填空题常考结构 9TW[;P2> )
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一、主句单一原则 'hpOpIsHa
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 'C1l
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做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 8xPt1Sotq[
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. 0:$}~T9T
(A) They occur where they are lPy|>&
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(B) Occuring where w% %q/![uy
(C) Where they occur x4MmBVqp
(D) Where do they occur 0*gvHVd/l
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 5,"c1[
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C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 !HY
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center 5\Q Tm;
(A) Fort Wayne b] 5weS-<
(B) Although Fort Wayne U,Z\)+-R
(C) For wayne is in 6'^_
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(D) Fort Wayne, in F.[%0b E
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 Coi[cfg0
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二、谓语动词专一原则 /<rvaR
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 l6 G6H$
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 ~; 9HG
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” Na0^csPm
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with R"B{IWQi
social issues. >?$2`I
(A) covers 5YY5t^T
(B) covers it x[0T$
(C) which covers qG9a!sj
(D) which it covers _
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分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 IWv 9!lW
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused ;s+/'(*
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on 20c5U%
the paper. vjEDd`jYZ
(A) the impression is K=gg <E<
(B) if the impression is MBWoPK
(C) impressions \e86'&
(D) the impression <Lb LMV
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression _XZ
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三、平行结构 j.=:S;
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 T`#nn|
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: "f91Y
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A and B, #}7T$Va
A , B, and C .j4y0dh33
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- ?!RbS#QV}
is known as accounting. 7KgaXi3r
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary b|i4me@
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's |lNp0b
transactions aL(G0@(
(C) transactions of an enterprise are byM%D$R
summarized $0V+<
(D) summarizing the transactions of an ^Mq/Cf_T
enterprise }3lG'Y#Kpy
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 JD*HG]
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 {
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed .$\-{)
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and h,\{s_b
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on [8'?G5/n
human patients. k|OM?\
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in #Us<#"fC
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures x-i,v"8
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures !/G}vu
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull A;8kC}
fractures ^_#wo"
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 .
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四、宾语从句结构 B
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宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 6aB]&WO1@
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: ^p(aZj3k
state(陈述,表明)+that [pU(z'caS
indicate(指明,表明)+that *Xnf}Ozx
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, #~p;s>
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite XW aa`q
units called quanta or photons. UG\2wH_
(A) energy that J4eU6W+ {
(B) that it is energy 9Qszr=C0
(C) it is energy >V8!OaY5n
(D) that energy &&CrF~
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 aNry> 2:
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth y9mV6.r
indicate--yield when unusual weight is !84Lvg0&
placed on them. MP}-7UA#K
(A) although its crust and mantle Sm[#L`eqW
(B) its crust and mantle to R@grY:h
(C) that its crust and mantle xJw"
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(D) for its crust and mantle to 1PxRj
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 bq5ySy{8
五、介词+ which结构 1<~n2}
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 cFie;k
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, ,Gy,bcv{
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 _S[@?]=`b
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, 8\E=p+C
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 c61 1&
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is \RDqW+,
a method ---- voters select the nominees c\[&IlM
for public office. tYMr
(A) that |:SV=
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(B)by which RF8,qz
(C)is that O:+y/c
(D)by those ;s~xS*(C
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 b"@-9ke5I
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 !p ~.Y+
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 K
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players *kf%?T.
