该错题常考要点 #92:h6
一、代词 s-J>(|
代词中主要讲解六个问题 TY],H=
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 H_3S#.
主格、宾格、所有格 ubju uha"
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) {|O8)bW'
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(二) 反身代词 :w_Zr
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当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 Ky[/7S5E
He killed himself. (他自杀了) (&
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He killed him. (他杀了他) 2kp.Ljt@
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating S`)KC-
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a series of indicators that could help +^iUY%pm
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themselves to predict earthquakes. .9#4qoM'
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 bc}U &X<
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 f<=
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Cg
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 KwndY,QD
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies r :{2}nE
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the @Y 1iEL%\y
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Pacific. 16 _HO%v->
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 @C k6s
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 @vh3S+=M
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: _iLXs
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 @C62%fU {5
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined I&l 1b>
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the word“normalcy”to express social and S}gUz9ks
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economic conditions they promised the nation. vmK<_xbwd
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 tuo'4%]i
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important zDeh#
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John IE.JIi^w
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Keats, published the year of her death. {\[u2{
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. y K)7%j!
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(四) Who和which的区别 RKFj6u
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ^$f}s,09
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 }C!N$8d,
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ,pE{N&p9
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. (.4mX
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ag^EH"%zw
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 y3@R>@$
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(五) that和which的区别 d]6.$"\"p
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 pt<!b0G
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it ysm)B?+k
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. \)'s6>58|
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 @T[}]e
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 eFS;+?bu
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ZZ
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Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when k"X<gA
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. >5-z"f
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly \nT, NV11
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. gz8>uGx&V!
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 N T+%u-
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has ~k>H4hV3
affected the way people in the United States----. 6$]
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(A) living and working ?/"Fwjau
(B) they live and work iV<4#aBg
(C) live and work d7
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(D) to live and to work k$]-fQM
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 W$&{jr-p
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二、介词 o"h*@.
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 ~2 aR>R_nT
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(一) 介词搭配 7;0$UYDU*
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those JBzRL"|
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. m"3gTqG
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 4rXjso|
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. n`'v8 `a]
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分析:B错改为be rich in B?o ?LI
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the kFCjko
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. r7dvj#^
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 V*
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 #f*,mY|>
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 Z?XgY\(a(Q
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. -s]
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 /K+GM8rtE
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has l;u_4`1H
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on 7*{9 2_M
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ZW+[f$X
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ]g}Tqf/N%
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2、介词by d5b \kR r
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by C}})dL;(
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing `#v(MK{9+V
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States Muhq,>!U
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. ZD)pdNX
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 >icL,n"]
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils !a(#G7zA
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to s:4<wmu4=
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supply moccasins and field rations. jjs1Vj1@<
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 <%@S-+D`]
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with '[XtARtY`
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements upD2vtU
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that are often represented at symbols. dc ]+1
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 Pf?*bI
三、谓语动词
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(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 p@/i e@DX
①、主谓分割原则 o0f{ePZ=
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, FG?69b>
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. /& qN yo
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 0st)/\
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②、与后者一致原则 oZ)\Ya=
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, :d&^//9
not only…but also Sdc
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③、与前者一致原则 YQB. 3
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, t+R8{9L-
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ) o)k~6uT
例:The athlete, together with his coach and [OH9/"
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is W!$aK )]4u
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④、就近原则 i
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or, either…or, neither…nor, rek89.p
单数名词+or+复数名词+are -ejH%CT
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is G~oGBq6Gz
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 z|VQp,ra
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are F`l
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 9{gY|2R_
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ?8
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 .OLm{
There are five apples that are red. &E0d{2
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 ;\P\0pI50
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets +|#lUXC
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. ]8)nIT^EP
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 =!rdn#KH
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 L : hEt
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ^_6.*Mvx
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 W @R\m=e2
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 E$B7E@(U
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: {Kn:>l$*7
a. there be 句型 C&Nga
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there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 (9!$p|d*
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 xcBV,[E{
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. ELh`|X
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is A 9I5
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 74Fv9
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30
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miles in width. >A'Q9Tia;
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分析:倒装句,are改为is F+%6?2J
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and PVK. %y9
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film `7.(dn>WL0
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. w(>mP9Cb
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 y7iHB
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 n'WhCrW
fifty percent of + 名词 ^p@R!228
one percent of + 名词 `$kKTc:f
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: #Cj$;q{!
one percent of my students + are [I
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fifty percent of my time is spent on working. orT%lHwjL
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这里要强调两个结构 U};~ff+
half of =fifty percent /'yi!:FZFC
most of + 可数名词 + are khXp}p!Zm
most of + 不可数名词+ is aPELAU-
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 3U.?Jbm-8
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found in central and eastern Canada. aDDs"DXx
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 {c#{dT
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized >Rnj6A|Q
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. yf lt2 R
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 nVSuvq|S
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 U\<8}+x
①、主要考察时间状语 z~Ec *
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. BGe&c,feIc
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was XBTtfl
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②、For和since的区别 UNc[h&@_
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 qaj~q(j~C
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 L_k'r\L
I has been a teacher for three years. >f !
