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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 F%RRd/'  
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一、主句单一原则 Te[n,\Nb  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 )P sY($ &  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 .:F%_dS D  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. koug[5T5  
   (A) They occur where they are ?Wlb3;  
   (B) Occuring where ZQV6xoN;r  
   (C) Where they occur J| w>a  
   (D) Where do they occur gi1^3R[  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 !2f[}.6+  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。  "y}--  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center ]>5/PD,wWy  
   (A) Fort Wayne vg32y /l]S  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne s Z].8.  
   (C) For wayne is in 9sYMSc~Bm  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in Jdj2~pTq  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 9y"@(  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 EM(g mWHij  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 vN;N/mL  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 h-`?{k&e  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” Yi %;|]  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with kTOzSiq  
   social issues. f<d`B]$(  
    (A) covers - M4J JV(  
    (B) covers it ?N*>*"  
    (C) which covers B9jC?I |`  
    (D) which it covers BYL)nCc  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 ) j#`r/  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused ]8_NZHld  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on [ )Iv^ U9  
   the paper. ?jv/TBZX4  
   (A) the impression is N2^=E1|_  
   (B) if the impression is uP)'FI  
   (C) impressions i tt3.:y  
   (D) the impression -">;-3,K  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression c<:-T  
三、平行结构 X:"i4i[}{9  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。  ?Jm^<  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: cKca;SNql1  
A and B, RLjc&WhzXu  
A , B, and C yW=::=  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- o q Xg  
   is known as accounting. nfbR P t  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary @Md/Q~>  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's <`=j^LU  
     transactions &-)N'  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are /l ~p=PK  
     summarized oWT3apGO  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an Z"xvh81P  
     enterprise ,]F,Uu_H7  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 03X1d-  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 Naf0)3q>!  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed >1Ibc=}g  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and `4J$Et%S  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on Rr]H y^w  
   human patients. zY{A'<\O  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in Ax7[;|2  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures ""G'rN_=Bi  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures %J?xRv!  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull kVMg 1I@  
     fractures -G rE} L  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 77f9(~ZnT  
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四、宾语从句结构 E{`fF8]K  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 *] ) `z8Ox  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: jV1.Yz (`  
     state(陈述,表明)+that wlqksG[B  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that 8Fu(Ft^9  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, L#sMSVC+  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 0S!K{xyR  
   units called quanta or photons. @qAS*3j  
    (A) energy that }S-O& Z  
    (B) that it is energy c-5)QF) z  
    (C) it is energy mz0X3  
    (D) that energy YNF k  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。  x'<X!gw  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth Q p3_f8  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is -FaJ^CN~  
   placed on them. ^<2p~h0 \  
   (A) although its crust and mantle + cN8Y}V  
   (B) its crust and mantle to 1mG-}  
   (C) that its crust and mantle F={a;Dvrn  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to %7+qnH*;r  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 37o; ;  
五、介词+ which结构 U>N1Od4vTO  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 wb l&  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, ISvpQ 3{)s  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 &D*b|ilvc  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, $=4QO  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 Ysv" 6b}  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is ]t"Ss_,  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees |yPu!pfl  
   for public office. WH^%:4  
    (A) that w``U=sfmV  
    (B)by which VI *$em O0  
    (C)is that X"%gQ.1|{j  
    (D)by those p4Z(^+Aa  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 U 6)#}   
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 N"ST@/j.A  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 ^U/O !GK  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players 0w7DsPdS  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called G' 1'/  
   wickers. %8v\FS  
   (A) when x kD6Iw  
   (B) which 8 L Cb+^  
   (C) is when j1<Yg,_.p  
   (D) in which #KvlYZ+1  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 (/$^uWj  
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六、in that结构 ;n;p@Uu[ b  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, {n=|Db~ S  
  because of +名词, Q,E o mt  
  consequently是副词 kq-) ^,{y  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 B33\?Yj)  
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals R.3q0yZ wF  
   ---- it is a liquid. # f\rt   
   (A) whereas %z$#6?OK^  
   (B) in that ;9#KeA _  
   (C) because of [G3E%z  