hit wooden balls through wire arches called .rg "(I
wickers. rv)Eg53Q
(A) when EhD%
(B) which s,C>l_4-
(C) is when
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(D) in which ]ml 'd
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 MC-Z6l2
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六、in that结构 W7s
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, Z@m5hx&
because of +名词, 1A(f_ 0,.Q
consequently是副词 (.z0.0W
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 CyVi{"aF3
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals &f
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---- it is a liquid. '&|%^9O/"
(A) whereas S=L#8CID
(B) in that A[Ce3m
(C) because of hOqNZ66{
(D) consequently >_\]c-~<
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 Q^Vch(`&P
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 RT%{M1tkS
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual RY,L'GtO
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. -G1R><8[
(A)they m*e8j[w#
(B)in they Vn^8nS
(C)that they /byF:iYI
(D)in that they K(NP%:
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 -|czhO)R
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ !$-QWKD4
great inspiration for her poems. li`
(A) that she drew :'!_PN
(B) by drawing her } f!wQxb
(C) from which she drew Ys5Iqj=mp
(D) drawn from which 61b<6r0o
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 X=k|Sa
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七、what结构 z)&&Ym#
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: ~VF?T~Kr_
what=the thing that !6+V
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend Kku@!lv
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. K+U0YMRmz
(A) it grows Fz$^CMw5K
(B) what grows !`dn# j
(C) does it grow
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(D) what does it grow |uA /72
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 .!1E7\
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle
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was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory o l+*Oe
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. eKqo6P:#f
(A) there \z=!It]f.
(B) where bO gVC
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(C) that 14Jkr)N
(D) what `HM?Fc58
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 )!D,;,aQ
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八、同位语结构 pU@&-
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 SfwNNX%
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) 3gba~}c)
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing NB)22 %
and swallowing . (,
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(A) is the chief organ of taste mp>Ne6\Tu
(B) tasting the organ chiefly ~
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(C) the chief organ of taste q!8aYw+c
(D) the organ chiefly tastes H<wkD9v}H5
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 kR;Hb3hb
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 2G BE=T
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) 7,Q>>%/0P
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of
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Native Americans in her novel, Century of j
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Dishonor. p u6@X7W"
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause w|8T6W|w
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson 5Ls
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(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause aqN6.t
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. NN@'79x
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 phqmr5s^H
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as vAjvW&'g
hosts to many insect pests. e4(E!;Z!QF
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than qjmlwVw
goldenrods C0 %yGLh&
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods 6k*,Yei
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy g.T:72"
plants YGf<!
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants Q?
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分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 .*Ylj2nM
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 5v,_ Hgh
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 I::|d,bR!
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to u+5MrS[
Athens. 1paLxR5
(A) the distance is aGq1YOD[$
(B) that the distance is :B
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(C) is that the distance ;Bwg'ThT
(D) the distance rc`}QoB)R
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 jiqE^j3;
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九、比较结构 1U6z2i+y
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 @jY=b<
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less ^Fpc8D,
snow than --eastern Nebraska. +FJ+,|i
(A) does o&ETs)
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(B) in 1s/54
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(C) it does in <NXJ&xs-+
(D) in it does |wINb~trz
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 @|([b r|O
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. )k.}>0K |
(A) rays more than infrared e2qSU[
(B) rays are more infrared than 'S%H"W\
(C) more than infrared rays $Da?)Hz'F
(D) more infrared rays than o3YW(%cYR
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 T/]f5/
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 DS=$*
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例3:The activities of the international marketing '^)}"sZ@G
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. V]NCFG
(A) the domestic marketer has 1Li*n6tLX`
(B) the domestic marketer does }i{A4f`
(C) those of the domestic marketer LUdXAi"f
(D) that which has the domestic marketer 6EeO\Qj{
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 s'|t2`K("
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing 0j;q^>
is greater than --. #a9O3C/MP
(A) that of its mining and farming combined [ ou$*
(B) mining and farming combination iX[g
(C) that mining and farming combined j#0JD!Vr
(D) of its combination mining and farming 4*&k~0#t
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 PV:J>!]