I has been a teacher since 1996. Fq-AvU
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 bPe|/wp
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became RKt#2%FFO
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the primary responsibility of the president. &B;M.sz~C4
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 T&/ ]| 4
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of zx(=ArCRr
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. sK&[sN33
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 [q%Rx!L
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. Pf 4b/w/
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 'on8r*
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(三) 谓语的语态 A:?|\
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语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 'H]&$AZ;@
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: S
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①、prove &`9p.
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 E;m-^dxc
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; '&O
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming a9"1a'
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ^_Ap?zn
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 [\rnJ
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②、Locate,Situate {wNNp't7
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 }=fVO<Rv
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 d
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这两个词也可以用作被动 TJhzyJ"t
My school was located near the river. +pefk+
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 6
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例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. FB\lUO)U\c
(A)locates I/H
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(B)locating =rB=! ;
(C)to locate W7
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(D)is located wyVQV8+&>
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 'ZUB:R@[
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③、表示需要概念的动词 z/
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need, want, require等 2`ED?F68gH
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My watch needed repairing jlA?JB
My watch needed to be repaired. XoZw8cY
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④、表示人的情感的动词 waYH_)Zx
move, annoy, surprise, please等 1;Q>B>6
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 ;#>,eD2u
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 F\H^=
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主动和被动技巧总结: ,;)1|-^nu
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 ?u)[xEx6}+
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the i,h)
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, _Q
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power structures, and flood-control works along r8uc. z2%
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. =q4QBAW
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ] SErM#$*
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四、非谓语动词 x,3oa_'E
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(一) 分词 ~Xf&<&5d T
现在分词和过去分词的区别 o (OC3
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 f7Dx.-
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then DJF-J#
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. wJ|wAS
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning P]pVYX#m
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 /y\KLa
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in Q\>Kd
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. #hBDOXHPf
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living hE-u9i
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一些动词后面必须用doing wHQyMq^
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 sQT0y(FW
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ]i=\5FH e
advocate, suggest &oWdBna"_
delay, quit nnU
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forgive(原谅),tolerate, K4vl#*qn
avoid, escape(逃避) ?PIOuN=
spend+名词+doing; H\f.a R=
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Og`6>?>97
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their mCFScT
A B C D VP$ `.y
crops. 1{oq8LB
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 Q'
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,
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A B j*m7&wOE
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. (u81p
C D .17WF\1HC.
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing R 2uo ZA,
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(二) 不定式 T`f6`1x
A. 动词不定式的省略 I| qoH N,g
①、help后面可以省略to W8Z&J18AU
help do u/e-m/
help sb. to do 'W5r(M4U
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid "VxZ
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A B ] Cpd`}'
the habits that might shorten the lives. F#KO!\iA+
C D 4oT1<n`r+
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 jk2h"):B>
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 M7&u_Cn?
make, EOu\7;kE9
let, 0x!XE|7I
have sb. do sth 7u]0dHj
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. eOa:%{Kj
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians 60P^aj$V
A B J&w%lYiu5
to know when to play various parts of a composition. 0UeDM*
C D R4G$!6Ld
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ^D 8YF
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③、感官动词 `T2RaWR4=
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe )NJD+yQ%
see sb do sth. 强调过程
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see sb doing sth 正在做某事 8MgoAX,p
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 /gh=+;{
(1)表示第一人 #4"(M9kf
the first woman to do sth. Ub=g<MYHV
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(2)表示迫使的动词 ko\VDyt,
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do Ovh
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 22S4q`j
A B rLO1Sv
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. T6MlKcw,t
C D S05+G}[$
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 r4/G&m[V
3
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 q15t7-Z6
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ogQY"c8
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 3jQy"9f
be lieable to do 易于…的 $j*%}x~[
be apt to do P F#+G;q;
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(4)表示目的的名词, ,> lOmyh
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 oLK-~[p
固定的句式: p`:hY`P
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. 9}4P%>_
the objective 目标 $qG;^1$
aim 6Mu_9UAl`
goal DX
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reason理由 vw VeHjR
function功能 0`%eP5
intension意图 yJ*`OU#
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing g
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A !J`>;&
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. Hhx"47:
B C D . 4E5{F{~
分析:the function to provide, A错 jp=z
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure ..BIoSrj
A
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds | a001_Wv
B T
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that make up various components of a living cell. iUDN m|e
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 n
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XY %
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(5) 其他同根名词 '5xIisP
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 1;_tu
attempt to do 企图 [7x,&
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Mttt]]
ambition, Do1 Ip&X
be ambitious to do 4lrF{S8
effort wW2b?b{*Z
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+jP
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ^`M,ju
A B xvo""R/g8
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. U\OfB'Dn
C D bloe|o!
