填空题常考结构 Bl9jkq
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一、主句单一原则 B?$ "\;&
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 JQ:Ri
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 G/%iu;7ZCb
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. B\g]({E
(A) They occur where they are yL;M"L
(B) Occuring where nC {K$
(C) Where they occur K78rg/`
(D) Where do they occur &C>/L;
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 Rl|
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C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 k%y9aO
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center [![%9'+P
(A) Fort Wayne fF*`'i=!
(B) Although Fort Wayne &[2U$ `P`V
(C) For wayne is in R:p62c;Tv0
(D) Fort Wayne, in {brMqE>P#
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 zi~5l#I
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二、谓语动词专一原则 5>J=YLq
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 4/X/>
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句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 )Qm[[p nj
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” \.XLcz
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with ~lEVXea!
social issues. ,wKe
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(A) covers fAZiC+
(B) covers it 569}Xbc/
(C) which covers +7Kyyu)y@
(D) which it covers IPuA#C
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 61U<5:#l
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused D .vw8H3
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on )a}"^1
the paper. %iJ%{{f`
(A) the impression is ]0D}T'wM
(B) if the impression is SM[Bv9|0
(C) impressions 2?@j~I=s2h
(D) the impression -
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分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression |L_wX:d`9
三、平行结构 G0n'KB
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 Y}6n]n;uR
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: ?_\$
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A , B, and C #G9 adK5
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- DOm[*1@^
is known as accounting. ryO$6L
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary n$m"]inX
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's !BU)K'mj
transactions Vbh6HqAHxJ
(C) transactions of an enterprise are ')+0nPV
summarized N132sN2
(D) summarizing the transactions of an eT"Uxhs-}
enterprise ba@ax3
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 v}Wmd4Y'
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 (7lBID4
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 1;u4X`8
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and "cho }X
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on _17|U K|N
human patients. Hr;h4J
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in mkvvNm3
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures ;mm!0]V
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures <*'cf2Q$Av
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull s #:%x#
fractures kD~uGA
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 QHf$f@bjI
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四、宾语从句结构 Uv?'m&_
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 lpQP"%q
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: q/@dR{-
state(陈述,表明)+that Xer@A;c
indicate(指明,表明)+that V:K;] h*!
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, ^,s?e.u$8`
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite D\L!F6taS
units called quanta or photons. ryD%i"g<
(A) energy that "|LQK0q3
(B) that it is energy T@+ClZi
(C) it is energy 10N,?a
(D) that energy c c G['7
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 )y50Mb0+
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth =:$) Z
indicate--yield when unusual weight is IlZu~B9c
placed on them. FUTn
(A) although its crust and mantle b;vNq
(B) its crust and mantle to tW6#e(^l6
(C) that its crust and mantle ?iSGH'[u
(D) for its crust and mantle to R$0U<(/
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 rZC3\,W
五、介词+ which结构 g^lFML|
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许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 J%P)%yX
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, mCk5B*Jy
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 _EKF-&Q6
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, &+;uZ-x
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 JLW$+62
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is ]Y5dl;xrM)
a method ---- voters select the nominees )1z4q`
for public office. x-~-nn\O
(A) that @a;sV!S{
(B)by which twbcuaCTW
(C)is that sFx$>:$
(D)by those !$E~\uT
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 'Kd7l}e!
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 !u0U5>ccw
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 sA2o2~AmM
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players nOuN|q=C
hit wooden balls through wire arches called >Jiij
wickers. VD4S_qx
(A) when E 8^sy*f
(B) which ahoh9iJ
(C) is when }wG|%Y#+r
(D) in which 3DI^y`a
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分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 B{4"$Mi
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六、in that结构 af^@
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在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, nO:HB.&@
because of +名词, ]nHe$x!2]
consequently是副词 Nq
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而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 .Wh6(LDY(
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals l]/> `62
---- it is a liquid. sFD!7;
(A) whereas D~7%};D[
(B) in that ew
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(C) because of zo
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(D) consequently 6O]Xhe0d@
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 yh4jRe?f
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 =cknE=
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual i{4'cdr?
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. ]+FX$+H/A0
(A)they J~fuW?a]r
(B)in they L>i<dD{
(C)that they 7d%A1}Bq$
(D)in that they z`;&bg\8
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 `f2W;@V0
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 Qs~d_;
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ b*@&c9I;q
great inspiration for her poems. q+r `e
(A) that she drew 6sO
(B) by drawing her ,s\x]bh
(C) from which she drew Xv`2hf
(D) drawn from which "
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分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 &?}kL=
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七、what结构 TW'E99wG
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: 49iR8w?k
what=the thing that !hwzKm=%N
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend V=G b>_d
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. x&Q+|b%
(A) it grows
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(B) what grows BG(R=,
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(C) does it grow 0BbiQXU
(D) what does it grow
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分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 chvrHvByS
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle 3I(dC|d
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory R=#q"9qz
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. =!1-AR%.^
(A) there ]%cHm4#m3
(B) where !mpMa]G3
(C) that ^g}gT-l%
(D) what
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分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 }QX2:a
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八、同位语结构 +l[Z2mW
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 PMz{8
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___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) r?Zy-yQ
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing >Rl0%!
and swallowing . rA1zyZlz
(A) is the chief organ of taste zezofW]a
(B) tasting the organ chiefly |2t7G9[n
(C) the chief organ of taste A9fjMnw
(D) the organ chiefly tastes wM2)KM}$
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 B4\:2hBq
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 Y7b,td1
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) @>
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例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of /`j K
Native Americans in her novel, Century of :Z*02JwK
Dishonor. k?|F0e_
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause oC@"^>4
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson D@lAT#vA
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause FgHB1x4;
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. +*:x#$phx
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 ]X"i~$T1 S
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as )l[7;ZIw$
hosts to many insect pests.
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(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than go%X%Os]
goldenrods ./BP+\)lO
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods u{E^<fW]
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy e G*s1uQl
plants t+4%,n f_1
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants %;B(_ht<-w
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 )
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 ]a%\Q2[c
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 ~i_R%z:y
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to JY050FL
Athens. sVm'9k
(A) the distance is 1rm$@
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(B) that the distance is ^x1D]+
(C) is that the distance <4A(Z$ZX)
(D) the distance I+4qu|0lA
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 3bI|X!
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九、比较结构 BKP!+V/
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 u!EulAl
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less *}WqYqOow
snow than --eastern Nebraska. aid)q&AcQ
(A) does @ :
(B) in 5bqYi
(C) it does in LM`tNZ1Fc!
(D) in it does xyJgHbml
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 []fj~hj
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