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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 w|K'M?N14  
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一、主句单一原则 \D*KGd]M0  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 ^LoUi1j  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 @emK1iwm  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. %D\[*  
   (A) They occur where they are T?ZRiR)@  
   (B) Occuring where z`f( $t[  
   (C) Where they occur EVsC >rz  
   (D) Where do they occur Lh!J >  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 $QN"w L||  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 H4&lb}  
|EX(8y  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center |B.Y6L6l  
   (A) Fort Wayne <7/R,\Wg~  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne $5aV:Z3P  
   (C) For wayne is in MOQ*]fV:  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in \ `~Ly-  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 S2sQOM@  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 L*xhGoC=  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 7)`nD<j 5  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 Lo{ E:5q  
|"ls\ 7  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” B~MU^ |v  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with '3 /4?wi  
   social issues. {6|38$Rl  
    (A) covers .o(fe\KHf  
    (B) covers it _n0CfH.v  
    (C) which covers yVU^M?`#  
    (D) which it covers @ym v< Mo  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 >JHryS.j$4  
N., X<G.H  
+\d56j+D  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused ElcjtYu4  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on _mqL8ho  
   the paper. -`*a'p-=  
   (A) the impression is O,{6*[)@  
   (B) if the impression is SoW9p^HJ  
   (C) impressions EH+"~-v)ae  
   (D) the impression XRM_x:+]  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression F~R;n_IJ  
三、平行结构 0fb2;&pUa  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 QO<jI#  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: l+xX/A)  
A and B, pnl{&<$C%C  
A , B, and C E:UW#S%A f  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- ?A K(|  
   is known as accounting. a#cCpE  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary B]nEkO'a:  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's ?ZV/U!y  
     transactions a@_4PWzF:  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are  U f:`  
     summarized ,Xu-@br{  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an b1(T4 w6  
     enterprise NO*u9YH?  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 Rvqq.I8aC  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 &jS>UsGh  
:(/~:^!  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed R5N%e%[  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and Lu?C- $a C  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on nD_GL  
   human patients. -$pzl,^ h  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in ;,hwZZA  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures >nJ\BPx  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures XQY#716)  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull \o z#l'z  
     fractures 6hno)kd{=  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 iN bIp"W  
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四、宾语从句结构 "IZa!eUW  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 {j{u6i  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: $h+1u$po  
     state(陈述,表明)+that QVv#fy1"6  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that \Z?9{J  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, n4O]8C'lW9  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite q_MPju&*  
   units called quanta or photons. W/=.@JjI  
    (A) energy that &agWaf1%a  
    (B) that it is energy 'f#{{KA  
    (C) it is energy K%,2=.  
    (D) that energy @D]5civm_  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 <ykU6=  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth D@,6M#SK  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is OTvPUkp*  
   placed on them. & DS/v)]  
   (A) although its crust and mantle yks__ylrl(  
   (B) its crust and mantle to ?U%qPv:  
   (C) that its crust and mantle B?OFe'*  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to Z]A{ d[  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 !eGC6o}f  
五、介词+ which结构 h8x MI  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 _F4Ii-6  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, ,cXD.y  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 ~Z-Vs  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, 2% MC Yn  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 ;d@#XIS&-(  
<]6SN  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is FDv<\2+ c  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees GiJ *Wp  
   for public office. I!ED?n  
    (A) that mbKZJ{|4s  
    (B)by which nxO"ua  
    (C)is that bYc V$KJk  
    (D)by those ,A9]CQ  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 'I`&Yo~c9  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 R &n Pj~  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确  |{&{  
gLb`pCo/  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players ~b(i&DVK  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called bc*X/).  