   (D) consequently 9- # R)4_  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 y1#1Ne_  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 \{D" !e  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual \{YU wKK/A  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. qg$ <oL@~~  
   (A)they #0<XNLM  
   (B)in they 1 -b_~DF  
   (C)that they K)P%;X  
   (D)in that they lLIA w$  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 LRF103nw  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 _VXN#@y  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ yCo.cd-  
   great inspiration for her poems. 5LMw?P.<  
   (A) that she drew  =BrRYA  
   (B) by drawing her ;n},"&  
   (C) from which she drew Ir]\|t  
   (D) drawn from which ?h2}#wg  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 y+q5UC|  
七、what结构 bPMhfK2 %  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: -F>jIgeC2v  
  what=the thing that :@&/kyGH  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend "7`<~>9t.  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. 1 {)Q[#l  
   (A) it grows azU"G(6y?+  
   (B) what grows ?%kV?eu'  
   (C) does it grow mV m Gg ,  
   (D) what does it grow mBC+6(5V  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 L rPkxmR  
ET >](l9  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle |&jXp%4T  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory  C.QO#b  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. mcok/,/  
   (A) there y_9Ds>p!T  
   (B) where 5:U so{  
   (C) that 6@Y|"b  
   (D) what  LIdF 0  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 Np)lIGE  
9C i-v/M]  
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八、同位语结构 k+4#!.HX^  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 kNL\m[W8$  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) [8*)8jP3  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing %%wNZ{  
   and swallowing . |WUG}G")*x  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste .x1 NWGDn  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly E~:x(5'%d  
   (C) the chief organ of taste -!9G0h&i|  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes bJ;'`sw1  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 UY 2OZ& &  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 x3krbUlx  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) OUXR  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of as_PoCoss  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of !Rt >xD  
   Dishonor. ]$_NyAoBb  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause z$xo$R(  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson b%5f&N  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause &8 x-o,  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. K96<M);:g  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 0K2`-mL  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as _ORvo{[:  
   hosts to many insect pests. D5HZ2cz|a  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than @{O`E^}-D  
     goldenrods 1y4  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods $p? aVO  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy ^ovR7+V  
     plants `$C n~dT  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants y;H-m>*%  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 9p2&) kb6  
> "=>3  
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 7x4PaX(  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 sp*v?5lW  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to R!N%o~C2-  
   Athens. l2P=R)@{  
   (A) the distance is p"ZG%Ow5Q]  
   (B) that the distance is :A'y+MnK<  
   (C) is that the distance =$Nq   
   (D) the distance d4c8~L H-  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 p2$P:!Y)  
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九、比较结构 ?oHpFlj  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 <3C*Z"aQ>|  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less w T8DSq  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. C={Y;C1  
    (A) does h|{]B,.Lh  
    (B) in [}0haTYc4  
    (C) it does in \Et3|Iv  
    (D) in it does =.]4;z  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 y ~!Zg}o  
j yUCH*@  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. ]>nk"K!%  
    (A) rays more than infrared U6fgo3 RH  
    (B) rays are more infrared than DjQFi  
    (C) more than infrared rays 4-H+vNG{%  
    (D) more infrared rays than Fgh_9S9J  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 Oso#+  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 c>:wd@w  
例3:The activities of the international marketing k],Q9  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. =BAW[%1b  
   (A) the domestic marketer has c"V"zg22  
   (B) the domestic marketer does nIy}#MUd|q  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer 'RYIW/a  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer Nk VK  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 ]i ,{  
gANuBWh8T  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing e95Lo+:f  
   is greater than --. V0.vQ/  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined s;Z\Io  
   (B) mining and farming combination /dQl)tL  
   (C) that mining and farming combined udUyh%n  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming BmMGx8P  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 A_ N;   
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十、定语从句省略结构 i&66Fi1  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 #+HJA42  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture " H&W}N  
   and overpower. 5Y'qaIFR  
   (A) can   xH(lm2kvT  
   (B) they can }c`"_L  
   (C) which can 8\ +T8(m  
   (D) and Ug t.&IA  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 ," Wr"  
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can K>r,(zgVc  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the ]J}  
   food they eat. Ym{tR,g7  
    (A) require 6?mibvK  
    (B) requires B^Nf #XN(  
    (C) requiring %C'?@,7C  
    (D)to require V>)OpvoT#  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 +xSHL|:b  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 9T}pT{~V  
?'#` nx(!  
