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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 9TW[;P2> )  
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一、主句单一原则 'hpOpIsHa  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 'C1l P)S5  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 8xPt1Sotq[  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. 0:$ }~T9T  
   (A) They occur where they are lPy|>& Yc  
   (B) Occuring where w% %q/![uy  
   (C) Where they occur x4MmBVqp  
   (D) Where do they occur 0*gvHVd/l  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 5,"c1[ `-  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 !HY ^QK  
(` *BZ_  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center 5\Q Tm;  
   (A) Fort Wayne b] 5weS-<  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne U,Z\)+-R  
   (C) For wayne is in 6'^_ *n  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in F.[%0b E  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 Coi[cfg0  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 /<rvaR  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 l6  G6H$  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 ~; 9HG tg  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” Na0^csPm  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with R"B{IWQi  
   social issues. >?$2`I  
    (A) covers 5YY5t^T  
    (B) covers it x[0T$  
    (C) which covers qG9a!sj   
    (D) which it covers _ *mn4n=  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 IWv 9!lW  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused ;s +/'(*  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on 20c5U%  
   the paper. vjEDd`jYZ  
   (A) the impression is K=gg<E<  
   (B) if the impression is MBWoPK  
   (C) impressions \e86'&  
   (D) the impression <LbLMV  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression _XZ Gj:V  
三、平行结构 j.=:S;  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 T`# nn|  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: "f91Y X_)  
A and B, #}7T$Va  
A , B, and C .j4y0dh33  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- ?!RbS#QV}  
   is known as accounting. 7KgaXi3r  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary b|i4me@  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's |lNp0b  
     transactions aL(G0@(  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are byM%D$R  
     summarized $0V+<  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an ^Mq/Cf_T  
     enterprise }3lG'Y#Kpy  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 JD *HG]  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 { j_-iF  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed .$\-{)  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and h,\{s_b  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on [8'?G5/n  
   human patients. k| OM?\  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in #Us<#"fC  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures x-i,v"8  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures !/G}vu  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull A;8kC}  
     fractures ^_#wo"  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 . ]E(P   
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四、宾语从句结构 B  W*8  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 6aB]&WO1@  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: ^p(aZj3k  
     state(陈述,表明)+that [pU(z'caS  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that *Xnf}Ozx  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, #~p;s>  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite XW aa`q  
   units called quanta or photons. UG\2wH_  
    (A) energy that J4eU6W+{  
    (B) that it is energy 9Qszr=C0  
    (C) it is energy >V8!OaY5n  
    (D) that energy & &CrF~  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 aNry> 2:  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth y9mV6.r  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is !84Lvg0&  
   placed on them. MP}-7UA#K  
   (A) although its crust and mantle Sm[#L`eqW  
   (B) its crust and mantle to R@grY:h  
   (C) that its crust and mantle xJw" 8V<  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to 1PxRj  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 bq5ySy{8  
五、介词+ which结构 1<~n2}   
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 cFie;k  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, ,Gy,bcv{  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 _S[@?]=`b  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, 8\E=p+C  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 c611&  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is \RDqW+,  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees c\[&IlM  
   for public office. tYMr  
    (A) that |:SV= T:  
    (B)by which RF8, qz  
    (C)is that O:+y/c  
    (D)by those ;s~xS*(C  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 b"@-9ke5I  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 !p ~.Y+  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 K HNU=k  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players *kf%?T.  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called .rg "(I  
   wickers. rv)Eg53Q  
   (A) when EhD%  
   (B) which s,C>l_4-  
   (C) is when 6t <[-  
   (D) in which ]ml'd  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 MC-Z6l2  
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六、in that结构 W7s  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, Z @m5hx&  
  because of +名词, 1A(f_ 0,.Q  
  consequently是副词 (.z0.0W  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 CyVi{"aF3  
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals &f A1kG%  
   ---- it is a liquid. '&|%^9O/"  
   (A) whereas S=L#8CID  
   (B) in that A[Ce3m  
   (C) because of hOqNZ66{  
   (D) consequently >_\]c-~<  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 Q^Vch(`&P  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 RT%{M1tkS  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual RY,L'Gt O  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. -G1R><8[  
   (A)they m*e8j[w#  
   (B)in they Vn^8nS  
   (C)that they /byF:iYI  
   (D)in that they K(NP%:  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 rd(-2,$4  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 -|czhO)R  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ !$-QWKD4  
   great inspiration for her poems. li`  
   (A) that she drew :' !_PN  
   (B) by drawing her } f!wQx b  
   (C) from which she drew Ys5I qj=mp  
   (D) drawn from which 61b<6 r0o  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 X=k|Sa yE8  
七、what结构 z)&&Ym#  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: ~VF?T~Kr_  
  what=the thing that !6+V  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend Kku@!lv  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. K+U0YMRmz  
   (A) it grows Fz$^CMw5K  
   (B) what grows !`dn# j  
   (C) does it grow A^pRHbRq  
   (D) what does it grow |uA /72  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 .!1E7\  
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle &Mh]s\  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory o l+*Oe  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. eKqo6P:#f  
   (A) there \z=!It]f.  