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 `^FAD
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great =QdHji/sB
A B >
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CM
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. >O0z
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C D _8zZ.~)
分析:efforts to register, C错 O*qSc^ 9q
+]?/c>M
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法
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(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 `Uz2(zqS
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 6f=,$:S$
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 M:[rH
I am glad to see you. +=_^4
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. I`e$U
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. WA'4y\ N
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 tccw0
It is difficult to decide. /R/\>'{E&c
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五、句子的结构 v8{ jEAK
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 )Bz2-|\
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(一) 主语的重复 S*aMUV&
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 K^zu{`S
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any wSV}{9}wr%
A B $Gy
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compromises concerning the establishment of the lwVo%-
C D hXAgT!ZD
League of Nations. ^i"~6QYE
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 c}-ADr9
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson YK{E=<:
KfPYH\0
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are w=;Jj7}L
A B /#FU"
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. HL`=zB%
C D hvFXYq_[O
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 Y3 V9
7{BTtUMAC
(二)谓语的重复 Lu][0+-
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 :>q*#vlb
2{Johqf
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of ?cB:1?\j
A B *.,G;EC^
one or more sentences related to the same idea. >WZ_) `R
C D !H^e$BA
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 x
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|19
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(三)谓语的缺少 %7wN
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例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body n5U-D0/Q
A B AzZb0wW6p
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. FhFP M)[
C D K\VL[HP-
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 {aoG60N
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(四)主句的重复 h?-*SLT
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ls ,;ozU
T*"*##c
l\DcXgD
x
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 2)F~
A B C *%aWGAu:
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. 8`Iz%rw&(J
D *Z}9S9YtN
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 -VafN
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow qZB}}pM#
A B *t_JR
sweeps across the face of the Earth. =C4!h'hz
C D XdV(=PS!a@
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ^77X?nDz=h
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided nJr:U2d
A B "8*5!an
u-
names for towns, only George Washington `&/~%>
C {Q/_I@m].
is remembered in the name of a state. P~9y}7Q\0
D PlC8&$
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 }~+_|
六、比较级和最高级 M|9=B<6`7
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 q6AL}9]9
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 i7|sVz=
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 3x3 =ke!
A MzpDvnI9
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. 2E_d$nsJ
B C D }:xj%?ki
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 <:!;79T\
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 cM;,n X %/
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses.
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A B C D 353*D%8
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 vf/|b6'y
nv}z%.rRUj
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere $I4:g.gKpG
A B C D g>;u} +lO
is the grizzly bear. ^M7pCetjdW
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ^7-l<R[T
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 Y9ipy_@_?
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 6<
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with Uk<2XGj
A B _6Qb 3tl
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. M)Z3q
C D &N|`Q(QXS
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 &KPJB"0L
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 3.E3}Jz`
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as g#s hd~e
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 la{Iqm{i
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 G*'1[Bu
the taller boy 9ELRn
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 /@feY?glc
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed K</="3
HK
A B *7UDTgY
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is '-NHu +
abundant, and humidity is moderate. Vk?US
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C D xXfFi5Eom
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they $
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!7y:|k,ac
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 \z[L=
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, m(p0)X),_i
A B C _ m<@ou7
the Navajos form largest group. J*m~fZ^
D U~s-'-C/
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 #5=!ew
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, &.)ST0b4
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 8s)(e9Sr
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the }e0>Uk`[
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many J[jzkzSu`
A B C .kZ<Q]
Vk
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. )bR`uV9<
D KAR **M p+
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ~xU\%@I\
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 5[|ZceY
例如:my best friends &9Xn:<"`)
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial C jZIBMGc
A B C "s.s(TR8
and banking center. f2G 3cg~H
D +~za6
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 +!eh\.u|]
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 pz,iQUs_o
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary !T
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A ) 8 %lZ{
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. gaU1A"S}
B C D CC|=$(PgT
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语
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七、平行结构 (R-(
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 `{ ` W-C
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(一) 对等连接词 . 9@y*_9
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 Eu`K2_b
单一式: and, or ,but h1Logm+m
相关式: both…and, not … but, Z!*k 0<Z
either …or, neither…nor FC#t}4as
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as oL
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such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, OEhDRU%k
没有so...as... 67]!
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between…and, F~wqt7*
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also Nbd[xs-lw
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, "HtaJVp//
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短语式: as well as 9F2MCqvcm
rather than (而不是) T~)R,OA7m
other than (除…之外) uQiW{Kja2
instead of (代替) pP^5y{
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 Huf;A1.