   wickers. vXev$x=w-  
   (A) when b k~( ^!R  
   (B) which %9 SJ E  
   (C) is when hMa]B*o/-  
   (D) in which W}nlRbN?  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 l\f*d6o  
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六、in that结构 0q^>ZF-@  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, ke!?BZx  
  because of +名词, XUrXnz|>  
  consequently是副词 .7^c@i[  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 n#mA/H;wV  
%Wg'i!?cB  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals 1kz\IQ{  
   ---- it is a liquid. Qo>b*Ku;  
   (A) whereas .28<tEf  
   (B) in that -<6 \1J  
   (C) because of 4d"r^y'  
   (D) consequently 7 G)ZN{'  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 ^0Zf,40  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 X3(tuqmi  
=NpYFKmMhV  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual Y y5h"r  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. XWDL5K  
   (A)they xP_cQwm`1  
   (B)in they `Nv=B1  
   (C)that they md=TjMaY  
   (D)in that they IO wj>t  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 :1^LsLr5  
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X1,I  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 >~#yu&*D  
v>:Ur}u!D  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ imo$-}A  
   great inspiration for her poems. ]"r&]qx7  
   (A) that she drew :D euX  
   (B) by drawing her u6?Q3 bvI  
   (C) from which she drew 2SD`OABf#  
   (D) drawn from which kh!FR u h  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 7z/|\D_{  
七、what结构 fA&k`L(y  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: R"4Vtww  
  what=the thing that 4Fa~Aog  
Hek *R?M|  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend aL*&r~`&e'  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. Vl5`U'^qx  
   (A) it grows ]-PH^H  
   (B) what grows 6,o~\8ia  
   (C) does it grow "K  ~  
   (D) what does it grow SlgN&{ Bk  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 ccNd'2P  
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ^.1)};i  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory !\"EFVH  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. uYn_? G  
   (A) there 1=t>HQ  
   (B) where ? F i=P#  
   (C) that b+,' ;bW  
   (D) what 5G::wuxk  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 ,">]`|?  
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八、同位语结构 i;]"n;>+/  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 XnDUa3  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) GU4'&#  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing !5.8]v  
   and swallowing . Qi^Z 11  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste Xp >7 iX!:  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly K17j$o^6KK  
   (C) the chief organ of taste "|Xk2U  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes %{ABaeb]  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 @<&5J7fb  
~T9/#-e>BF  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 cJN7bA {  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) 61. Brp.eP  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of ! 6BW@GeF]  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of W"zab  
   Dishonor. 0KYEb%44  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause plUZ"Tr  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson b6}H$Sx~  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause ?kWC}k{  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. 21 O'M  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 %C$% !C  
?!9 )q.b W  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as /]=C{)8  
   hosts to many insect pests. 9S-Z& 2L  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than |o{:ZmzM  
     goldenrods OZx W?wnd  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods <\Eh1[F  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy {XNREjhm  
     plants (^@ra$.   
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants '$|[R 98  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 &QDW9 Mi  
^.#jF#u~  
JQ,1D`?.a  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 L!rw[x  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 (IC]?n}  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to "SzdDY6  
   Athens. l% ?T2Fm3>  
   (A) the distance is Db)?i?o}t  
   (B) that the distance is 5"HV BfFk  
   (C) is that the distance ]3VI|f$$  
   (D) the distance ZkAU17f  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 K@#(*."  
(@t(?Js  
九、比较结构 \<y`!"c  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 q0$ !y!~  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less T'4z=Z]w  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. p$h4u_  
    (A) does <(-3_s6-  
    (B) in ;\lW5ZX  
    (C) it does in uM_#  
    (D) in it does "kMguK}c  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 u[ L`-zI  
Z$0 uH*h  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. GG@ md_  
    (A) rays more than infrared x9;gT&@H  
    (B) rays are more infrared than O9EKRt  
    (C) more than infrared rays ^j" .  
    (D) more infrared rays than E_8\f_%wK  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 0JlZs]  
"Qja1TQ  
"\}@gV#r$A  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 TiYnc3Bz}J  
例3:The activities of the international marketing ve% xxn:  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. Hm$=h>rY9[  
   (A) the domestic marketer has -C<zF`jO  
   (B) the domestic marketer does <^zHE=h"  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer o(S{VGi,  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer $OP7l>KZY  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 2 !At2P2  
|!"2fI  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing UN zlN  
   is greater than --. 'B@e8S) y  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined Q5FM8Q  
   (B) mining and farming combination gFHT G   
   (C) that mining and farming combined xf b]b2  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming ( YQWbOk  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 P&b19K'  
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十、定语从句省略结构 DqX{'jj  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 3bDQk :L  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture BRk0CLr5  
   and overpower. :dLAs @z  
   (A) can   /r-aPJX  
   (B) they can $dA-2e1 0  
   (C) which can cCa|YW^j  
   (D) and kI:}| _  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 vq!_^F<  
M?[h0{ ^K  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can qA!]E^0*Ke  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the T}4/0yR2  
   food they eat. S6fL>'uQ  
    (A) require 1&P<  
    (B) requires J]q%gcM  
    (C) requiring #'q<v"w  
    (D)to require 1?| f lK  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 2hee./F`  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 4WE6fJ2X  
a\%xB >LX  
P|HKn,ar  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 qY >{cjo  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of +Y V|ij  
    A l/Vo-#  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around +n7?S~R$  
   B          C      D TuW/N L|  
   the world. CEC nq3  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to fPR$kc h  
sg8/#_S1i  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive _ z;q9&J)  
          A  B      C |Xw/E)jA  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. l9Q(xuhv  
              D 7c;9$j  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more Ed:eGm }  
Iu{kPyx  
十一、状语从句省略结构 [j"9rO" +  
Metals expand when they are heated. zz^F k&  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: }/,HM9Ke  
4:7V./" 9  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; ^0#; YOk  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, rS0DSGDq  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 Y $u9%0q|?  
