填空题常考结构 F%RRd/'
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一、主句单一原则 Te[n,\Nb
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 )P
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做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 .:F%_dS D
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. koug[5T5
(A) They occur where they are ?Wlb3;
(B) Occuring where ZQV6xoN;r
(C) Where they occur J| w>a
(D) Where do they occur gi1^3R[
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 !2f[}.6+
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center ]>5/PD,wWy
(A) Fort Wayne vg32y /l]S
(B) Although Fort Wayne s Z].8.
(C) For wayne is in 9sYMSc~Bm
(D) Fort Wayne, in Jdj2~pTq
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 9y"@(
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二、谓语动词专一原则 EM(g
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任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 vN;N/mL
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 h-`? {k&e
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” Yi
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-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with kTOzSiq
social issues. f<d`B]$(
(A) covers -
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(B) covers it
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(C) which covers B9jC?I |`
(D) which it covers BYL)nCc
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 ) j#`r/
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused ]8_NZHld
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on [
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the paper. ?jv/TBZX4
(A) the impression is N2^=E1|_
(B) if the impression is uP)'FI
(C) impressions i tt3.:y
(D) the impression -">;-3,K
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression c<:-T
三、平行结构 X:"i4i[}{9
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 ?Jm^<
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: cKca;SNql1
A and B, RLjc&WhzXu
A , B, and C yW=::=
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- oq
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is known as accounting. nfbR
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(A) an enterprise's transactions summary @Md/Q~>
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's < `=j^LU
transactions &-)N'
(C) transactions of an enterprise are /l~p=PK
summarized oWT3apGO
(D) summarizing the transactions of an Z"xvh81P
enterprise ,]F,Uu_H7
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 03X1d-
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 Naf0)3q>!
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed >1Ibc=}g
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and `4J$Et%S
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on Rr]Hy^w
human patients. zY{A'<\O
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in Ax7[;|2
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures ""G'rN_=Bi
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures %J?xRv!
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull kVMg 1I@
fractures -GrE}L
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 77f9(~ZnT
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四、宾语从句结构 E{`fF8]K
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 *])
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这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: jV1.Yz(`
state(陈述,表明)+that wlqksG[B
indicate(指明,表明)+that 8Fu(Ft^9
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, L#sMSVC+
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 0S!K{xyR
units called quanta or photons. @qAS*3j
(A) energy that }S-O&Z
(B) that it is energy c-5)QF) z
(C) it is energy mz0X3
(D) that energy YN F k
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 x'<X!gw
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth Qp3_f8
indicate--yield when unusual weight is -FaJ^CN~
placed on them. ^<2p~h0
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(A) although its crust and mantle +cN8Y}V
(B) its crust and mantle to 1mG-}
(C) that its crust and mantle F={a;Dvrn
(D) for its crust and mantle to %7+qnH*;r
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 37o;;
五、介词+ which结构 U>N1Od4vTO
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 wbl&
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, ISvpQ 3{)s
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 &D*b|ilvc
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, $=4QO
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 Ysv"
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is ]t"Ss_,
a method ---- voters select the nominees |yPu!pfl
for public office. WH^%:4
(A) that w``U=sfmV
(B)by which VI*$em O0
(C)is that X"%gQ.1|{j
(D)by those p4Z(^+Aa
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 U 6)#}
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 N"ST@/j.A
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 ^U/O!GK
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players 0w7DsPdS
hit wooden balls through wire arches called G' 1'/
wickers. %8v\FS
(A) when x
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(B) which 8 LCb+^
(C) is when j1<Yg,_.p
(D) in which #KvlYZ+1
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 (/$^uWj
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六、in that结构 ;n;p@Uu[
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在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, {n=|Db~
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because of +名词, Q,E
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consequently是副词 kq-) ^,{y
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 B33\?Yj)
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals R.3q0yZ
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---- it is a liquid. # f\rt
(A) whereas %z$#6?OK^
(B) in that ;9#KeA _
(C) because of [G3E%z
(D) consequently 9-
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分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 y1#1Ne_
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 \{D"
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual \{YU wKK/A
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. qg$ <oL@~~
(A)they #0<XNLM
(B)in they 1 -b_~DF
(C)that they K)P%;X
(D)in that they lLIAw$
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 L RF103nw
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 _VXN#@y
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ yCo.cd-
great inspiration for her poems. 5LMw?P.<
(A) that she drew =BrRYA
(B) by drawing her ;n},"&
(C) from which she drew Ir]\|t
(D) drawn from which ?h2}#wg
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 y+q5UC|
七、what结构 bPMhfK2 %
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: -F>jIgeC2v
what=the thing that :@&/kyGH
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend "7`<~>9t.
