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主题 : 该错题常考要点
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 /kJ*WA?J  
一、代词 #S e  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 Fza)dJ 7  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 XsR%_eT  
  主格、宾格、所有格 ? {&#l2  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) %(kq Hxc  
]{"(l(  
(二) 反身代词 #m M&CscE  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 4k z8U  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) z)]EB6uRg  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) -e)bq: T  
e ;pNB  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  xH f9N?  
    A                 B    K9P"ncMt  
  a series of indicators that could help pIrAGA;  
             C      0 /kbxpih  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. ,AD| u_pP  
    D $yc,D=*Isi  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 pts}?   
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 :E^B~ OuL  
JZY=2q&  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 mvL'l)  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 z84W{! P  
/~^I]D  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies =ddx/zN  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the k g61Dgu  
     A   B      C          D b{ozt\:M  
  Pacific. m@Nx`aS?  
2(rZ@Wl  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 u}rot+)%  
FKx9$B  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 6^aYW#O<Ua  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 1h#k&r#*3  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 {UmCn>c  
aK&+p#4t  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined (XwLKkw0n  
                       A   ^sOm7S{  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and h]MVFn{  
             B bGi_", 8  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. 9v F2aLPk  
   C       D >YBpB,WND  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 0;h1LI)  
^'fKey`  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important cO RMR!  
        A     r^E]GDz  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John Tb= {g;0 @  
   B        C      V0 F30rK  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  D;I`k L  
      D !:<UgbiVv  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 6{$dFwl  
P082.:q"  
'^l^gW/|\  
(四) Who和which的区别 o1WidJ"  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 M#cr*%  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 -p.*<y  
unnx#e]  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 1bJ]3\  
              A            B , imvA5  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. & fSc{/  
   C                  D P"x-7>c>Y  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 FMd LkyK;  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 iEviH>b5  
O_Rcd&<mr  
(五) that和which的区别 %W4aKb?BT  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 mp,e9Nd;  
[-t> G!)  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it )6>|bmpU  
              A        B q Iy^N:C2'  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. 8F^,8kIR  
      C              D +F o$o  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 U>_IYT  
 C5+`<  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 6"i{P  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, )J+{oB[>b  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ,xYsH+ybA  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. (~Uel1~@  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which &'(a$ S>v  
[2'm`tZL  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly t @(9ga(  
              A         B   n#>.\F  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. =zm0w~']E!  
         C      D 2 {e dW+  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 `~ _H=l9{  
%i$M/C"(  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  * -KJh_  
  affected the way people in the United States----. z!s. 9  
   (A) living and working hza> jR  
   (B) they live and work n @ &"+  
   (C) live and work 3vdu;W=Sz  
   (D) to live and to work zb;(?!Bd#  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 pw,O"6J*  
_[OF"X2  
二、介词 u C,"5C  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 9- xlvU,o  
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(一) 介词搭配 v2hZq-q  
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 1, "I=  
    A         B   C      4\LZD{  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. .dx 4,|6  
                D v B h;  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 DR:8oo&E  
'|l%rv  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. GE1i+.+-.  
A       B     C  D %#~((m1  
分析:B错改为be rich in oZTgN .q  
S4cpQq.  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the {5^K Xj$B  
    A         B      C j-7u>s-l  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. >+cSPN'i>  
             D 1/B]TT  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 ?4XnEDA m  
W'a(oI  
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 lT2 4JhJ#  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 dsJm>U )  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. w OI^Q~  
          A      B  C     D (Uk>?XAr  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 X) V7bVW  
y$X(S\W  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has HPg3`Ul  
                 A  B     ^/HW$8wEi  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on j^flwk  
      C o*">KqU`b  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. WJ |:kuF  
      D nVE9^')8V  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 A /(lKq  
bB!#:j>(v  
2、介词by B z^|SkEit  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ';0 qj$ #  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing O*[{z )M.  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ;}qhc l+  
    A         B       s,6`RI%  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. )KE [!ofD  
   C     D {`(>O"_[Q  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 {ox2Tg?  