Lh"<XYY  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 {3p4: *}  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of 7 60Y$/Wz  
    A \oXpi$  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ARVf[BAJ-*  
   B          C      D wd^':  
   the world. )uIe&B  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to ;| 5F[  
el<s8:lA  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive ygS;$2m%2  
          A  B      C Ae^~Cz1qz  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. BB$>h}  
              D #m<nAR  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more Z{Qu<vy_  
>,Ci?[pf  
十一、状语从句省略结构 fZzoAzfv2  
Metals expand when they are heated.  E`0 ?  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: 9y8&9<#  
Yty/3T3)e  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; /-qNh >v4  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, k&q;JyUi  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 V-2 (?auZd  
_LUhZlw  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of ~ 'H ]jN  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand KHu+9eX  
   considerable impact. GL0L! ="!  
   (A) apparently vHc%z$-d  
   (B) are apparently YQ)kRhFA  
   (C) apparently their e/&{v8Hmb  
   (D) are they apparently (ejvF):|  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 syj0.JD  
{n.PF8A5X  
9Cp-qA%t  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: S-b/S5  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; w\u=)3qyVV  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) `pS9_ NYZ}  
9c'xHO`  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the [`[|l  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly JPUW6e07o  
   white. t+ G# {n  
   (A) when, pure which  -p-ZzgQ  
   (B) when, which pure .bg~>T+<  
   (C) which, pure when D|p9qe5%  
   (D) which, when pure $G+@_'  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, X-K h(Z  
n\'4  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine ^*Q ?]N  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing [ /b2=>  
   infrequently k5e;fA/w  
   (A) Even 9>/4W.  
   (B) It is 69NeQ$](  
   (C) Even though pa3{8x{9m  
   (D) There is uyWunpT  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 783,s_  
"m8^zg hL  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 j2[+z tG  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 /Iokf@5  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; ED( Sg  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 ZvX*t)VjTz  
%)1?TU  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: fU}ub2_in  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 U9 s&  
  The starring troops have to surrender. -@2iaQ(5a2  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; ,w4(kcg%iQ  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 o5PO =AN  
AV]2 euyn  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is ET*SB  
~,Ix0h+H+M  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often b_taC^-l  
   called scapegoating. SKN`2hD  
   (A) Eliminate problems [|$h*YK  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) O=t_yy  
   (C) Eliminating problems f Tec  
   (D) Problems are eliminated 0Mm)`!TLSW  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 oZgjQM$YP  
%wy.TN  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them 9.-S(ZO  
   from damage due to weather. ;[DU%f  
    (A) Painting `U_)98  
    (B) Painted F)QDJE0  
    (C) The paint cV6D<,)  
    (D) By painting JH9J5%sp  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 vvMT}-!  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 [9L:),&u  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting 3nQ`]5.Q w  
C&%_a~  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to g! |kp?  
   conserve water in the winter. n-;`Cy`k  
   (A) when losing leaves XRi8Gpg  
   (B) leaves are lost g) jYFfGfH  
   (C) that losing leaves :"c*s4  
   (D) the leaves losing WOap+  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 #*Ctwl,T  
F]&*o w  
十三、make结构 zrb}_  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) O\ r0bUPE  
共有三种形式: 6i/(5 nQ  
   make it possible+to do hwv/AnX~O  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 c^W)07-X5y  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) j#ab_3xH  
G 3ptx! D  
做题技巧: <LiPEo.R  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it &6VnySE?  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it j8sH|{H!Nq  
SmO~,2=  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and WpvhTX  
   thus make--details that are otherwise es7=%!0  
   impossible to observe . eHUOU>&P]  
   (A) it visible ~D>p0+-c  
   (B) visibly 'I;zJ`Trd  
   (C) visible Eu3E-K@y  
   (D) they are visible ]`WJOx4  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 )^hbsMhO  
J{G?-+`  
s eJ^s@H5l  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large vl)l'  
   amount of information on a single map. 8 z\xrY  
   (A) possible #/37V2E  
   (B) it possible YS_; OFsd  
   (C) it is possible WNc0W>*NE1  
   (D) that possible Xch~ 1K  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 !;'=iNOYR  
u ^RxD^=L  
 %;!.n{X  
十四、the more …the more…结构 V=3b&TkE  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: \'j|BJ~L f  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 69 .NPy@  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 Wc 'H  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 ,2ar7 5Va  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 vZ Lf  
> Nr#O  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the kG*~ |ma  
   number of lines of magnetic force. / XIhj  
   (A) of .N(p=9  
   (B) the jz0T_\8D`  
   (C) is the B>.qd  
   (D) is of the @lph)A Nk  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B Aiea\j Bv  
{l >hMxij  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the E4xa[iZ  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  LreP4dRe  
   (A) the stress it is greater BsJC0I(  
   (B) greater is the stress xN%K^Tree  
   (C) greater stress is u W3!Yg@  
   (D) the greater the stress OZ!^ak  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 6LZ;T.0o  
0SPk|kr  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 X[TR3[1}  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 t&DEb_"De  
8HdAFRw  
s"?3]P  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , 8-6L|#J#  
             A     B 0 0U> F  
   thus making it possible the gentle 7J&4akT{9  
       C            61 ~upQaR  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. ;6hOx(>`=  
         D 2dgd~   
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 C2)2)  
c6/=Gq{.  