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. 1 {)Q[#l
(A) it grows azU"G(6y?+
(B) what grows ?%kV?eu'
(C) does it grow mVmGg
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(D) what does it grow mBC+6(5V
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 L rPkxmR
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle |&jXp%4T
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory C.QO#b
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. mcok/,/
(A) there y_9Ds>p!T
(B) where 5:Uso{
(C) that 6@Y|"b
(D) what LIdF 0
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 Np)lIGE
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八、同位语结构 k+4#!.HX^
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 kNL\m[W8$
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) [8*)8jP3
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing %%wNZ{
and swallowing . |WUG}G")*x
(A) is the chief organ of taste .x1
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(B) tasting the organ chiefly E~:x(5'%d
(C) the chief organ of taste -!9G0h&i|
(D) the organ chiefly tastes bJ;'`sw1
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 UY2O Z&&
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 x3krbUlx
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) OUXR
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of as_PoCoss
Native Americans in her novel, Century of !Rt
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Dishonor. ]$_NyAoBb
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause z$xo$R(
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson b%5f&N
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause &8 x-o,
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. K96<M);:g
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 0K2`-mL
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as _ORvo{[:
hosts to many insect pests. D5HZ2cz|a
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than @{O`E^}-D
goldenrods 1y4
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods $p?
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(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy ^ovR7+V
plants `$C
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(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants y;H-m>*%
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 9p2&)kb6
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 7x4PaX(
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 sp*v?5lW
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to R!N%o~C2-
Athens. l2P=R)@{
(A) the distance is p"ZG%Ow5Q]
(B) that the distance is :A'y+MnK<
(C) is that the distance =$Nq
(D) the distance d4c8~L
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分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 p2$P:!Y)
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九、比较结构 ?oHpFlj
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 <3C*Z"aQ>|
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less w
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snow than --eastern Nebraska. C={Y;C1
(A) does h|{]B,.Lh
(B) in [}0haTYc4
(C) it does in \ Et3|Iv
(D) in it does
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分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 y ~!Zg}o
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. ]>nk"K!%
(A) rays more than infrared U6fgo3
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(B) rays are more infrared than DjQFi
(C) more than infrared rays 4-H+vNG{%
(D) more infrared rays than Fgh_9S9J
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 O so#+
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 c>:wd@w
例3:The activities of the international marketing k],Q9
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. =BAW[%1b
(A) the domestic marketer has c"V"zg22
(B) the domestic marketer does nIy}#MUd|q
(C) those of the domestic marketer 'RYIW/a
(D) that which has the domestic marketer Nk VK
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 ]i ,{
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing e9 5Lo+:f
is greater than --. V0.vQ/
(A) that of its mining and farming combined s;Z\Io
(B) mining and farming combination /dQl)tL
(C) that mining and farming combined udUyh%n
(D) of its combination mining and farming BmMGx8P
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 A _
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十、定语从句省略结构 i&66Fi1
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 #+HJA42
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture " H&W}N
and overpower. 5Y'qaIFR
(A) can xH(lm2kvT
(B) they can }c`"_L
(C) which can 8 \ +T8(m
(D) and Ug t.&IA
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 ," Wr"
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