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, DsH#?h<-o
A B gfQ1p ?
but he is now living in Detroit. }TRVCF1
C D T[%@B"
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 t
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1
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics x,UP7=6
A B /A93mY[
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford Uf#9y182*c
remained active in city and regional planning. M?QX'fia
C D Xd5uF/w
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 cBQ+`DXn5c
(二)平行的内容 XPT@ LM
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 =DwY-Ex
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of RLbo
A B 0,j!*
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, ?63ep:QEk
C D Aaz2._:/-m
or yearly periods of light and darkness. *{dMo,.eI
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 `_!R;f
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第二、名词单复数的平行 W|\
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但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 a LJ
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ^w
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A B C @@H?w7y?&
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. uLSuY}K0
D /]-a 1
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 >1 hhz
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, i JS7g
A B QBb%$_Z
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. J=b'b%
C D GQDW}b8
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have aUq2$lw1
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第三、时态的平行 ~L:H]_8F l
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated
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A A=r8_.@2@
with the imagist movement , but later develops >1$Vh=\OI
B <[?ZpG
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. DA>TT~L
C D g0#w
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分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 !V-(K_\t
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- RLfB]\w
spread from its home in Central America and m]Mm(7v(
now grows throughout the tropics. -
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(A) to be (B) it onl,R{,`0
(C) the (D) its ~l]g4iEp
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? _gw paAJ
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ~~q>]4>
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- w<Bw2c
commercially for their meat and eggs. tGF3Hw^mS
(A) raised (B) and are raised 49YN@PXC
(C) raised as (D) are raised kW=!RX[&
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 :QC |N@C
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第四、排列位置的平行 |,tKw4
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 1u"#rC>7.4
(A) Not only does rust corrode k"6&&
(B) Not only rust corrodes ;9LOeH?
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes -q
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(D) Rust not only corrodes ^0-e.@
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: u:^sEk"Lk'
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 !t}yoN
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2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 j4u
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3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 yCN?kH
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八、词序的颠倒 LqNyi
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 >dgz/n?:v
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 a ,"
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage }F"98s W
A B 0T^0)c
that can be given to any individual in the United States. UmY{2 nzY
C D E^$8nqCL:
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 =T\=,B
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 uP(t+}dQ+3
例:Certain types of computers work properly only CD%Cb53
A B H \'1.8g/
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. ]
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x
C D ~Z!YB,)bp
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 j=Izwt>
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 xVgm 9s$"c
P+=m.
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were W)J MV
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in what is now the United States. s]|tKQGl,
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 j/fniyJ)
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所有的系动词分为三大类: &pjj
第一种:表示保持某种状态, n:2._s T
is, remain, keep, stay, I
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lie, exit(表示位于) C=]<R<Xy
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 ^L)TfI_n
become, turn, grow, b9m`y*My
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) {-8Nq`w
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第三种,感官动词 c)B3g.C4m
seem(好像是) T!ZjgCY}
look(看起来好像是) RL/y7M1j
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste )#cZ&
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enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 k
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例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe B^r?N-Z A
A B K) fKL
to cause numerous deaths. PfRA\
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 6p*X8j3pW
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九、词性的混用 r KUtTj
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 hTzj{}w
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 $rmxwxz&W:
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 6XF Ufi+
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high q+9->D(6
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and @Kz,TP!%A
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. Nh }-6|M
D BqX"La,
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) |ymW0gh7o$
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 4X]/8%]V
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 ) hs&?:)
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds jq% <Z,rh
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to mMwV5\(
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. W,6q1
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 ygnZ9ikh<-
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, X}(X\rp
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of M?sax+'
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urban Black people in the United States. 9nc_$H{
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 #rX^)2
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 DSRc4|L
表示时间有两种可能, 51|s
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一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 k{;?>=FH!
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, m<3. X"-
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 '+/mt_re=
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence oCOv
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were made while the American Civil War. W?zj^y[w
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 <`SA>P
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the `$1A;wg<
A B C 0AWxU?$A4
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. -!~pa^j
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 jNX6Ct?
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 k}g4?
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 )
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social fGeie m
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. H'$H@Kn]-
B C D Q1kM 4Up
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 6X'0 T}
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples fA1{-JzV<4
A B C fS'` 9
easily under the stress of compression. _
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 \goiW;b
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 ^pY8'LF6
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine Jc]k\U
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article that gives personal comments on current events. +,7vbs3
C D ^XYK
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 yoieWnL}
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, V4Qy^nn1
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. Z{
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B C D =?]S8cth
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 hH05
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 fV6ddh
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; N3KI6p6 \
two hundred diligent students