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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 `<C<[JP:o  
一、代词 AG N/kx  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 o}OY,P  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 }Y~Dk]*  
  主格、宾格、所有格 =:- fK-d  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 2?JV "O=  
i})s4%a  
(二) 反身代词 ;)(g$r^_i  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 )/T[Cnx.Nc  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) H3A$YkK [  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) VfX^iG r  
jx: IK  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  ;w7mr1  
    A                 B    l|P"^;*zq  
  a series of indicators that could help HN7CcE+l  
             C      cg g6E O(  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. YV O$`W^N  
    D ;M:AcQZ|_  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 (Rw<1q`,  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 mci> MEb  
"o5]:]h)  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 J2bvHxb Rd  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 2c `m=  
2}hJe+#v  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies R'>!1\?Iq  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the `Ij@;=(  
     A   B      C          D *WwM"NFHDd  
  Pacific. I |Oco?Q"  
ul ~ux$a  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 "H-s_Y#  
3_(_yEKx  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 &d_^k.%y  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: K@JZ$  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 1- 2hh)  
L)e" qC_-  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined {)[o*+9  
                       A   ]}2)U  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and a=z] tTs4  
             B -`O{iHfM|P  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. G@]3EP  
   C       D yW_yHSx;  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 broLC5hbQU  
T &ZQ ie/  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important BoD{fg  
        A     J4Gzp~{  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John ?uWUs )9  
   B        C      ACszx\[K3  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  DI C*{aBf  
      D ]Q^)9uE\D  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. E C#0-,z  
8z=# 0+0  
+ G @N  
(四) Who和which的区别 Ak'= l;  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 '&IGdB I  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 `TrWtSwv  
C6!F6Stn]g  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 'eM0i[E+`  
              A            B FI.te3i?7  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. -3Kh >b)  
   C                  D Jf YgZ\#  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 *z0!=>(  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ?ZF):}r vZ  
D An2Pqf  
(五) that和which的区别 4 cjfn'x  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 c(Q@5@1y:  
#QNN;&L]R  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it o[Iu9.zJpy  
              A        B ImXYI7PL  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. EX,>V,.UV  
      C              D c 1YDln  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 L2H  
zv]ZEWVzc  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 WzIUHNn'I  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, `v*HH}aDO  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when kR=sr/{  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. Yy*=@qu>g  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which * EWWN?d  
F!+1w(b:  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly QLqtE;;)JK  
              A         B   &@i OB #H  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. [LoQYDku  
         C      D $/wm k7T  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 #U:|- a.>  
Tmzbh 9  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  t2[/eM.G  
  affected the way people in the United States----. W!{RJWe  
   (A) living and working hGtz[u#p  
   (B) they live and work OBi(]l}^O  
   (C) live and work *5)UIRd  
   (D) to live and to work QjTSbHtH  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 G6p gG+w  
>wW{ $  
二、介词 BH:A]#_{  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 k]m ~DVS  
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(一) 介词搭配 J(]|)?x2  
x^ `/&+m  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those $qD\ku;'  
    A         B   C      `~XksyT  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. s= %3`3Fo  
                D SBxpJ sW >  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 Q y qOtRk  
#W~jQ5NS\  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. x,gk]Cf  
A       B     C  D ,L& yKS@  
分析:B错改为be rich in 8pnD6Lp>  
>7W)iwF  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the UT;%I_i!'  
    A         B      C @2E52$zu  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. H_&to3b(  
             D  ZiPeP  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 505c(+  
Mt.Cj;h@^[  
gX" -3w  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 3Q,&D'];[  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ,C,nNaW  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. f&<+45JI  
          A      B  C     D #B\s'j[A"  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 8dR `T}  
ny KfM5s_  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has jSjC43lh  
                 A  B     g+B7~Z5,  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on }uma<b  
      C |R.yuSL)(  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ,zgz7  
      D NgTB4I 8P  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ."wF86jW|  
B@*b 9  
2、介词by ,lH }Ba02F  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ),yar9C  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing &dtst??  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States t`B@01;8A  
    A         B       :\[l~S  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. $ 64up!  
   C     D x3i}IC  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 QF/ULW0G!  
0B(s+#s  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils =803rNe  
   A                      JOuyEPy  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to !JXiTI!  