mMSh2B  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils w]u@G-e  
   A                      ZrO!L_/  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to qH> `}/,P  
     B    C       D L[g0&b%%-  
   supply moccasins and field rations. !z 53OT!  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 j'?7D0>  
W=JAq%yd<  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with  x}TS  
        A                QSw<%pcJE@  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements {D` '0Z1"  
        B          C   0v)bA}k  
  that are often represented at symbols. X(A.X:"  
              D z'7[Tie  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 fB1 TFtAh  
三、谓语动词 ,CvG 20>  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 'sh~,+g  
①、主谓分割原则 69m ;XdkKz  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, vI1i, x#i  
     A     "9!d]2.-Vk  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. $e1=xSQp4  
        B      C      D 0AK,&nbF  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 JyLa#\ R  
O.`Jl%  
②、与后者一致原则 +Y"r71|A6+  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, }`(N:p  
not only…but also xu5ia|gYz7  
fKH7xu!V4+  
K5Q43 e1  
③、与前者一致原则 $+JS&k/'m  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, ncu`vYI.  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 E 99hlY~1:  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ?eH&'m}-  
     A      B  C     r ={c,i  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. !oPq?lW9  
         D PZxAH9 S?  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is PyVC}dUAX  
1"Z@Q`}  
④、就近原则 CTX9zrY*T  
or, either…or, neither…nor, F+R?a+e  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are $mf u:tbP  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 1b=lpw 1}  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 )?_#gLrE6  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 :w}{$v}#D;  
Grs]d-xI  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are x{D yTtX<  
        A      B        D\Ij yZ-O  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 9T#;,{VQ  
    C              D U*90m~)  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 V5+SWXZ  
m/ #a0~dB  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 UOQEk22  
There are five apples that are red. N0hE4t  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 \RNg|G  
%%(R@kh 9  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets &zs'/xv]  
      A            +`3!I  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. /cc\fw1+  
   B   C    D  hi g2  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 ~?B;!Csk  
,{\Bze1fn  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 Bl=t Yp|a  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. mPq$?gdp  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 R|i/lEq  
<n3!{w3<  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 NcY608C  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: qzb<J=FAU  
a. there be 句型 _X@v/sAy  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 {Z p\^/  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 Ef<b~E@  
IIy~[4dW  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. z=$jGL  
   A     B      C    D    IIq1\khh  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ZE%YXG  
g2unV[()_  
|HZTN"  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific :d ~|jS  
             A     B    7Pa@1']  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 MxBTX4ES  
     C         s3W@WH^.  
  miles in width. 7'OtruJ   
     D  2B,] -Mu)  
分析:倒装句,are改为is +i I&c s  
@)K%2Y`  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and W\18{mbuy  
   A    B       C         Mg^e3D1_  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film w9|w2UK  
                    D _v* nlc  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. ntmyNf?;  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 &N;-J2M  
Y6&wJ<   
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 }MlwC;ot  
fifty percent of + 名词 DLCkM*'  
one percent of + 名词 &7_Qd4=08w  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: k^OV56  
  one percent of my students + are S/ibb&  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. @JRNb=?a  
~xoF6 CF  
这里要强调两个结构 mXXt'_"  
half of =fifty percent `8FUX= Sh  
most of + 可数名词 + are T,$WlK Wj  
most of + 不可数名词+ is [b$4Shx  
WQHd[2Z#e  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been %e@#ux m  
   A       B         C   r 6Q Q  
  found in central and eastern Canada. *cO sv  
           D K5"#~\D  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 |c`w'W?C6  
|^9BA-nA  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized TFuR@KaBR  
                 A   B  @}:uu$OH  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. qL94SW;  
              C     D ^OErq&`u  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 "al `$%(  
yOvm`9  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 Sv;_HZ  
①、主要考察时间状语 l|hUw  
q5 L51KP2  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. lKgKtQpi  
   A        B  C     D b9XW9O `B  
eW>3XD4  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was 95<EN (oUD  
Vn~UB#]'3  
?,yj")+  
②、For和since的区别 ZR\VCVH\^  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 oc^Br~ Th  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 e]Zngt?b  
  I has been a teacher for three years. 07Ed fe  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. BW,mwq  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 @X3{ x\i'I  
rcGb[=Bf  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became "l >Igm  
   A      B              1bw{q.cmD  
  the primary responsibility of the president. Pm$q]A~  
     C    D S(mF%WJ  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 M?/jkc.8H  
R=T qj,6  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of .I@CS>j  
             A  B  C   \a+(=s(;  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. DI;DECQl$  
            D mYc.x  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 6; Y0a4Ax  
-n0C4kZ2o  
s :`8ZBz~  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  3 v")J*t  
