该错题常考要点 GF'wDi}
一、代词 `2~>$Tr
代词中主要讲解六个问题 m7 =$*1k
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 h~MV=7
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主格、宾格、所有格 "n-'?W!
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) $Gn.G_"v
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(二) 反身代词 D
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当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 &K)8
He killed himself. (他自杀了) I$Nh|eM
He killed him. (他杀了他) B~Q-V&@o
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating BxY t*b%
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a series of indicators that could help ?Cq7_rq
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themselves to predict earthquakes. )vr@:PE
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ]' mbHkn68
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 rCy
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 bIKg>U'5d
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 &{iC:zp
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies
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that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the
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Pacific. ,m=F
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 KuNLu31%
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 Z1Qz
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Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: R^Rc!G}
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 Hg+<GML
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 77e*9/6@
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the word“normalcy”to express social and 6K2e]r
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economic conditions they promised the nation. xh6(~'$
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 A`c22Ls]
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important gv!8' DKn
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John `At.$3B
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Keats, published the year of her death. 6(|mdk`i
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. @uSO~.7
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(四) Who和which的区别 sA0Ho6
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 <J%qzt}
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 rcnH ^P
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ci,(]T+!
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. M-WSdG[AJ
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 Zy0M\-Mn
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 %
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(五) that和which的区别 =dm9+ff
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 L
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it bGh&@&dHr
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. zD_5TGM=
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ]0i[=
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 01Jav~WR
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, '!>9j,BJ
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ?Ld),A/c
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. kV-<[5AWW
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which QW..=}pL
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly s'O%@/;J
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. 'm0WPS/6E
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 AB=%yM7V*
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has Yjg$o:M
affected the way people in the United States----. 1@Ba7>%'
(A) living and working
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(B) they live and work `!8\|/
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(D) to live and to work M:O*_>KF
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 TjpyU:R,&|
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二、介词 zDg*ds\
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 CW;zviH5
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(一) 介词搭配 [,bJKz)a
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those y0O(n/
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. !fs ~ >
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 +sJ{9# 6
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. qX&+
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分析:B错改为be rich in +4J'> dr
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. 06NiH-
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 qV=O;
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 2C0j.Ib
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 %AV3eqghCg
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. zt((TD2
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 XffHF^l9F
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 6o
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on -8:O?]+Q/
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. i(u zb<
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ,g
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2、介词by Pi&\GMzd
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by p<VW;1bt5
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 4yu=e;C wy
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States EY1L5Ba.
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. esTK4z]
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 XF4NRs
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils a
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to D@mqfi(x
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supply moccasins and field rations. V[|k:($
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Z*5]q
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ?y{"OuRf.
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements TLzcQ |
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that are often represented at symbols. PJcz] <
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 qoD
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三、谓语动词 ~R
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(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 \RP=Gf
①、主谓分割原则 ~oBSf+N
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle,
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. =mk7'A>l
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 kjW`k?'s
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②、与后者一致原则 dQFx]p3L
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, xF{<-b
not only…but also ex2*oqAdX
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③、与前者一致原则 3' 6>zp
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 7<?v!vQ}-
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 O@_)]z?jUc
例:The athlete, together with his coach and
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is #,qikKjt2
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④、就近原则 I#f<YbzD
or, either…or, neither…nor, 4//Ww6W:
单数名词+or+复数名词+are gzHjD-g-<
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ]}G(@9
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 {{=7 mbc
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 Hj;j\R >2
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are )mZ`j.
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. Z!|nc.
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 R{6.O+j`
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 Cl>'K*$F
There are five apples that are red. "v~w#
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apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 Ctt{j'-[
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets !OWV* v2
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 1/w['d4l!
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 FJ>| l#nO
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