   (B) where bO gVC g  
   (C) that 14Jkr)N  
   (D) what `HM?Fc58  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 )!D,;,aQ  
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八、同位语结构 pU@ &-  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 SfwNNX%  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) 3gba~}c)  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing NB)22 %  
   and swallowing . (, uW-  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste mp>Ne6\Tu  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly ~ fF;GtP  
   (C) the chief organ of taste q!8aYw+c  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes H<wkD9v}H5  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 kR;Hb3hb  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 2G BE=T  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) 7,Q>>%/0P  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of GA"zO,  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of j q1 |`:  
   Dishonor. pu6@X7W"  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause w|8T6W|w  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson 5Ls ][l7  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause aqN6.t  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. NN@'79x  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 phqmr5s^H  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as vAjvW&'g  
   hosts to many insect pests. e4(E!;Z!QF  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than q jmlwVw  
     goldenrods C0%yGLh&  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods 6k*,Yei  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy g.T:72"  
     plants YGf<!  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants Q? ]-/v  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 .*Ylj2nM  
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oA]rwa UX  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 5v,_ Hgh  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 I::|d,bR!  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to u+5MrS [  
   Athens. 1 paLxR5  
   (A) the distance is aGq1 YOD[$  
   (B) that the distance is :B  9>  
   (C) is that the distance ;Bwg'ThT  
   (D) the distance rc`}QoB)R  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 jiqE^j3;  
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九、比较结构 1U6 z2i+y  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 @jY=b<  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less ^Fpc8D,  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. +FJ+,|i  
    (A) does o&ETs) n|  
    (B) in 1s/54 8wu  
    (C) it does in <NXJ&xs-+  
    (D) in it does |wINb~trz  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 @|([b r|O  
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. )k.}>0K |  
    (A) rays more than infrared e2qSU[  
    (B) rays are more infrared than 'S%H"W\  
    (C) more than infrared rays $Da?)Hz'F  
    (D) more infrared rays than o3YW(%cYR  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 T/]f5/  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 DS=$* Trk  
例3:The activities of the international marketing '^)}"sZ@G  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. V]NCFG  
   (A) the domestic marketer has 1Li*n6tLX`  
   (B) the domestic marketer does }i{A4f `  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer LUdXAi"f  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer 6EeO\Qj{  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 s'|t2`K("  
:gO5#HIm  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing 0j;q^>  
   is greater than --. #a9O3C/MP  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined [ ou$*  
   (B) mining and farming combination iX[g   
   (C) that mining and farming combined j#0JD!Vr  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming 4*&k~0#t  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 P V:J>!]  