     B    C       D OMK,L:poC  
   supply moccasins and field rations. v#x`c_  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Gko"iO#  
SV o?o|<  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with - )(5^OQ  
        A                %M`48TW)  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements 5QiQDQT}5  
        B          C   # ][i!9$  
  that are often represented at symbols. !~|-CF0z=  
              D :&wb+tV  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 O[VY|.MEk  
三、谓语动词 Dizz ?O  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 JwbZ`Z*w  
①、主谓分割原则 }@q/.Ct! x  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Dy.i^`7\  
     A     cTGd<  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. n725hY6}<l  
        B      C      D ZGZNZ}~#  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 }sH[_% )  
k7iko{5D  
②、与后者一致原则 {V />5pz4e  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, G$f%]A1  
not only…but also u79- B-YW^  
jh o A6I  
At\(/Z y  
③、与前者一致原则 0S4BV%7F  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, ol"|?*3q  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 UiG/Rn  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and YJv$,Z&;HO  
     A      B  C     ?zBu` 7j  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.  ;v.[aq  
         D O=3/ qs6m  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ;+wB!/k,  
tle`O)&uo  
④、就近原则 nq{/fD(2  
or, either…or, neither…nor, m'N AM%$}J  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are %C_tBNE <  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is |@AXW   
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 OL 0YjU@  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 p{L;)WTI  
e\C-a4[C8P  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are $Er=i }`  
        A      B        wGti |7Tu*  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 9InP2u\&:  
    C              D KdCrI@^  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 4<-Kd~uL  
D<J'\mo  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 Q|)>9m !tt  
There are five apples that are red. ? uYO]!VC  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 i%9vZ  
zgGysjV  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets v8-My1toV  
      A            } [#8>T  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. sa8O<Ab  
   B   C    D BsFO]F5mmX  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 IMWt!#vuY  
sLA.bp.O  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ^^v3iCT  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 1x_EAHZ>7  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 !kSemDC  
:=B.)]F.)  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 lW c[Q1  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: sc]#T)xG  
a. there be 句型 DoczQc-U+  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 %$ya>0?mq  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 QT+kCN  
iOZ9A~Ywy  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. +1wEoU.l2  
   A     B      C    D    ?>+uO0*S  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is (/uN+   
'yCVB&`b  
2e\"?yOD  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific &n | <NF  
             A     B    yr},pB  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 GgE g(AT  
     C         p|gVIsg[-e  
  miles in width. `mcb0  
     D  B-LV/WJ_  
分析:倒装句,are改为is 0i }.l\  
Vb? wwx7=  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and pbG-uH^  
   A    B       C         \'=svJ   
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film nP*DZC0kE&  
                    D jy~hLEt7  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. Srw`vql{(  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 "zw{m+7f,  
\#biwX  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 {KSLB8gtL  
fifty percent of + 名词 f]10^y5&  
one percent of + 名词 b6;MTz*k>  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 0>m$e(Z  
  one percent of my students + are T=w0T-[f  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. I[A<e]uK  
,MHK|8!  
这里要强调两个结构 \gT({XU?  
half of =fifty percent UK'8cz9  
most of + 可数名词 + are 6GAEQ]  
most of + 不可数名词+ is 0XljFQ  
;]R5:LbXS  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been F+5 5p8  
   A       B         C   "w 4^i!\  
  found in central and eastern Canada. V,B ol(wY  
           D L5:1dF  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 GS>YfJ&DZ  
I<W<;A  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized 2I suBX\[  
                 A   B  '4GN%xi  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. KWYjN h#*  
              C     D kg( }%Ih  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 modem6#x'  
D1ik*mDA=  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 {qSMJja!t  
①、主要考察时间状语 )~xH!%4F  
ijcF[bm E  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.  b utBS  
   A        B  C     D Fv(FRZ)  
|A|K);  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was 7#&Q-3\:  
4F -<j!  