7 t?*  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of yi^b)2G  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand [|~2X>  
   considerable impact. @VN&t:/l  
   (A) apparently I2 a6w<b  
   (B) are apparently j Y6MjZI  
   (C) apparently their 9=,uq;  
   (D) are they apparently 2qi'g:qe  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 "Pl9nE  
dDDGM:]  
hfcIvs/!  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: !WkIi^T  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; F/1#l@qN  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) QR">.k4QJ  
0GDvwy D1  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the h7X_S4p/Mg  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly N 4K8 u'f^  
   white. \tyg(srw0  
   (A) when, pure which O8U<{jgAG  
   (B) when, which pure }<jb vCeK  
   (C) which, pure when -;;Z 'NM;8  
   (D) which, when pure J wmT /  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, pbHsR^  
QMo}W{D  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine X~ Rl 6/,  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing ?hYqcT[%  
   infrequently Ovw[b2ii  
   (A) Even `A/j1UWJ  
   (B) It is .7 ayQp  
   (C) Even though ~n!!jM: N  
   (D) There is wyxGe<1  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 :RxHw;!  
1on'^8]0  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 ~F, &GH  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 |rRG=tG_'  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; !SHj$Jwa'  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 pN[0YmY#  
o**yZ2  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: ]r]k-GZ$  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 %bb~Y"  
  The starring troops have to surrender. FdOFE.l  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; fn{S "33"  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 +$z]w(lbT  
;eB ~H[S/  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is f%qt)Ick  
vC/[^  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often zjX7C~h^Q  
   called scapegoating. yfjXqn[Z4  
   (A) Eliminate problems B Z+-p5]-  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) \X}8 q  
   (C) Eliminating problems nX%AeDBAT  
   (D) Problems are eliminated IvBGpT"(I  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 ]Nk!4"  
v1[_}N9f>H  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them JSMPyj  
   from damage due to weather. "4}wnu6/  
    (A) Painting - HOnB=  
    (B) Painted +/'<z  
    (C) The paint ~\_T5/I%  
    (D) By painting 7|D|4!i2Y  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 qJs[i>P[W  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 Q^h5">P  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting bcJ@-i0V  
nX x=1*X  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to H*U`  
   conserve water in the winter. }ymvC  
   (A) when losing leaves CI^|k/  
   (B) leaves are lost a?<?5   
   (C) that losing leaves L DX*<(  
   (D) the leaves losing %jKH?%Ih  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 23E 0~O  
=:5<{J OG  
十三、make结构 1Ii| {vR  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) =P_fv  
共有三种形式: G1_Nd2w  
   make it possible+to do E%*AXkJ'dZ  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 ~/c5 hyTx  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) ^CQ1I0  
8tZ} ;="F  
做题技巧: ^![{,o@"A  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it GVObz?Z]SB  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it UX}*X`{  
FE6C6dW{  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and ?'+8[OHiF^  
   thus make--details that are otherwise n0FYfqH  
   impossible to observe . N9*UMVU  
   (A) it visible {,v: GMsm  
   (B) visibly Ki 3_N*z  
   (C) visible LhKY}R  
   (D) they are visible Ut;'Gk  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 *.dKR  
| XLFV  
SY8U"Qc;9  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large `t9.xB#Z  
   amount of information on a single map. '_E c_F  
   (A) possible UC#"=Xd 4  
   (B) it possible yjv&4pIc1  
   (C) it is possible m9b(3  
   (D) that possible D?J#u;h~f  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 cP('@K=p  
.J:;_4x  
0w+5'lOg  
十四、the more …the more…结构 ywe5tU  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: G)4SWu0<t  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 \3: L Nt  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 fT x4vlI4  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 cyHhy_~R  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 [^Q&suy  
?AT(S  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the $BaK'7=3*  
   number of lines of magnetic force. AW62~*  
   (A) of fxOE]d8v  
   (B) the DUQ9AT#3  
   (C) is the +yiU@K).0  
   (D) is of the 7NeDs$  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B n'Bmz  
m.Twgin  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the 4xpj<  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  "W3W:vl!  
