
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let, #RR;?`,L}
have sb. do sth ?;~E*kzO&
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. m_/U
t
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians Dnw^H.
A B B1 }-
to know when to play various parts of a composition. q=88
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C D q x)\{By
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know Gkuqe3
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③、感官动词 q"2APvsv
p
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe aH1CX<3)~
see sb do sth. 强调过程 )mm0PJF~q
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 q1:dcxR[
hO8xH +;
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 n/1t UF
(1)表示第一人 gW~T{+f
the first woman to do sth. E42)93~C
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(2)表示迫使的动词 t~o"x .
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ]?=87w
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 9$HKP9
G
A B b
VEJ
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. p}!i_P
C D }X{rE|@
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 (%L/|F_
4aOz=/x2
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 06Wqfzceb
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 $t%IJT
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 2@tnOs(*
be lieable to do 易于…的 8HKv_vl
be apt to do <CuUwv
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(4)表示目的的名词, "G@K(bnHn
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 L@H^?1*L?
固定的句式: {FFdMdxy-
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. X,w X)9]J
the objective 目标 -O$vJ,*
aim f9K7^qwkiz
goal +45SKu=
reason理由 M584dMM
function功能 L-`V
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intension意图
)$S=iL8(
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing *l`yxz@U
A ^|Z'}p|&
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. VLm\P S
B C D :N<Qk
分析:the function to provide, A错 5!A:xV]6]
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure .pPuBJL]<
A p7> 9
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds H,TApF89A
B r1
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that make up various components of a living cell. yFk|8d-|
C D ?<4pYEP
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 !B Pm{_C
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(5) 其他同根名词 1y:fH4V
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ~/A2:}Cp=
attempt to do 企图 69
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decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 =XQGg`8<LB
ambition, I*%3E.Z@g
be ambitious to do }JtcAuQt
effort 07>m*1G
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation %|+aI?
A B Y.I~.66s
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. *J^FV^E``
C D Y>3zpeQ!&
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 XSof{:V
qPz_PRje
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great !otseI!!/
A B fcp_<2KH
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. ~rI2 RJ
C D 8h)7K/!\
分析:efforts to register, C错 T]Q4=xsv
).GM0-y
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 ZYY~A_C
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 R#Yj%$E1
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 7)}_'
p
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 fzVN;h
I am glad to see you. _~tF2`,Y_p
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. :I/9j=@1
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. J*K=tA
P//nYPyzg
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 #F3'<(j
It is difficult to decide. pk'd&.
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五、句子的结构 ,hJx3g5#n
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ^^
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(一) 主语的重复 /Dc54Un
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 [vuikJP>1k
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any ro?.w
A B r$M<vo6C
compromises concerning the establishment of the =B+dhZ+#S$
C D w(S&X"~
League of Nations. n]3'N58
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 KCbOO8cQS
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson (I;81h`1G
<
fe.
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are ub1~+T'O
A B <jFov`^
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. afaQb
C D mo4F\$2N
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 6v}q @z
D'D IC
(二)谓语的重复 6r
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完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Wy1.nn[
N48X[Q*
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of (VC Jn<@@
A B ]<%NX
$9\
one or more sentences related to the same idea. |Q%n
nN
C D BGH'&t_5
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 3T 0'zJ2f
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(三)谓语的缺少 ns/*WH&[x
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body #+h#b%8
A B ?vik2RW
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. L"T :#>
C D BG4TUt
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 'c/8|9jX
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(四)主句的重复 *|6vCR
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 7a/
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite v`qXb$YW
A B C 9RK.+2
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. Oq}7q!H
D ]h`d>#Hw!
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 cxPO O#
PyQ\O*
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow BuitM|k'
A B ;c@B +RquR
sweeps across the face of the Earth. bXM&VW?OP
C D LS-_GslE7\
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 m.5@qmQ
SHnMqaq
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided pQ ul0]
A B 9zLeyw\
names for towns, only George Washington tI.ho
C ,RAP_I!_x
is remembered in the name of a state. 6jov8GIAt
D Iq
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分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 xaq/L:I<
六、比较级和最高级 >v1.Gm
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 zP$"6~.
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 A`I1G9s
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which =6qSo
@
A t<^7s9r;I
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. Jg.^h1>x
B C D ftV~!r
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 ,K.Wni#m
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 &~=d;llkT
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. N=@8~{V.
A B C D a,xy38T<
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 w)>/fG|;
6x16?x
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere J[\8:qE
A B C D @A-
E
is the grizzly bear. @|d`n\%x
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ?]_A~_J!
H 9?txNea
qt.=
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 fDChq[LAn
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 byk9"QeY\
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with w!Ii
A B X9YbTN
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. VH~ZDZ1P
C D ]OC?g2&6
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 6 _#C vQ
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 @CA{uP;
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as Fw%S%*B8g
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 wqJ1^>TB
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 yY80E[v
the taller boy #ahe@|E'Y
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 2-rfFqpe
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed p$$0**
p!`
A B Ka8Bed3
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is &C6*"JZ4
abundant, and humidity is moderate. X7)B)r}AG
C D >NtJ)N*
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they bO
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 y+M9{[ i/O
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, v(Q-RR
A B C Y58et9gRO
the Navajos form largest group. 1j!{?t?
D [f`7+RHrd
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 *;~i\M9_
#M[%JTTn
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, g 4lk
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language R rp-SR?O
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the ~
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many d0 8:lYQ
A B C _{?-=<V'_
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. KKNQ+'?