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十、定语从句省略结构 IVY)pS"pR"  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 ~Up{zRD"B  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture 5vg="@O K  
   and overpower. h aApw(.%  
   (A) can   j+@3.^vK  
   (B) they can 6tFi\,)E  
   (C) which can sQe GT)/|  
   (D) and K_@?Q@#YhR  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 kg 8Dn  
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can SnR2o3r-Of  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the X =%8*_  
   food they eat. (|F.3~Amq  
    (A) require Fn7OmxfD  
    (B) requires UKQ"sC  
    (C) requiring I}m20|vv  
    (D)to require #-@u Lc  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 +D:8r|evH  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 'It8h$^j  
e"52'zAV-  
r4fHD~#l{  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 6tndC o;`  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of " X8jpg  
    A B+snHabS6  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 0'fswa)  
   B          C      D [d8Q AO1;)  
   the world. {X&lgj  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to o]Rlivahm  
dniU{v  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive > :IWRc2  
          A  B      C =I'3C']Z W  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. ^w.hI5ua)  
              D + 7^p d9F.  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more Ch_rV+  
[YfoQ1  
十一、状语从句省略结构 iU;e!\A  
Metals expand when they are heated. m|;(0 rft  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: /,I cs  
S@FO&o 0  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; hlaN'j <C  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, B6Vlc{c5SO  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 )rD!4"8/A  
r8J7zTD&  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of H<Oo./8+  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand G @..?>  
   considerable impact. 2gPqB*H  
   (A) apparently IW 3k{z  
   (B) are apparently !Qe ;oMqy}  
   (C) apparently their "6$V1B0KW  
   (D) are they apparently f'^uuO#x  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 2T~cOH;T  
Xv8-<Ks  
6Dlm. ~G  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: NXU:b"G S  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 3 '0 Pl8  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) G%<}TI1}  
|h>PUt@LL  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the MzJCiX^  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly 7K1-.uQ  
   white. /kW Z 8Z  
   (A) when, pure which 7 A)\:k  
   (B) when, which pure g* q#VmE  
   (C) which, pure when ~[g(@Xt  
   (D) which, when pure 5p;AON  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, $MQ}+ *Wr  
_ E;T"SC  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 9DxHdpOk  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing kQ`tY`3F  
   infrequently BU O5g8m{  
   (A) Even ,fkvvM{mq  
   (B) It is 8\n3 i"  
   (C) Even though Da=EAG-{7  
   (D) There is U v2.Jo/Q  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 6>>; fy2  
rhJ&* 0M  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 u6qK4*eAD  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 +)Z]<O  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; ')X  (P>  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 BuJo W@)  
PobX;Z  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: FaL\6w  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 bjZJP\6  
  The starring troops have to surrender. {keZ_2  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; ( ;FxKm<P@  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 b/SBQ" B%  
~f/|bcep  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is Wh[QR-7Ew  
3<0b_b  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often ]g_VPx"  
   called scapegoating. 6EqA Y`y  
   (A) Eliminate problems X8Z?G,[H  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) ZlT }cA/n  
   (C) Eliminating problems YW}$eW*  
   (D) Problems are eliminated R+ * ; [  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 F'bwXb**  
l=@ B 'a  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them k[6J;/  
   from damage due to weather. <Xf6?nyZ(  
    (A) Painting GABZsdFZ!  
    (B) Painted @CprC]X  
    (C) The paint (lk9](;L  
    (D) By painting ^Hd[+vAvR  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 !Sc"V.o @!  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 AIF ?>wgq  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting asWk]jjMG  
GkGiQf4hh  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to O<u=Vz3c~0  
   conserve water in the winter. /6x&%G:m#  
   (A) when losing leaves l|CM/(99-  
   (B) leaves are lost z@*E=B1L  
   (C) that losing leaves O-?rFNavxp  
   (D) the leaves losing |OeyPD #  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 X+X:nL.t  
7?P'f3)fG  
十三、make结构 `3TR`,=  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) {K^5q{u  
共有三种形式: AHf 9H?  