   (A) the stress it is greater q< b"M$  
   (B) greater is the stress {dDq*s Lf  
   (C) greater stress is %5`r- F  
   (D) the greater the stress >b3@>W  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 1"M"h_4  
\A ;^ UxG  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 pAMo XJ`  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 7Onk!NH  
$m{{,&}k  
nhp)yW  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , o}d2N/T  
             A     B M\9IlV?'  
   thus making it possible the gentle gZ1N&/9;  
       C            i_|h{JK)  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. D\n>*x  
         D ;g&7*1E  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 1V#0\1sj  
tP&{ J^G  
)iT.A  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more L,f^mX0<  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, /DK*y S  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the Tw?Pp8'  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” EPQ&?[6  
    (A) however [O.LUR;  
    (B) thus e!T G< (S  
    (C) and pZyb  
    (D) moreover f<Va<TL6-  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 ['Hp?Q|k  
;JMOsn}8  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the \Sz4Gr0g3Z  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. P c/.*kOT  
    (A) to save the seeds MBnK&GS  
    (B) saving the seeds [GcA.ABz  
    (C)which saves the seeds }Z~pfm_S  
    (D) the seeds saved I8E\'`:<  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B  J"m%q\ '  
: OS mr  
EKeBTb  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 F] dmc,Q  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. l4R<`b\Jt  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 5$ (b3]  
G_7ks]u-  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. CDwFVR'_Af  
   (A) the tallest -oaG|  
   (B) the tallest that is ogkz(wZ  
   (C) which is the tallest )'/nS$\E:  
   (D) which the tallest is x mrugNRg  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 y \mut m  
qr<-eJf  
/e j/&x15  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of } Y7W1$he  
       A  B       C a V+o\fId  
   domestic animals. c"QkE*  
    D Cnc\sMDJ\B  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 +*r**(-Dm  
d =B@EyN  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 e!2%ku  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: g~$GE},,  
  program, programmed, programmed :<WQ;q  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: b[&, %Sm+6  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 Ma*dIwEp  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be 9wYtOQ{g  
#?b^B~ #  
foP>w4pB  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona DS,FVh".|  
   features structures built of red sandstone by :+%h  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. h^ecn-PC  
   (A) That the HC;I0&v>  
   (B) In the jhEg#Q$  
   (C) Around the ,Dii?P  
   (D) The ,Q /nS$  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 ?3"D| cS1  
8HRPJSO~g  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called v(Zi;?c  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. rM >V=|9,  
   (A) to be made N;`[R>Z~  
   (B) making Jr>S/]"  
   (C) made 5c}9  
   (D) are made |n6 Q  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 &fd4IO/O  
:@@A  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given N7I71q|  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of 4(0t GF  
   human beings. t{S{!SF4  
   (A) without M}oFn}-T9a  
   (B) lack >pH775I=  
   (C) minus Rn~Xu)@e  
   (D) not having (~pEro]?+)  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 >5@vY?QXO  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 n\"LN3  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 4bFVyv  
`Ig2f$}  
-^jLU FC  
十八、逻辑主语结构 V-ouIqnI  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 O"^a.`27  
x^O2Lj,w\  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. 73z|'0.  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members |m 5;M$M)  
    of the committee rD U6 5j  
   (B) the committee members discussed the rWfurB5f  
    problem aLk2#1$g  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee 8!%"/*P$  
    members the problem O9=H [b  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by 07"Oj9NlA  
    the members of the committee |Sv#f2`  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B "X(=  
Qp{-!*  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until hG;=ci3EE  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. t{s*3k/  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch H'\EA(v+  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn v_h*:c  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch J9=0?^v-:B  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn ZpctsCz]  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 yIf}b  
EEZ2Gu6c  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her Y <k ,E  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her yi;t   
   first article in print. >@Vr'kg+V  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane _";pk  _  
    Hawes had b{>dOI*.}  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane GFa/9Bi  
    Hawe's first bCe-0!Q  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first VX[!Vh  
    teaching position Lbp6I0&n  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching l{o{=]x1  
    position 10IPq#Jj  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 iQ"F`C  
U?j>28  
例4: Even at low levels, --. Y(Ezw !a  
   (A) the nervous system has produced <1.mm_pw  
     detrimental effects by lead swL|Ff`$  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the N4jLbnA  
    nervous system ah9',((!  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the t3g! 5  
    nervous system +  qqN  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on NWK_(=n  
    the nervous system |UO;St F  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 A'(F%0NF6  
Vp{2Z9]}  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking s2=X>,kz?  