D Z<[:v2
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 c{})Z=
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the e9rgJJ
例如:my best friends [(Ihu e
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial __,F_9M
A B C >ui;B$=
and banking center. U,Z7nH3_
D Up\ k67
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 C\}M_MD
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 \?"kT}..
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary b$>1_wTL
A axz.[L_elB
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. Z~ u3{
B C D c2:oM<6|
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 tiF-lq
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七、平行结构 __`6 W1
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 k;jXVa
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(一) 对等连接词 5.QY{+k
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 zEi\#Zg$
单一式: and, or ,but B{>x
相关式: both…and, not … but, UvuAN:'
either …or, neither…nor r\FduyOXv
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as "b\@.7".
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, yacN=]SW5
没有so...as... b
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between…and, .HPa\b\L>
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also H/ar:j
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, p;~oIy\,
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短语式: as well as &.P G2f*
rather than (而不是) n_kE
other than (除…之外) C=JS]2W2
instead of (代替) ]rji]4s
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 A[m<xtm5K
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, "G@(Cb*+T
A B FIx|4[&>S
but he is now living in Detroit. {+V ]@sz
C D 2.'hr/.
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 v
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics BDLJDyf B
A B L. 8`5<ITw
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford H'Jz:6
remained active in city and regional planning. t+D= @"BZP
C D z>)lp$
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 MHJRBn{}
(二)平行的内容 XW~a4If
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 \\3 ?ij:v
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of a*uG^~
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A B (L:Mdo
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, G!o6Y:1!
C D Wl}J=
or yearly periods of light and darkness. Dw$RHogb~y
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 [~c_Aa+6N
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第二、名词单复数的平行
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但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ,aIkiT
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, Ao#bR
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A B C umCmxmr&
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. (G(M"S SC
D G ]uz$V6!
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 j8aH*K-l{
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ^ E.mG>
A B mF
UsTb]f
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. ?bg
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C D ? cn`N|
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have Y#6LNI
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第三、时态的平行 (:\L@j
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated J
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A Y0J:c?
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with the imagist movement , but later develops s_^N=3Si
B 7U^{xDg.b
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. _!Pi+l4p/}
C D v`G}
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分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 sx]{N
v#`>
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- <0? r#
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spread from its home in Central America and /I{K_G@
now grows throughout the tropics. p"- %~%J=
(A) to be (B) it xxr'g =
(C) the (D) its RGkV%u^
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? 9U4[o<G]=
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow *YGj^+
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 9W_mSum
commercially for their meat and eggs. Qr7|;l3
(A) raised (B) and are raised Bjj=UtI
(C) raised as (D) are raised [>\e@ =
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 [2>zaag
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第四、排列位置的平行 }Kp$/CYd
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. lj:.}+]r
(A) Not only does rust corrode @ &rf?:
(B) Not only rust corrodes Om>?"=yD E
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes bj0<A
(D) Rust not only corrodes (FZ8T39
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 Qh6vH9(D
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: qm'@o -[
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 "u&7Y:)^wr
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 ,\#j6R,{I
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 iTs"RW
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八、词序的颠倒 [;4ak
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词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 g
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(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 p_e
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例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage o1b.a*SZ
A B w (X}
that can be given to any individual in the United States. S4_ZG>\VT
C D :_2:Fh.}3~
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ZCb@!V}=
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 +u t%C.1
例:Certain types of computers work properly only Z0D&ayzkh^
A B 30(e6T;
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. v&%W*M0q@
C D NNTrH\SU#
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 fIatp
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 EG8z&^O x
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were @y0kX<M
A B C m}: X\G(6Q
in what is now the United States. -GQ.B{%G
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 /w2IL7}
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所有的系动词分为三大类: !}1l8Y
第一种:表示保持某种状态, rfZg
is, remain, keep, stay, 5`K'2
lie, exit(表示位于) HBk5p>&
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 &;GoCU Le
become, turn, grow, 2elj@EB,M
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) SxC(:k2b;
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第三种,感官动词 v yP_qG
seem(好像是) l|9'l[}&
look(看起来好像是) AJzm/,H
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste K:pG<oV|}
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 5pRVA
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe )%!X,
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to cause numerous deaths. sn@)L ~$V
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 #KtV 4)(
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九、词性的混用 \nQEvcH
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 gJzS,g1]
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 OQT i$2
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; gti=GmL(L
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high [@s5v
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and uYc&Q$U
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. .fY$$aD$4
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ,k/<Nv;
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ;nf}O87~
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 I~c}&'V
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds 11yS2D
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to XecU&
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. . J*2J(T,
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 i'vjvc~
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, YyR~pT#ffT
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of BLhuYuON
B C N
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urban Black people in the United States. rW3fd.;kss
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 gs77")K&
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 l=JK+uZ
表示时间有两种可能, o,RLaS,BK'
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 DavG=kvd
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, )Hy|K1
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 vd<"
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence w~g)Dz2G
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were made while the American Civil War. _\LAWQ|M4[
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 YvK8;<k@-?
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the ,#r>#fi0
A B C # -Ts]4v
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. >2~q{e
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 g+k0Fw]!
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 dg4 QA_"
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 pVt8z|p_;{
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social >T4.mB7+>
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. oxb#{o9G
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 'kK}9VKl
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples n=n!Hn
A B C Z| Z447_
easily under the stress of compression. >9(lFh0P
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 eqQA st#~
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 3ADTYt".
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ";cWK29\f
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article that gives personal comments on current events. `(?E-~#'
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 :Q=Jn?Gjb
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, +s
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. Iu^#+n
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ;=Jj{FoG%
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 b&B<'Wb
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; |_8-3
two hundred diligent students