   make it possible+to do 7Cz~nin>7  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 }$ y.qqG  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) pPReo)  
;jP sS^X  
做题技巧: TTf j 5  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it 7@ym:6Y+]  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it /b+~BvTh  
rZK h}E  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and O,$*`RZpx  
   thus make--details that are otherwise ZCCCuB  
   impossible to observe . kZ9Gl!g  
   (A) it visible j{C~wy!J  
   (B) visibly '}cSBbl&/n  
   (C) visible NlYuT+  
   (D) they are visible =dXHQU&Q  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 7F`\Gz_2  
ys=2!P-[#  
4LSs WO<@  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large I:dUHN+@L5  
   amount of information on a single map. Dj/Hz\  
   (A) possible P@y)K!{Nk  
   (B) it possible EU(e5vO  
   (C) it is possible \Z.r Pq  
   (D) that possible FM]clC;X?  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 =svFw&q"  
R0t!y3r&N  
,Uh^e]pC  
十四、the more …the more…结构 VEV?$R7;  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: G}U <^]c  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 #( .G;e;w  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 4 95Y<x}=  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 ?0)K[Kd'Y  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 p3_ Qx  
X#1WzWk '  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the %XR(K@V  
   number of lines of magnetic force. Boj R"  
   (A) of 4EYD 5  
   (B) the olv&K(-ccI  
   (C) is the "%K'~"S#Q,  
   (D) is of the M|nLD+d~8  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B "s@Hg1  
@Ez>?#z  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the 2fdN@iruB  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  eNfH9l2k  
   (A) the stress it is greater ll}_EUF|  
   (B) greater is the stress <\nM5-wR  
   (C) greater stress is `;Ui6{|  
   (D) the greater the stress )P? 0YC  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 '7' 73  
8K^#$,.."  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 /#5rt&q  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 Y"ta`+ VJ  
`D3q!e  
{pQ8/Af!  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , 8-gl $h  
             A     B I3Co   
   thus making it possible the gentle (]k Q9}8  
       C            Qraq{'3  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. ka=A:biz  
         D &R/-~w5  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 4]}d'x&  
wBlE!Pm  
ZT"vVX- )G  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more Mmgm6{  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, r:rPzq1  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the |0^IX   
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” ?AO= )XV2  
    (A) however fLRx{Nu  
    (B) thus EAh|$~X  
    (C) and O*2{V]Y @  
    (D) moreover .R)Ho4CE  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 RYl{89  
C(sz/x?11  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the zWN]#W`  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. Hl}m*9<9us  
    (A) to save the seeds 7u1o>a %9  
    (B) saving the seeds Yjy%MR  
    (C)which saves the seeds $v8T%'p+  
    (D) the seeds saved Q=< &ew  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B -R$Q` Xw  
lh\`9F:  
dF|n)+C~R  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 J,h'eY5  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. rWL&-AZQl  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 7 }t=Lx(  
rXrIGgeM  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. hZ>1n&[ @  
   (A) the tallest kT^`j^Jr  
   (B) the tallest that is 3;//o<  
   (C) which is the tallest j;_E0j#  
   (D) which the tallest is XU['lr&,W  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 %~< F7qB  
47 &p*=  
uE#"wm'J  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of 5 yL"=3&+  
       A  B       C ?+]   
   domestic animals. 9:!V ":8q  
    D B .?@VF  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 H/0b3I^  
!'bZ|j%  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 ` b)i;m  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: =1VpO{ q  
  program, programmed, programmed fHF*#  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: O V^?cA  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 gue~aqtJ  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be /p{$HkVw  
q] '2'"k  
ZyrVv\'  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona e1H2w? s  
   features structures built of red sandstone by T\TKgO=)  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. ~kZ? e1H  
   (A) That the D' h%.  
   (B) In the kI~; 'M  
   (C) Around the Cyp%E5b7  
   (D) The kybDw{(}gc  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 JF9r[%  
J'yiVneMw  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called <xD6}h/  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. ^Zq3K  
   (A) to be made $*+`;PG-  
   (B) making 810uxw{\  
   (C) made eq4Yc*|9  
   (D) are made 6M6r&,yRu  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 )VkH':yCM  
aB~=WWLR\  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given SuJ4)f;'0  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of *qw//W   
   human beings. ?_@Mg\Hc  
   (A) without 6;}W)S  
   (B) lack =R||c   
   (C) minus (x8D ]a  
   (D) not having 0 t0m?rVW  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 b[my5O l  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 FrQRHbp3  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 ?`=r@  
2PEA<{u  
l'#a2Pl  
十八、逻辑主语结构 1|H(q  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 Y~-P9    
cp3O$S  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. cDLjjK7:   
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members ~|=goHmm[  
    of the committee wT^QO^.  