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十、定语从句省略结构 IVY)pS"pR"
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 ~Up{zRD"B
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture 5vg="@O K
and overpower. h aApw(.%
(A) can j+@3.^vK
(B) they can 6tFi\,)E
(C) which can sQe
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(D) and K_@?Q@#YhR
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 kg
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can SnR2o3r-Of
get all the calcium their bodies----from the X
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food they eat. (|F.3~Amq
(A) require Fn7OmxfD
(B) requires UKQ"sC
(C) requiring I}m20|vv
(D)to require #-@uLc
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 +D:8r|evH
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 'It8h$^j
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 6tndC
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例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of "X8jpg
A B+snHabS6
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 0'fswa)
B C D [d8Q AO1;)
the world. {X&lgj
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to o]Rlivahm
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive >
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A B C =I'3C']Z W
than the Sun dies and exploded. ^w.hI5ua)
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more Ch_rV+
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十一、状语从句省略结构 iU;e!\A
Metals expand when they are heated. m|;(0
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Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: /,I cs
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; hlaN'j
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第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, B6Vlc{c5SO
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 )rD!4"8/A
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of H<Oo./8+
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand G
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considerable impact. 2gPqB*H
(A) apparently IW3k{z
(B) are apparently !Qe;oMqy}
(C) apparently their "6$V1B0KW
(D) are they apparently f'^uuO#x
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 2T~cOH;T
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: NXU:b"G
S
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 3
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这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) G%<}TI1}
|h>PUt@LL
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the MzJCiX^
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly
7K1-.uQ
white. /kW Z 8Z
(A) when, pure which 7
A)\:k
(B) when, which pure g* q#VmE
(C) which, pure when ~[g(@Xt
(D) which, when pure 5p;AON
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, $MQ}+
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_ E;T"SC
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 9DxHdpOk
is highly efficient and needs servicing kQ`tY`3F
infrequently BUO5g8m{
(A) Even ,fkvvM{mq
(B) It is 8\n3
i"
(C) Even though Da=EAG-{7
(D) There is U
v2.Jo/Q
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 6>>; fy2
rhJ&* 0M
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 u6qK4*eAD
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 +)Z]<O
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; ')X
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动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 BuJo W@)
PobX;Z
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子:
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Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 bjZJP\6
The starring troops have to surrender. {keZ_2
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; ( ;FxKm<P@
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 b/SBQ"B%
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在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is Wh[QR-7Ew
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例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often ]g_VPx"
called scapegoating. 6EqA Y`y
(A) Eliminate problems X8Z?G,[H
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) ZlT }cA/n
(C) Eliminating problems YW}$e W*
(D) Problems are eliminated R+ * ; [
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 F'bwXb**
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them k[6J;/
from damage due to weather. <Xf6?nyZ(
(A) Painting GABZsdFZ!
(B) Painted @CprC]X
(C) The paint (lk9](;L
(D) By painting ^Hd[+vAvR
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 !Sc"V.o@!
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 AIF?>wgq
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting asWk]jjMG
GkGiQf4hh
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to O<u=Vz3c~0
conserve water in the winter. /6x&%G:m#
(A) when losing leaves l|CM/(99-
(B) leaves are lost z@*E=B1L
(C) that losing leaves O-?rFNavxp
(D) the leaves losing |OeyPD #
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 X+X:nL.t
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十三、make结构 `3TR`,=
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) {K^5q{u
共有三种形式: AHf 9H?
make it possible+to do 7Cz~nin>7
make it possible+that引导的从句 }$ y.qqG
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) pPReo)
;jPsS^X
做题技巧: TTf
j5
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it 7@ym:6Y+]
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it /b+~BvTh
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h}E
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and O,$*`RZpx
thus make--details that are otherwise ZCCCuB
impossible to observe .
kZ9Gl!g
(A) it visible j{C~wy!J
(B) visibly '}cSBbl&/n
(C) visible NlYuT+
(D) they are visible =dXHQU&Q
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 7F`\Gz_2
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4LSs WO<@
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large I:dUHN+@L5
amount of information on a single map. Dj/Hz\
(A) possible P@y)K!{Nk
(B) it possible EU(e5vO
(C) it is possible \Z.r Pq
(D) that possible FM]clC;X?