7T'B6`-Ox  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more s(roJbJ_;  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, 9Lfv^V0  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the '$QB$2~V  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” *k>n<p3dd  
    (A) however sFTy(A/  
    (B) thus HLHz2-lI  
    (C) and _t}WsEQ+P  
    (D) moreover 8SS|a  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 P}`H ~N~  
8kDp_s i  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the mU9kVx1+  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. jOD?|tK&  
    (A) to save the seeds xFg>SJ7]  
    (B) saving the seeds S?BG_J6A7  
    (C)which saves the seeds >~+ELVB&  
    (D) the seeds saved &Z|P2dI  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B s=/v';5J2!  
2jCfT>`3  
KRKCD4  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 G'aDb/  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. y Fq&8 x<X  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. LvYB7<zk>  
4#hSJ(~7S  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. )B8$<sv  
   (A) the tallest xW Q`tWA:J  
   (B) the tallest that is 2P{Gxz<#  
   (C) which is the tallest Q>1[JW{$}  
   (D) which the tallest is [0D .K}7|  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 @cB$iP=Z4  
i&GH/y  
%sQ^.` 2  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of RhLVg~x  
       A  B       C fPW@{~t  
   domestic animals. 'F#KM1s  
    D QGmn#]w\\  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 UFb )AnK  
x5*!Wx   
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 PBkt~=j  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: }Y36C.@H  
  program, programmed, programmed )U{Qj5W+F  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: 8StgsM  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 S\!ana])  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be  t[ C/  
(mtk 4  
zu|\fP  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona ) M BQuiL  
   features structures built of red sandstone by M}v/tRI  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. K~eh P[^  
   (A) That the tS8u  
   (B) In the LW_ f  
   (C) Around the k-OPU ,  
   (D) The v9O~@v{=  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 R/>@ +  
mk+B9?;cF-  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called (|1A?@sJ#h  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. __G qQUQ  
   (A) to be made |02gupqqi  
   (B) making 1 \6D '/G  
   (C) made h Pa_VrH  
   (D) are made xw2[d+mB  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 <.izVD4/Gg  
{v ;&5!s  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given p\aaJ  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of 3/W'V,5G6  
   human beings. 0eu$ W  
   (A) without mah JSz(3  
   (B) lack $#pP Z  
   (C) minus OCaq3_#tZ  
   (D) not having .Cl:eu,]  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 ?8Z0Gqt74  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 ?FF4zI~  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 mtmjZP(w   
bU:EqW\(^  
fnX`Q[b4\A  
十八、逻辑主语结构 B s#hr3h-  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 ZE=Sp=@)j  
'2nhv,|.U  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. ]<rkxgMW>  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members jiS_G%G  
    of the committee {NFr]LGOp  
   (B) the committee members discussed the N&g3t%F  
    problem 4;]hK!AXS  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee L`p4->C9A  
    members the problem *%fi/bimG  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by <vh/4  
    the members of the committee 6ZG+ZHUC&  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B b TM{l.Aq3  
evAM J=  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until QWSTR\!  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. ke]Lw  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch 4Thn])%I  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn y 4I6  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch w?wG(+X7  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn m)v"3ib  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 4 c$ zKqz  
+"cq(Y@  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her 1[qLA!+  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her Vq5k+3W+  
   first article in print. Iw&vTU=2  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane iZNts%Y]  
    Hawes had Lz!,kwg  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane D@ |W<i-  
    Hawe's first hMUs" <.  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first p |jV{P  
    teaching position >.'*) @vQi  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching rI>aAW'  
    position g[I b,la_a  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 65p?Igb  
C>$E%=h+_  
例4: Even at low levels, --. j =WST  
   (A) the nervous system has produced 8p9bCE>\  
     detrimental effects by lead P%=#^T&`}  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the ZF|+W?0&%  