   (B) the committee members discussed the 69EdMuf  
    problem >vc$3%L[$  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee >jg"y  
    members the problem rI;tMNs  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by Cc>+OUL  
    the members of the committee H4IJLZ3G  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B .WT ar9e#  
qI5`:PH%n  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until 5!iBKOl#D  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. ^mCKRWOP'  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch %H8s_O  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn y-^m  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch -)$5[jM]  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 2H2Yxe7?-  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 [vyi_0[  
1_6oM/?'  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her y#)ad\  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her <t"| wYAa_  
   first article in print. Z<@dM2b)  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane ]U)Yg  
    Hawes had pkT26)aW  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane ~Rk ~Zn  
    Hawe's first We?cRb  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first E7>D:BQ\2  
    teaching position YK 6zN>M}E  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching 7dtkylW  
    position 4g^X e-  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 Y;[+^J*a  
v2;' F  
例4: Even at low levels, --. b&\f 8xZ  
   (A) the nervous system has produced mo  
     detrimental effects by lead ^M~Z_CQL2  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the kYnp$8  
    nervous system o* C_9M  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the X &s"}Hf  
    nervous system /+ Q3JS(  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on \<0xg[  
    the nervous system s{ dgUX  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 -0f ,qNF  
b  >x03%  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking E) z=85;_p  
            A   B     C t5;)<N`  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. dBNx2T}_0  
       D , Aw Z%  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 p4^&G/'  
Y4Y~e p  
s|\ \"3  
十九、复合宾语结构 ,jq:%Y[KZ  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 5N(OW:M  
We played soccer. fprP$MbI  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 (d>}Fp  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 &(X67  
4~ i?xo=;v  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 [ahK+J  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, oe<DP7e  
例:We appoint him monitor. E{BX $R_8  
  We elected him president. kwUy^"O  
, {X}C  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck Q)Q1a;o  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not $8WWN} OC  
   consider them --because they are now primarily ,Q<mU4  
   kept as pets. 'Y0h w  
   (A) where sporting dogs N;gY5;0m  
   (B) sporting dogs qs!A)H#  
   (C) when sporting dogs Vw]!Kb7tA  
   (D) they are sportingdogs j]C}S*`"  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 ;z T 3Fv\  
|u]IOw&1  
二十、It结构 |]5`T9K@b#  
一、强调句型 uHq;z{ 2GI  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 |k^C-  
! [9$ru  
这个句型需要注意几点: {gh<SZsE  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; ohjl*dw  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; C5g9Gg  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 :b] \*  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: /cT6X]o8  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. C_Z/7x*>d  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. bYO['ORr @  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. q@g#DP+C  
;;6$d{  
二、形式主语 Gt )ij?~  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 D?=4'"@v  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 yi:} UlO  
>qs/o$+t}  
zhJ0to[%?  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than W,"Re,`H  
    A               B aIDv~#l  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are ?GlXxx= eV  
                  C YmpaLZJ  
   the main focus of social psychology. pKno~jja  
           D M4D @G  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is s/B_  
!FDd5CS  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of 684|Uuf7  
   educational films. J ?ED z,  
   (A) It is  I&m' a  
   (B) There is  Oxa8ue?  
   (C) Though there is Oi zj |'  
   (D) Although it is ;rF[y7\  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 CBoCT3@~  
DVVyWn[  
.xuzu#-  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 h!v< J  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, TQmrL  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 N#ZWW6  
1;H"4u_IG&  
in which+完整的句子 7~F~'V  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 0#DEh|?  
/ Q3\6DCl  
名词+of which+谓语动词 s5rD+g]E`  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 <e?Eva%t`  
9^ZtbmUf  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of atF#0*e>  
   which are accented. KX]!yA  
   (A) line consists of each 2,F9P+  
   (B) consists of each line \Dy|}LE  
   (C) each line consists -F[@)$ L  
   (D) it consists of each line -YAtM-VL  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 #XA`n@2Uoo  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 F-,chp  
Z i.' V  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a @qan&?-Y  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. <K`E*IaW  
   (A) traps   (Jw_2pHxr"  
   (B) trap its  Uu5(/vw]  
   (C) which traps d_M+W@{  
   (D) which it traps ,d ,2Q  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 n)98NSVDbT  
3g;,   
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists 1QG q; 6\  
  have paid little attention to cultural 6<<"9mxK  
   A             "H).2{3(x  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of DJL.P6-W  
         B      C :86:U 0^  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. e))L&s  
           D )ZpI%M?)  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 Td|u@l4B  
o+A1-&qhN  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin KU/r"lMNlU  
   became interested in the art movement MhD'  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, p35=CX`T.  
   both --her novels and short stories. >bh+!5Y0  
   (A) in which the influence fx5S2%f^  
   (B) of which influenced gmRc4o  
   (C) to have influence _|#abLh%  
   (D) its influence in MO8}i?u=z  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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