   A       B        C     D $'pNp B#vH  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live iVfgDo  
S!{t6'8K  
(三) 谓语的语态 |7KeR-  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 >q7BVF6V |  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: YJ:3!B>Zo  
①、prove >]%8Zx[  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 JCY~W=;v  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; N0>0z]4;q  
DKVT(#@T  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming ?m c%.Bt  
                      A   1T)Zh+?)}  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be <ER'Ed  
    B                  C i! ~'M;S  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. iE.-FZc  
                  D $0^P0RAH  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 ]B=C|usJ  
C!C|\$)-  
7DlOW1|  
②、Locate,Situate tvd0R$5}  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 gw _$  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 D7 "p}PD>~  
这两个词也可以用作被动 a,7 &"  
  My school was located near the river. [\R>Xcu>  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 AnZclqtb  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. ;W:6{9m ze  
   (A)locates *^ \FIUd  
   (B)locating <Q<+4Y{R  
   (C)to locate @U -$dw'4  
   (D)is located @tRMe6 4  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 W 4YE~  
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③、表示需要概念的动词 x O7IzqY  
need, want, require等 )R{UXk3q}  
-Cid3~mX3  
My watch needed repairing vuz4qCQ  
My watch needed to be repaired. z2/!m[U  
=7 ,Kf} 6  
④、表示人的情感的动词 [RU NuO  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 (fo Bp  
lu UYo  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 @LLTB(@wR  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 ,ZI\dtl  
+yt6(7V*  
主动和被动技巧总结: BQ05`nkF  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 hv)7H)|l~]  
L*?!Z^k  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the `{FwTZ=6{  
                 A      k3@HI|  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, <rK=9"$y(t  
                 B qg,Nb  
  power structures, and flood-control works along :Eh'(   
                    C 6*1$8G`$8,  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. I6OSC&A`  
                D JE%A|R<Jl  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 dU;upS_-  
Nh)[r x  
四、非谓语动词 #7z|mVzH  
ged,>  
(一) 分词 =hX[  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 &`:rp!Lc  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 c" Y!$'|Q  
{},;-%xE  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then y' tRANxQ  
   A |"}4*V_*  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. F ! )-|n}  
     B      C            D }bfn_ G  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning `facFt[\  
-Z?Ck!00  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 {^&k!H2  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in 8gpBz'/,  
      A               B   zHx mA  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. BRtXf0~&p  
               C         D c/$*%J<  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living uZ[/%GTX{)  
H'Iq~Ft1  
?Leyz  
一些动词后面必须用doing 6:RMU  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 [#X|+M&u6  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, W8.j /K:  
 advocate, suggest  [`bZ5*&  
 delay, quit D{svR-~T  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, >r:X~XnRUj  
 avoid, escape(逃避) j1Fw U  
 spend+名词+doing; C "9"{  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing DrFur(=T  
y1Z1= U*!  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their zW)gC9_|m-  
   A     B    C              D q4k`)?k9  
  crops. {|p"; uJ  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 =WjJN Q  
V@Kn24''  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, \AJS,QD  
               A        B -Qg,99M  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 0k.v0a7%  
        C          D \L %q[  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing \AHY[WKx  
q'2`0MRa  
(二) 不定式 (qj,GmcS  
A. 动词不定式的省略 !3QRzkJX~  
①、help后面可以省略to BP:(IP!&  
  help do t,1in4sN  
  help sb. to do Gb?g,>C  
0 S2v"(_T  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid hXPocP  
              A      B   s`r-v/3l  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. O%prD}x  
         C     D @kz!{g]Sn  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 /=q.tDH=I  
e& p_f<  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 KjBOjD'I  
  make, d&5c_6oW  
  let, .hc|t-7f  
  have sb. do sth T!1SMo^  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. YsZ {1W  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians =?HzNA$yh  
        A               B hEWx.  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. wZ$ tJQO  
   C     D 6zv;lx0<D&  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know (*MNox?w  
Sf=F cb  
③、感官动词 ;*W=c   
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe & { DR 6  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 ;i.I&*t  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 ;]{{)dst  
g})6V  
O%fUm0O d  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 h (qshbC}  
(1)表示第一人 %)8d{1at  
the first woman to do sth. K2*1T+?X  
c[&d @  
(2)表示迫使的动词 oDz*~{BHg  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do XpR.rq$]  
u/_Gq[Q,u  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis a_Z.J3  
     A                 B    y*}AX%8`e~  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. jaK'W  
       C           D 1a5?)D  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 M`)s>jp@w  
EfFj!)fz  
Jz=;mrW  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 >BJ2v=R A  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ;>inT7?3|  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 5tN%a>D%  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 =ZCH1J5"  
  be apt to do I h5/=_n  
ny278tr Q7  
(4)表示目的的名词, | \Ab L!u  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 \#uqD\DE  
固定的句式:  qJsQb  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. )o05Vda  
the objective 目标 &W&7bZ$;  
aim p3 V9ikyy  
goal @uQ%o%Ru6  
reason理由 (jp1; #P!  