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 =svFw&q"
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,Uh^e]pC
十四、the more …the more…结构 VEV?$R7;
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: G}U <^]c
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 #(
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2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 4 95Y<x}=
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 ?0)K[Kd'Y
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 p3_
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例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the %XR(K@V
number of lines of magnetic force. Boj R"
(A) of 4EYD
5
(B) the olv&K(-ccI
(C) is the "%K'~"S#Q,
(D) is of the M|nLD+d~8
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B "s@Hg1
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the 2fdN@iruB
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. eNfH9l2k
(A) the stress it is greater ll}_EUF|
(B) greater is the stress <\nM5-wR
(C) greater stress is `;Ui6{|
(D) the greater the stress )P?0YC
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 '7' 73
8K^#$,.."
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 /#5rt&q
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 Y"ta`+VJ
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{pQ8/Af!
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , 8-gl
$h
A B I3Co
thus making it possible the gentle (]k Q9}8
C Qraq{'3
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. ka=A:biz
D &R/-~w5
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 4]}d'x&
wBlE!Pm
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more Mmgm6{
than sixty-five million items of scientific, r:rPzq1
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the |0^IX
popular title, “attic of the nation.” ?AO=
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(A) however fLRx{Nu
(B) thus EAh|$~X
(C) and O*2{V]Y
@
(D) moreover .R)Ho4CE
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 RYl{89
C(sz/x?11
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the zWN]#W`
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. Hl}m*9<9us
(A) to save the seeds 7u1o>a%9
(B) saving the seeds Yjy%MR
(C)which saves the seeds $v8T%'p+
(D) the seeds saved Q=<
&ew
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B -R$ Q`
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 J,h'eY5
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. rWL&-AZQl
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 7 }t=Lx(
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. hZ>1n&[@
(A) the tallest kT^`j^Jr
(B) the tallest that is 3;//o<
(C) which is the tallest j;_E0j#
(D) which the tallest is XU['lr&,W
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 %~<
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of 5 yL"=3&+
A B C ?+]
domestic animals. 9:!V
":8q
D B.?@VF
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 H/0b3I^
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 `b)i;m
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: =1VpO{q
program, programmed, programmed fHF*#
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: OV^?cA
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 gue~aqtJ
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be /p{$HkVw
q] '2'"k
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona e1H2w?
s
features structures built of red sandstone by T\TKgO=)
ancestors of the Hopi people. ~kZ?e1H
(A) That the D'
h%.
(B) In the kI~;'M
(C) Around the Cyp%E5b7
(D) The kybDw{(}gc
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 JF9r[%
J'yiVneMw
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called <xD6}h/
lymphocytes and plasma cells. ^Zq3K
(A) to be made $*+`;PG-
(B) making 810uxw{\
(C) made eq4Yc*|9
(D) are made 6M6r&,yRu
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 )VkH':yCM
aB~=WWLR\
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given SuJ4)f;'0
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of *qw//W
human beings. ?_@Mg\Hc
(A) without 6;}W)S
(B) lack =R||c
(C) minus (x8D ]a
(D) not having 0t0m?rVW
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 b[my5Ol
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 FrQRHbp3
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 ?`=r@
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十八、逻辑主语结构 1|H(q
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 Y~-P9
cp3O$S
例1:Having been served lunch, --. cDLjjK7:
(A) the problem was discussed by the members ~|=goHmm[
of the committee wT^Q O^.