    nervous system SWQ5fcPu  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the kc @[9eV  
    nervous system ryCI>vJz  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on & )vC;$vD`  
    the nervous system pN9A{v(  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 M57T2]8,  
T2Y,U {  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking T[4<R 5}  
            A   B     C {]_r W/  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. 7.@TK&  
       D YoLx>8  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 K+8-9$w6  
4*mS y  
l)w Hl%p  
十九、复合宾语结构 CI :`<PZ\-  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 'd&0Js$^  
We played soccer. )+"'oY$]}  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 !x>%+&c>k  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 UybW26C;aU  
vZ N!Zl7S  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 n?ctLbg  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, MXiQ1 x  
例:We appoint him monitor. hf<^/@^tK  
  We elected him president. !!V#v9{  
,i6RE   
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck c.f"Gv  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not $ GQ-(/  
   consider them --because they are now primarily aJe^Tp(  
   kept as pets. iy\nio`  
   (A) where sporting dogs q@~L&{  
   (B) sporting dogs t"lyvI[  
   (C) when sporting dogs F3lw@b3])  
   (D) they are sportingdogs qr50E[  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 #4h+j%y[H  
)|<_cwz  
二十、It结构 lhYn5d)DV  
一、强调句型 MfBdNdox7  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 '[(nmx'yVJ  
.LRxP#B  
这个句型需要注意几点: E%TpJl'U  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; Na,_  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; +~U=C9[gj  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 B 2 .q3T  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: Ti;Ijcq8  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. xg{HQQ|TC  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. y8bM<e2 U  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. zMK](o1Vj  
- ?!:{UXl  
二、形式主语 68'>Zbelb  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 yISD/ g  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 .`Zf}[5[  
I#FF*@oeM  
m>e3vu  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than w, jcm;  
    A               B i(wgB\9i4  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are B7-RU<n  
                  C fd8#Ng"1  
   the main focus of social psychology. "] -],K  
           D 88a<{5 :z  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is Rh] P8  
[~k]{[NJ  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of eE/%6g  
   educational films. fjDpwb:x)  
   (A) It is  .1*DR]^`  
   (B) There is  R/<=mZ  
   (C) Though there is tnW;E\cR  
   (D) Although it is !Zwf 397  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 ^^$vR[7  
.Tm- g#  
de-0?6  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 >3 Ko.3&  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, `h;}3r#R{  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 6;uBZ &g  
It 2U fW  
in which+完整的句子 <~% t$:  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 >7>7/7=O  
^)cM&Bx t%  
名词+of which+谓语动词 D$_8rHc\A  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 6hbEO-(  
x9`ZO< L$  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of f L k"tW  
   which are accented. p\ txlT  
   (A) line consists of each wd`R4CKhP]  
   (B) consists of each line HRRngk#lV  
   (C) each line consists 1XnBK$`  
   (D) it consists of each line >7FSH"8[,  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 (/q}mB  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 px&=((Z7>  
vXPuyR<J  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a $wXih#7  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. u@"o [e':  
   (A) traps   2<.Vv\ =  
   (B) trap its  )K.R\]XR  
   (C) which traps S^g]:Xh&  
   (D) which it traps xDe47&qKM  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 7+] F^ 6  
wG6FS  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists zuj ;T,R;  
  have paid little attention to cultural <\xQ7|e  
   A             ]*h&hsS 0  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of 7#/|VQX<A  
         B      C ][ N) 2_^M  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. & *c'uN w  
           D 8I {56$  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 `i{4cT8:  
K/A ? ]y  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin zrTY1Asw;4  
   became interested in the art movement )muv;Rf`e5  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, nvwDx*[qN  
   both --her novels and short stories. FrgV@4'2G  
   (A) in which the influence qIUC2,&g  
   (B) of which influenced EXH!glR[$  
   (C) to have influence 'NRN_c9  
   (D) its influence in ="= #5C  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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