function功能 6$W-?  
intension意图 tfi2y]{A  
38"8,k  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing o@qN#Mg?>}  
                       A  N b#H@zm  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. 1.hOE>A%  
           B          C     D K?z*3^^X;  
分析:the function to provide, A错 W)6U6  
X !&"&n  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure -=-x>(pRW7  
                  A       sq8tv]  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds '0\0SL  
     B  yrxx+z|wR  
  that make up various components of a living cell. D6C -x  
    C    D "2y7&#l   
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 ')C _An>X6  
PO=ZxG   
(5) 其他同根名词 kphy7> Km  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 %xH>0  
 attempt to do 企图 Ym rpf  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 rsIt~w  
 ambition, Gaw,1Ow!`2  
 be ambitious to do  Sgjr4axu  
 effort % @^VrhS  
LyCV_6;D  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation zm_hLk  
  A                    B   l*m]2"n]  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 6):sO/es  
          C       D 45!`g+)  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 0SGczgg  
I5|S8d<  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great *$WiJ3'(m  
  A                   B   `rOe5Zp$  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. R!M|k%(  
       C            D SqT"/e]b'  
分析:efforts to register, C错 +wf& L  
PauFuzPP  
bj * v'  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 |'l* $  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ,_X,V!  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 1{uDHB  
1J!tcj1(  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ">4[+'  
I am glad to see you. eJwii  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. Wf&G9Be?8  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. #ui%=ja[:~  
B#/~U`t*  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 Se]t;7j  
It is difficult to decide. J~ gkGso  
k3htHCf*G$  
[4 (A458H  
五、句子的结构 0aq-drl5\  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。  OG<]`!"  
<a/ZOuBzZ  
(一) 主语的重复 uS+b* :  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ? wiq 3f6  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any *~aI>7H  
          A      B      L[9+xK^g  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the cF>;f(X  
          C          D =P+wp{?AN|  
  League of Nations. 0eu$ oel-  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 '2B0D|r"a  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson LAjw!QB  
SEn8t"n  
^ZZ@!Udy  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are PYRwcJ$b\d  
        A        B  !7Q.w/|=  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. UgBY ){<  
    C         D 'k) P(H  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 m>m`aLrnb  
:<|fZa4!"  
(二)谓语的重复 J'oz P^N  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 JSP8Lu"n  
<L[)P{jn?p  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  mi3q1npb7[  
    A            B    "PM:&v  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. ]5M R p7  
         C   D 6 v#sq  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 A^jm<~  
vTa23YDW  
(三)谓语的缺少 W;*vcbP  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body ? 9M+fi  
          A     B    {+59 YO  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 81 Not  
         C               D ;:YjgZ:+Q]  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 Pg}G4L?H;J  
c8 fb)`,k  
(四)主句的重复  [?(W7  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 t$Ji{t-  
^E,Uc K;  
.Zm }  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite JVYYwA^ .  