UZ-pN_!Z:  
②、For和since的区别 H7drDw  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 Y#P!<Q>}  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ~USyN'5lU7  
  I has been a teacher for three years. 2#qc YU  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. Te3 ?z  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 C%%gCPI^y  
O#{`Fj`  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became wrJ" (:VZ  
   A      B              V<}chLd,  
  the primary responsibility of the president. ^P.U_2&  
     C    D 1=X1<@*  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 @d0~'_vtB  
_$vbb#QXZG  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of q&:%/?)x  
             A  B  C   [1Qg *   
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 3:c6x kaw  
            D XKOPW /  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 J{5p4bkb  
4,=;:#n,J  
^FTS'/Q  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  Qip@L WvT  
   A       B        C     D NE &{_i!  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live oe=1[9T"  
j]mnH`#BL  
(三) 谓语的语态 L@?3E`4/v  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 iJKGzHvS  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: L{XW2c$h  
①、prove Bq-}BN?pz  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 r&F 6ZCw  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; \0e`sOS`L  
 niyxZ<Z  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 7^d7:1M  
                      A   Ue>{n{H"y  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be CHCT e  
    B                  C <33,0."K  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ^HE@ [b  
                  D r'o378]=  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 Pj!f^MN  
['K}p24,  
"];@N!dA  
②、Locate,Situate $(*>]PC+)  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 a#9pN?~  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 (I+e@UUiL  
这两个词也可以用作被动 P>`|.@  
  My school was located near the river. EP+LK?{%  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 F'B0\v =  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. ip1gCH/?_+  
   (A)locates S a}P |qI  
   (B)locating ;=6E BP%  
   (C)to locate D`Ka IqLz  
   (D)is located GY^;$?  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 Ji6.-[:  
K5jeazasp  
③、表示需要概念的动词 OEC/'QOae  
need, want, require等 j"VDqDDz  
e,W,NnCICj  
My watch needed repairing  Wu8^Z Z{  
My watch needed to be repaired.  Q7tvpU  
qOnGP{   
④、表示人的情感的动词 T Z!@IBu  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 BL"7_phM,  
@~UQU)-(  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 k1s5cg=n(  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 }Gy M<!:  
tCar:p4$  
主动和被动技巧总结: x($Djx  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 jp^Sw|  
~-B+7  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the s{j A!T}  
                 A      AYpvGl'  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ik;F@kdm`  
                 B WIpV'F|t]`  
  power structures, and flood-control works along #N'9 w .  
                    C  p(8@  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. M]/DKo  
                D 9 %i\)  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 =9,^Tu|  
s f->8  
四、非谓语动词 dM P'Vnfj  
CH;U_b  
(一) 分词 $CX3P)% `  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 m8e()8lZ3  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 cC+2%q B  
V/kndV[j  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ela^L_NhF  
   A ws^Ne30R  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. :."oWqb)  
     B      C            D 0K26\1  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning (V]3w  
w^$C\bCbh  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 uLWu. Vx  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ]sk=V.GGQ  
      A               B   ^2+ Vt=*  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 5)eM0,:  
               C         D *X2PT(e[  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living UeLO`Ug0;  
/lu|FWbEw  
kP ,8[r  
一些动词后面必须用doing a%`%("g!  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 6[c|14l  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ^jwzCo-  
 advocate, suggest hr6j+p:  
 delay, quit (I#6!Yt9J  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, -OlrA{=c_  
 avoid, escape(逃避) QOSMV#Nw%  
 spend+名词+doing; X )tH23  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing ~ILv*v@m  
\\#D!q*  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their #]tDxZ] 6  
   A     B    C              D Y6VJr+Ap(  
  crops. 3WGET[3  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 _G/ R;N71  
abR<( H12  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 4A6Y \ZXI  
               A        B A%Ka)UU+n  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. f(D'qV T{  
        C          D PR:B6 F8  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing {/,(F^T>2  
 Jc ze.t  
(二) 不定式 WF~BCP$OR  
A. 动词不定式的省略 1LRP R@b^  
①、help后面可以省略to !6=;dX  
  help do G&{yM2:E  
  help sb. to do D5P-$1KPt  
>*ls} q^  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 1Ys=KA-!_x  
              A      B   92<+ug=  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. zMbFh_dcq  
         C     D DPxx9lN_rx  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 Sc>mw   
[#uhMn^  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 $`3yImv+w  
  make, E b[;nk?  
  let, #RR;?`,L}  
  have sb. do sth ?;~E*kzO&  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. m_/U  t  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians Dnw^H.  
        A               B B1 }-   
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. q=88 *Y  
   C     D q x)\{By  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know Gkuqe3  
k+ t(u]  
③、感官动词 q"2APvsv p  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe aH1CX<3)~  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 )mm0PJF~q  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 q1:dcxR[  
hO8xH +;  
qG;tD>jy  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 n/1t UF  
(1)表示第一人 gW~T{+f  
the first woman to do sth. E42)93~C  
8*0QVFn$  
(2)表示迫使的动词 t~o"x.  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ]?=87w  
C7{VByxJ  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 9$HKP9 G  
     A                 B    b V  EJ  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. p}!i_P  
       C           D }X{rE|@  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 (%L /|F_  
4aOz=/x2  
}2;P`s  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 06Wqfzceb  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 $t%IJT  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 2@tnOs(*  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 8HKv_vl  
  be apt to do <CuUwv 'A  
v>`Fo[c  
(4)表示目的的名词, "G@K(bnHn  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 L@H^?1*L?  