(B) the committee members discussed the 6 9EdMuf
problem >vc$3%L[$
(C) it was discussed by the committee >jg"y
members the problem rI;tMNs
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by Cc>+OUL
the members of the committee H4IJLZ3G
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B .WTar9e#
qI5`:PH%n
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until 5!iBKOl#D
almost two centuries later, in 1834. ^mCKRWOP'
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch %H8s_O
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn y-^m
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch -)$5[jM]
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 2H2Yxe7? -
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 [vyi_0[
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例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her y#)ad\
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her <t"|
wYAa_
first article in print. Z<@dM2b)
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane ]U)Yg
Hawes had pkT26)aW
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane ~Rk~Zn
Hawe's first We?cRb
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first E7>D:BQ\2
teaching position YK
6zN>M}E
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching 7dtkylW
position 4g^X
e-
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 Y;[+ ^J*a
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例4: Even at low levels, --. b&\f 8xZ
(A) the nervous system has produced mo
detrimental effects by lead ^M~Z_CQL2
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the kYnp$8
nervous system o*
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(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the X&s"}Hf
nervous system /+ Q3JS(
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on \<0xg[
the nervous system s{dgUX
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 -0f,qNF
b>x03%
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking E)z=85;_p
A B C t5;)<N`
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. dBNx2T}_0
D ,Aw
Z%
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 p4^&G/'
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十九、复合宾语结构 ,jq:%Y[KZ
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 5N(OW:M
We played soccer. fprP$MbI
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 (d>}Fp
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 &(X 67
4~i?xo=;v
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 [ahK+J
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, oe<DP7e
例:We appoint him monitor. E{BX $R_8
We elected him president. kwUy^"O
,{X}C
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck Q)Q1a;o
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not $8WWN} OC
consider them --because they are now primarily ,Q<mU4
kept as pets. 'Y0h w
(A) where sporting dogs N;gY5;0m
(B) sporting dogs qs!A)H#
(C) when sporting dogs Vw]!Kb7tA
(D) they are sportingdogs j]C}S*`"
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 ;zT
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二十、It结构 |]5`T9K@b#
一、强调句型 uHq;z{ 2GI
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 |k^C-
!
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这个句型需要注意几点: {gh<SZsE
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; ohjl*dw
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; C5g9Gg
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 :b]
\*
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: /cT6X]o8
原句: Ann bought these books last year. C_Z/7x*>d
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. bYO['ORr@
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. q@g#DP+C
;;6$d{
二、形式主语 Gt
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It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 D?=4'"@v
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 yi:}
UlO
>qs/o$+t}
zhJ0to[%?
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than W,"Re,`H
A B aIDv~#l
the events that occur in their lives , that are ?GlXxx=
eV
C YmpaLZJ
the main focus of social psychology. pKno~jja
D M4D @G
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is s/B_
!FD d5CS
例2: --an increasing international exchange of 684|Uuf7
educational films. J?ED
z,
(A) It is I&m' a
(B) There is Oxa8u e?
(C) Though there is Oi zj|'
(D) Although it is ;rF[y7\
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 C BoCT3@~
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二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 h!v<J
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, TQmrL
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 N#ZWW6
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in which+完整的句子 7~F~ 'V
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 0#DEh|?
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名词+of which+谓语动词 s5rD+g]E`
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 <e?Eva%t`
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例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of atF#0*e>
which are accented. KX]!yA
(A) line consists of each 2,F9P+
(B) consists of each line \Dy|}LE
(C) each line consists -F[@)$
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(D) it consists of each line -YAtM-VL
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 #XA`n@2Uoo
five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 F -,chp
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例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a @qan &?-Y
sticky substance on them ------ insects. <K`E*IaW
(A) traps (Jw_2pHxr"
(B) trap its Uu5(/vw]
(C) which traps d_M+W@{
(D) which it traps ,d
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分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 n)98NSVDbT
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例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists 1QG q;
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have paid little attention to cultural 6<<"9mxK
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interpretations given to silence, or to the types of DJL.P6 -W
B C :86:U 0^
social contexts in which tends to occur. e))L&s
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分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 Td|u@l4B
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例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin KU/r"lMNlU
became interested in the art movement MhD'
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, p35=CX`T.
both --her novels and short stories. >bh+!5Y0
(A) in which the influence fx5S2%f^
(B) of which influenced gmRc4o
(C) to have influence _|#abLh%
(D) its influence in MO8}i?u=z
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。