      A         B        C   eJdQ7g[>  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. [aUT #  
     D ~H. "{  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 %zVv3p:  
ago t (  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow B(NL3WJ  
        A   B       rkXSy g b  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. JG$J,!.\  
      C    D *38\&"s4_  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 Y)5}bmL  
(S{c*"}2  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 'v5gg2  
   A                     B  [^P2Kn  
  names for towns, only George Washington 4H '&5  
      C jt*@,+e|  
  is remembered in the name of a state. <\NXCUqDpo  
          D 8`<GplO  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ~)(Dm+vZ  
六、比较级和最高级 .w"O/6."  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 6f1Y:qK'@  
X^)5O>>|t  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 G (e?]{(  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which *2hzReM  
      A               ~Y[b QuA=)  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. `UPmr50Wq  
     B       C           D 6jA Q  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 |'#NDFI>}  
%&NK|M+n  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 efm< bJB2  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. <taW6= ;c  
     A      B     C  D "Y6mM_flq  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 |M&/( 0  
6IH^rSUSK  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere W@Wh@eSb;  
     A       B     C   D X8TZePh  
  is the grizzly bear. stSc z#!  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ; o=mL_[  
YFY)Z7fK  
8V= o%[t  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 J %t1T]y~  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 jXQ_7  
3& $E  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with TgLlmU*qMU  
   A           B  J\BdC];  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. k-/$8C  
   C                 D pOXEM1"2A  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 9"e!0Q40  
JB7]51WH@  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 Fu$otMw%l  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as qA42f83  
'1+ Bgf  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 -JK+{<  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ]c D!~nJ  
the taller boy ]z,?{S  
n9%rjS$  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 ,yoT3_%P  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed 0;9 LIL5  
          A            B f]EHDcC3X  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is !Kis,e  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. C^a~)r.h  
    C          D d@<XR~);  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 9"rATgN1  
Ez )Go6Q  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 +hfl.OBy  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, lyyi?/W%  
  A  B         C     mxIEg?r(  
  the Navajos form largest group. yC -4wn*  
         D b% F|V G  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 \%)p7PNY  
B\Uj  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, @M1U)JoQ  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language NH{0KZ R  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the \Tc$P#  
;RR)C@n1  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many k,?k37%T]  
            A      B         C milU,!7J  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 6wGf47  
            D *+ b[v7  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 Z'\_YbB  
P^ a$?  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the D~-Ri`k.  
例如:my best friends Z@1r s#  
t ({:TQ  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial :wIbKs.r  
            A    B     C /V,:gLpQ  
  and banking center. HxkhlNB  
        D !4|7U\;  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 *b> ~L  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 U5" C"+ 3  
F77~156  
(|S e+Y#e,  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary +YP,LDJ!v  
                 A         *C$ W^u5h  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. 4\t9(_  
    B   C     D p 5P<3(  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 B&"fPi  
ucyxvhH^-  
七、平行结构 ?L'ijzP  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 kFeuKSa^d  
OD{Rh(Id  
z1s9[5  
(一) 对等连接词 Tf` ~=fg%  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 ?!b}Ir<1j  
单一式: and, or ,but \!`*F :7]-  
相关式: both…and, not … but, lr=*Ty(V  
     either …or, neither…nor st~f}w@  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as !RAyUfS  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, P bCXcs  
没有so...as... H>k=V<  
between…and, H+t^eg88  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also V 9][a  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Vc}m_ T]O  
X] M)T  
短语式: as well as c)+IX;q-C  
     rather than (而不是) T-uI CMEf  
     other than (除…之外) #X`j#"Ov2(  
     instead of (代替) XzkC ]e'  
yS %J$o&  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 [PdatL2  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  uv eTx  
       A     B   vaW, O/F  
  but he is now living in Detroit. [YLaR r  
       C   D 3t)07(x_B  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 MZv In ZS  
Y7{IF X  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics m Y+J ju1  
       A         B GFB(c  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford ia?{]!7$  
  remained active in city and regional planning. WnyEdYA  
          C    D  n<+g{QHi  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 m0DD|7}+  
(二)平行的内容  ?%Hj,b  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 c |.~f+  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of '_N~PoV  
             A         B   jdqVS@SD  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, 2~h! ouleY  
         C            D c07'mgsU  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. Uus%1hC%a  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 P/ 6$ T2k_  
q~]S5  
+m8CN(c  
第二、名词单复数的平行 VbyGr~t  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 -}#=L@  
lQ(I/[qVd  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, }-jS0{i  
  A     B          C   Yz7H@Y 2 i  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. UVa:~c$U4  
                 D   utOATjB.z  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 %EV\nwn6  
l ld,&N8  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate,  ja!K2^  
                   A         B 9lXjB_wG>  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. )c*NS7D~f  
      C          D @>:V?  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have +\Uq=@  
3QSA|  
第三、时态的平行 V Ioqn$  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated f wE b  
                A     S:5vC {  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops s|HpN  
                   B 0nOkQVMk>  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms.  _"0,  
          C    D 0c}pg:XT  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 0+3_CS++r  
5z/*/F=X  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- I}^Q u0ub  
  spread from its home in Central America and [d d KC)tA  
  now grows throughout the tropics. ;r8< Ed  
   (A) to be    (B) it   yV.E+~y  
   (C) the     (D) its mv,p*0  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? ) t#>fnN  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow simD<&p  
#3~hF)u&/  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- C(Cuk4K  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. `/"*_AKAI  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised OUtXu7E$  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised 9B)<7JJX!J  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 'G)UIjl  
f aIHmU  
第四、排列位置的平行 'g5 Gdn  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. D$ ?}M >  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode 0Z4o3r[  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  O3JBS^;V2  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes ` W} Bc  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes QKHAN{hJ  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 FW@( MIH  
Z#vU~1W  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: Wm^RfxgN/  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 (3VV(18  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 AZH= r S`  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 U(6=;+q  
rtn.^HF  
八、词序的颠倒 I .> SC  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 ozOvpi:k3%  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 7x''V5*j  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage 7#[8td  
              A    B        pd\x^F`sk.  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. Qq{>]5<  
      C       D    D!WyT`T  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 a,ZmDkzuv  
[))TL  
n6C]JWG\/U  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ^~DDl$NH  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only We)l_>G  
          A      B     DFM~jlH  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. OzA'd\|  
    C         D U-ADdO h"q  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 2H9;4>ss  
*-`-P  
tDQuimYu7  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 s9[54 7?`  
=-%10lOI  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were [I 6&|Lz>  
          A   B     C   kK~,? l  
  in what is now the United States. 60z8U#upM  
    D [ f;o3  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 b]6@ O8  
eufGU)M  
所有的系动词分为三大类: ^\Epz* cL  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, 9/#?]LJ  
    is, remain, keep, stay, yvIzgwN%s!  