固定的句式: {FFdMdxy-  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. X,w X)9]J  
the objective 目标 -O$vJ,*  
aim f9K7^qwkiz  
goal +45SKu=  
reason理由 M584dMM  
function功能 L-`V ^{R]  
intension意图 )$S=iL8(  
Q$5 t~*$`  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing *l`yxz@U  
                       A  ^|Z'}p|&  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. VLm\PS   
           B          C     D :N<Qk  
分析:the function to provide, A错 5!A:xV]6]  
n`Z}tQ%)o  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure .pPuBJL]<  
                  A       p7> 9 m  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds H,TApF89A  
     B  r1 :TM|5L  
  that make up various components of a living cell. yFk|8d-|  
    C    D ?<4pYEP  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 !B Pm{_C  
\\ItN  
(5) 其他同根名词 1y:fH4V  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ~/A2 :}Cp=  
 attempt to do 企图 6 9 $R.  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 =XQGg`8<LB  
 ambition, I*%3E.Z@g  
 be ambitious to do  }JtcAuQt  
 effort 07>m*1G  
L *\[;.mk  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation %|+aI?  
  A                    B   Y.I~.66s  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. *J^FV^E``  
          C       D Y>3zpeQ!&  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 XSof{:V  
qPz_PRje  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great !otseI!!/  
  A                   B   fcp_<2KH  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. ~rI2 RJ  
       C            D 8h)7K/!\  
分析:efforts to register, C错 T]Q4=xsv  
).GM 0-y  
4E=QO!pVv  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 ZYY~A_C  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 R#Yj%$E1  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 7)}_' p  
5h Sd,#:  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 fz VN;h  
I am glad to see you. _~tF2`,Y_p  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. :I /9j=@1  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. J*K=tA  
P//nYPyzg  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 #F3'<(j  
It is difficult to decide. pk'd& .  
%j@/Tx/  
1,zc8>M  
五、句子的结构 ,hJx3g5#n  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ^^ SMr l  
HLthVc w  
(一) 主语的重复 /Dc54U n  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 [vuikJP>1k  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any ro?.w  
          A      B      r$M<vo6C  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the =B+dhZ+#S$  
          C          D w(S&X"~  
  League of Nations. n]3'N58  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 KCbOO8cQS  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson (I;81h`1G  
< fe.  
|FaK =e  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are ub1~+T'O  
        A        B  <jFov`^  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. afaQb  
    C         D mo4F\$2N  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 6v}q @z  
 D'D IC  
(二)谓语的重复 6r %i=z  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Wy1.nn[  
N48X[Q*  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  (VCJn<@@  
    A            B    ]<%NX $9\  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. |Q%n nN  
         C   D BGH'&t_5  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 3T 0'zJ2f  
z~2;u 5S&  
(三)谓语的缺少 ns/*WH&[x  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body #+h#b%8  
          A     B    ?vik2RW  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. L"T :#>  
         C               D BG 4TUt  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 'c/8|9jX  
[oXr6M:  
(四)主句的重复 *|6vCR  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 7a/ BS(kq<  
~Kt +j  
cnY}^_  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite v`qXb$YW  
      A         B        C   9RK.+ 2  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. Oq}7q!H  
     D ]h`d>#Hw!  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 cxPOO#  
PyQ\O*  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow BuitM|k'  
        A   B       ;c@B+RquR  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. bXM&VW?OP  
      C    D LS-_GslE7\  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 m.5@q mQ  
SHnMqaq  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided pQ ul0]  
   A                     B  9zLeyw\  
  names for towns, only George Washington tI.ho  
      C ,RAP_I!_x  
  is remembered in the name of a state. 6jov8GIAt  
          D I q {/-,v  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 xaq/L:I<  
六、比较级和最高级 >v1.Gm  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 zP$"6~.  
')WS :\J  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 A`I1G9s  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which =6qSo @  
      A               t<^7s9r;I  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. Jg.^h1>x  
     B       C           D  ftV~!r  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 ,K.Wni#m  
&o`LT|*m  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 &~=d;llkT  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. N=@8~{V.  
     A      B     C  D a,xy3 8T<  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 w)>/fG|;  
6x16?x  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere J[\8:qE  
     A       B     C   D @A- E  
  is the grizzly bear. @|d`n\%x  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ?]_A~_J!  