            A   B     C ]X|G+[Ujv  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. ~GYtU9s5  
       D C P{h+yCj  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 0*@S-Lj^c  
p,Hk"DSs%  
In M'zAhb  
十九、复合宾语结构 htym4\Z=  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 jpv,0(  
We played soccer. SH|$Dg  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 q Db}b d5  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 hiHp@"l<  
I0RWdOK8K  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 Ngnjr7Q={T  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, a"aV&t  
例:We appoint him monitor. $8r:&Iw  
  We elected him president. Y&:i^k  
OhEL9"\<  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck _AYF'o-Cm  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not pASVnXJZ  
   consider them --because they are now primarily _y UFe&  
   kept as pets. ^&HYn wk  
   (A) where sporting dogs ] ),' =@  
   (B) sporting dogs CI{x/ e^(  
   (C) when sporting dogs |3m%d2V*hF  
   (D) they are sportingdogs oVW?d]R  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 e AjtWqg  
9MxGyGz$  
二十、It结构 |=s3 a5sl  
一、强调句型 MzD0F#Y  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 mN02T@R -  
_wCSL.  
这个句型需要注意几点: =Frr#t!(w0  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; e{&gF1" [  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; NO ^(D+9  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 ~55>uw<  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: *Y Ox`z!R  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. .Ko`DH~!,C  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. 2uIAnbW]M  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. rNc>1}DDS  
-eTGRr  
二、形式主语 CR<l"~X  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 J++D\x#@  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 V EzIWNV  
^-ZqS  
Wm 61  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than T[~X~dqwn"  
    A               B ( C&f~U  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are &3<]F K  
                  C w]_a0{Uh  
   the main focus of social psychology. a'BBp6  
           D 6%TV X  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is 'PZJ{8=  
~&kV  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of i |*:gH  
   educational films. P+[R0QS  
   (A) It is  Ne%X:h  
   (B) There is  4"{q|~&=:$  
   (C) Though there is d=[ .   
   (D) Although it is Uu ,Re  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 Z\x6  
5@Sb[ za  
&A~1Q#4  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 Rzp-Q5@M Y  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, Ex<loVIrP$  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 tZJKB1#WbP  
!*p lK6a  
in which+完整的句子 {z w#My   
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 =3FXU{"Qi4  
m|!sY[!  
名词+of which+谓语动词 TWy1)30x  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 FkH4|}1  
1*XqwBV  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of _b+3;Dy  
   which are accented. K~uoZ~_gA  
   (A) line consists of each Rc u/ @j{O  
   (B) consists of each line xMe[/7)4  
   (C) each line consists >d =k-d  
   (D) it consists of each line EM"YjC)F  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 |KuH2, n0  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 cEe>Lyt  
\2uQ"kJC  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a ;:v:pg8qc  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. B7cXbUAQs  
   (A) traps    $// /N+B  
   (B) trap its  nM@S`"  
   (C) which traps $cjidBi`):  
   (D) which it traps Q~nc:eWD  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 .QW89e,O3  
fxjs"rD5  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists ^dQ#\uy  
  have paid little attention to cultural E NygD  
   A             /mmC qP  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of -r[l{ce  
         B      C b3W@{je  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. Tw =Jc 's  
           D 5Osx__6$t  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 F8f@^LVM/  
&0~E+ 9b  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin }5\F<b^@Y  
   became interested in the art movement z.--"cF  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, \IIR2Xf,K  
   both --her novels and short stories. ) m[0,  
   (A) in which the influence eVS6#R]'m  
   (B) of which influenced V0XQG}  
   (C) to have influence xM 'bb5  
   (D) its influence in /{6PwlP5  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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