    lie, exit(表示位于) +)ba9bJ|  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 {'a|$u+  
    become, turn, grow, ~-f"&@){,  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) o2rL&  
G$A=Tu~  
第三种,感官动词 h>"j!|#!s  
    seem(好像是) 9Q>85IiT  
    look(看起来好像是) @@V{W)r l  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste !:wA\mAd  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 %:}o\ _w  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe !2F X l;  
    A               B     +3[8EM#g  
   to cause numerous deaths. KBa ]s q_  
        C   D  @!Rklhb  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 8Z!Mad  
5tl( $j  
九、词性的混用 \b*z<Odv  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 W1_.wN$,5  
+Z e;BKZ3  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 Z(I=K BI  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; b\S ~uFq6  
,lcS J^yr  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ,c,@WQ2:-  
          A        B      C}qHvwFm  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and MdDL?ev  
              C Y94S!TbB  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. H[RX~Xk2E  
          D C6'K)P[p  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) d7S?"JpV  
"7Z-ACyF5  
?I$-im  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 "hk {"0E  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 20# V?hX3  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds sC A  
         A       B      H?rCIS0  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to Y5c[9\'\  
          C        6qSsr]  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 1 obajN  
            D cn Oh j  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 S_TD o  
K^ ALE  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, JvK]EwR ;  
            A       _u]%K-_  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of \ef:H&r  
      B      C u 7 :Iv  
   urban Black people in the United States. Nz}PcWF/  
   D LmytO$?2(  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 d8iq9AP\o  
<PiO %w{  
4,>9N9.?9  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 !6x7^E;c  
表示时间有两种可能, +w-J;GLSy  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 x[0O*ty-*<  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, Q'qX`K+@`  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 NWP!V@ WG  
|-;VnC&UY  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence qXhdU/ =  
       A     B     ^,,}2dsb>  
  were made while the American Civil War. rOz1tY)l0d  
   C    D x|O^#X(,  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 N/ f7"~+`  
/M+Du,  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the #=VYq4B=  
   A      B           C    '_^T]fr}  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. Zazff@O *  
          D X6",Xr! {  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 9}u,`&  
DY 9]$h*y  
+[<YE  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 u*TC8! n  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 Pc_aEBq  
"4;nnq  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social .w;kB}$YC  
                   A     K)BQ0v.:[  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. h%krA<G9  
     B   C    D 6,a H[ >W  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 BMy3tyO  
'gvR ?[!t  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples ocFk#FW  
   A        B   C      ;Mup@)!j  
  easily under the stress of compression. o`,~#P|  
   D 8 {V9)U  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 \gk.[={^P  
mAtqF %V  
1|(Q|  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 L%T(H<G  
pA6KiY&  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine  k~ ^4  
    A         B b,E?{uG  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. y %Q. (  
          C            D _cX}!d!j  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 \</!kY*3@t  
Q$c6l[(g  
e @Lxduq  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, z#^fS |  
         A TI4Hu,rc  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. 9%"7~YCDas  
   B      C      D wqb4w7%  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 l1)~WqhE}  
 mb1mlsE  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 C9!t&<\ }  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; q 84*5-  
two hundred diligent students
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