H 9?txNea  
 qt. =  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 fDChq[LAn  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 byk9"QeY\  
W;F=7[h  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with w!Ii   
   A           B  X9YbTN  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. VH~ZDZ1P  
   C                 D ]OC?g2&6  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 6 _#CvQ  
K6nNrd}p:  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 @CA{uP;  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as Fw%S%*B8g  
!*,m=*[3  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 wqJ1^>TB  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 yY80E[v  
the taller boy #ahe@|E'Y  
%eJE@$  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 2-rfFqpe  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed p$$0** p!`  
          A            B Ka8Bed3  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is &C6*"JZ4  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. X7)B)r}AG  
    C          D > NtJ)N*  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they bO }9/Ay  
X>eFGCz}I  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 y+M9{[ i/O  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, v(Q-RR  
  A  B         C     Y58et9gRO  
  the Navajos form largest group. 1j!{?t ?  
         D [f`7+RHrd  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 *;~i\M9_  
#M[%JTTn  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, g 4lk  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language Rrp-SR?O  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the ~ lr,}K,  
2E@y0[C?  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many d08:lYQ  
            A      B         C _{?-=<V'_  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. KKNQ+'?  
            D Z<[:v2  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 c{})Z=  
^8 cq qu  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the e9rgJJ  
例如:my best friends [(Ihue  
9QEK|x`8  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial __,F_9M  
            A    B     C >ui;B$=  
  and banking center. U,Z7n H3_  
        D Up\ k67  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 C\}M_MD  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 \?"kT}..  
a[NR%Xq  
V6fJaZ  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary b$>1_wTL  
                 A         axz.[L_elB  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. Z~ u3{  
    B   C     D c2:oM<6|  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 tiF-lq  
96<0=   
七、平行结构 __`6 W1  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 k;jXVa  
kQO-V 4z!  
/&zlC{:G92  
(一) 对等连接词 5.QY{ +k  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 zE i\#Zg$  
单一式: and, or ,but B{>x  
相关式: both…and, not … but, UvuA N:'  
     either …or, neither…nor r\FduyOXv  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as "b\@.7".  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, yacN=]SW5  
没有so...as... b fI= =  
between…and, .H Pa\b\L>  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also H/ar: j  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, p;~oIy\,  
!1Nh`FN  
短语式: as well as &.P G2f*  
     rather than (而不是) n _kE  
     other than (除…之外) C=JS]2W2  
     instead of (代替) ]rji]4s  
(W?t'J^#  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 A[m<xtm5K  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  "G@(Cb*+T  
       A     B   FIx|4[&>S  
  but he is now living in Detroit. {+V ]@sz  
       C   D  2.'hr/.  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 v ,zD52  
(,b\"Q  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics BDLJDyf B  
       A         B L.8`5<ITw  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford H'Jz:6   
  remained active in city and regional planning. t+D= @"BZP  
          C    D  z>)lp$  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 MHJRBn{}  
(二)平行的内容 XW~a4If  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 \\3 ?ij:v  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of a*uG^~ ).  
             A         B   (L:Mdo  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, G!o6Y:1!  
         C            D Wl }J=  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. Dw$RHogb~y  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 [~c_Aa+6N  
%,e,KcP'  
r_kaS als  
第二、名词单复数的平行  M{SJ8+G  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ,aIkiT  
1DGl[k/zv  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, Ao#bR Em  
  A     B          C   umCmxm r&  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. (G(M"S SC  
                 D   G ]uz$V6!  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 j8aH*K-l{  
t<`d*M2w  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ^E.mG>  
                   A         B mF UsTb]f  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. ?bg /%o  
      C          D ?cn`N|   
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have Y#6LNI   
v*c"SI=@M=  
第三、时态的平行 (:\L@j  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated J _q  
                A     Y0J:c? ,  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops s_^N=3Si   
                   B 7U^{xDg.b  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. _!Pi+l4p/}  
          C    D v`G} sgn  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 sx]{N  
v#`>  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- <0? r# }  
  spread from its home in Central America and /I{K_G@  
  now grows throughout the tropics. p"- %~%J=  
   (A) to be    (B) it   xxr'g =  
   (C) the     (D) its RGkV%u^  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? 9U4[o<G]=  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow *YGj^+   
wXZ9@(^  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 9W_mSum  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. Qr7|;l3  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised Bjj =UtI  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised [>\e@ =  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 [2>zaag  
UEt78eN  
第四、排列位置的平行 }Kp$/CYd  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. lj:.}+]r  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode @ &rf?:  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  Om>?"=yDE  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes bj0<A  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes (FZ8T39  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 Qh6 vH9(D  
vu}U2 0@  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: qm'@o -[  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 "u&7Y:)^wr  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 ,\#j6R,{I  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 iT s" RW  
[+#k+*1*o  
八、词序的颠倒 [;4ak )!  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 g 4|ai*^  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 p_e  x  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage o1b.a*SZ  
              A    B        w(X}  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. S4_ZG>\VT  
      C       D    :_2:Fh.}3~  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ZCb@!V}=  
w^n&S=E E~  
B<h4ZK%  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 +ut%C.1  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only Z0D&ayzkh^  
          A      B     30(e6T;   
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. v&%W*M0q@  
    C         D NNTrH\SU #  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 fIatp  
Wf%)::G*uR  
;A*sub  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 EG8z&^O x  
z~v-8aw  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were @y0kX<M  
          A   B     C   m}: X\G(6Q  
  in what is now the United States. -GQ.B{%G  
    D y^kC2DS   
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 /w2IL7}  
S_VzmCi  
所有的系动词分为三大类: !}1l8Y  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, rfZg  
    is, remain, keep, stay, 5`K'2  
    lie, exit(表示位于) HBk5 p>&  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 &;Go CU Le  
    become, turn, grow, 2elj@EB,M  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) SxC(:k2b;  
Tilr%D(Q  
第三种,感官动词 v yP_qG  
    seem(好像是) l|9'l[}&  
    look(看起来好像是) AJzm/,H  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste K:pG<oV|}  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 5pRVA  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe )%!X,  
    A               B     5=4-IO6W[]  
   to cause numerous deaths. sn@)L~$V  
        C   D  -OfAl~ 4  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 #KtV4)(  
#`"B YFV[E  
九、词性的混用 \nQEvcH  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 gJzS,g1]  
%g4)f9>  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 OQT i$2  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; gti=GmL(L  
]08~bL1Q  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high [@s5v  
          A        B      mOYXd,xd  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and uYc&Q$U  
              C a+\s0Qo<  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. .fY$$aD$4  
          D 8@I.\u)0  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ,k/<Nv;  
u #7AB>wi{  
;!>>C0s"  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ;nf}O87~  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 I~c}&'V  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds 11yS2D   
         A       B      Al]z =  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to Xec U&  
          C        ;V1e>?3  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. . J*2J(T,  
            D V{kgDpB  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 i'vjvc~  
 \R<OT%8  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, YyR~pT#ffT  
            A       n 6| \  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of BLhuYuON  
      B      C N DV_/BI  
   urban Black people in the United States. rW3fd.;kss  
   D b; 4;WtBO  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 gs77")K&  
bwh.ekf8  
lL:J:  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 l=JK+uZ  
表示时间有两种可能, o,RLaS,BK'  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 DavG=kvd  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, )Hy|K1  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 vd<" G}  
WChJ <[]W  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence w~g)Dz2G  
       A     B     1jozM"H7Q  
  were made while the American Civil War. _\LAWQ|M4[  
   C    D jM3{A;U2  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 YvK8;<k@-?  
YX_p3  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the ,#r>#fi0  
   A      B           C    # -Ts]4v  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. >2~q{e  
          D ]f q.r  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 g+k0Fw]!  
T!)v9L  
pRj1b^F5y  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 dg 4 QA_"  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 pVt8z|p_;{  
>_]j{}~\k  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social >T4.mB7+>  
                   A     V Z;ASA?;  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. oxb#{o9G  
     B   C    D R;f!s/^)  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 'kK}9VKl  
<ok/2v  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples n=n!Hn  
   A        B   C      Z| Z447_  
  easily under the stress of compression. >9(lFh0P  
   D Qj?FUxw  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 e qQAst#~  
p UWj,&t  
x5k6yHn  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 3ADT Yt".  
]C-hl}iq  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine " ;cWK29\f  
    A         B M& GA:`  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. `(?E-~#'  
          C            D JB a:))lw  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 :Q=Jn?Gjb  
E@aR5S>  
yw2^kk93|  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, +s c|PB  
         A RX%*:lXi_  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. Iu^# +n  
   B      C      D [nxjPx9-  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ;=Jj{FoG%  
dy;Ue5  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 b&B<'Wb  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; |_8- 3  
two hundred diligent students
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