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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 Bl9jkq ]  
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一、主句单一原则 B?$ "\;&  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 JQ :Ri  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 G/%iu;7ZCb  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. B\g]({E  
   (A) They occur where they are yL;M"L  
   (B) Occuring where nC {K$  
   (C) Where they occur K78rg/`  
   (D) Where do they occur &C>/L;  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 Rl| 4S[  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 k%y9aO  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center [![%9'+P  
   (A) Fort Wayne fF*`'i=!  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne &[2U$`P`V  
   (C) For wayne is in R:p62c;Tv0  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in {brMqE>P#  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 zi~5l#I  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 5>J=YLq  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 4/ X/> Y1  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 )Qm[[pnj  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” \.XLcz  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with ~lEVXea!  
   social issues. ,wKe fpV;5  
    (A) covers fAZiC+  
    (B) covers it 569}Xbc/  
    (C) which covers +7Kyyu)y@  
    (D) which it covers IPuA#C  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 61U<5:#l  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused D .vw8H3  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on )a}"^1  
   the paper. %iJ%{{f`  
   (A) the impression is ]0D}T'wM  
   (B) if the impression is SM[Bv9|0  
   (C) impressions 2?@j~I=s2h  
   (D) the impression - Xz?s  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression |L_wX:d`9  
三、平行结构 G0n'KB  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 Y}6n]n;uR  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: ? _\$  
A and B, 4LI0SwD#^/  
A , B, and C #G9 ad K5  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- DOm[*1@^  
   is known as accounting. ryO$6L  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary n$m"]inX  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's ! BU)K'mj  
     transactions Vbh6HqAHxJ  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are ')+0nPV  
     summarized N132sN2   
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an eT"Uxhs-}  
     enterprise ba@ax3  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 v}Wmd4Y'  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 (7lBID4  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 1;u4X`8  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and "cho }X  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on _17|U K|N  
   human patients. Hr;h4J  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in mkvvNm3  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures ;mm!0]V  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures <*'cf2Q$Av  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull s #:%x#  
     fractures k D~uGA  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 QHf$f@bjI  
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四、宾语从句结构 Uv?'m&_   
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 lpQP"%q  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: q/@dR{-  
     state(陈述,表明)+that Xer@A;c  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that V:K;] h*!  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, ^,s?e.u$8`  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite D\L!F6taS  
   units called quanta or photons. ryD%i"g<  
    (A) energy that "|LQK0q3  
    (B) that it is energy T@+ClZi  
    (C) it is energy 1 0N,?a  
    (D) that energy c cG['7  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 )y50Mb0+  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth =:$) Z   
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is IlZu~B9c  
   placed on them. FUTn  
   (A) although its crust and mantle  b;vNq  
   (B) its crust and mantle to tW6#e(^l6  
   (C) that its crust and mantle ?iSGH'[u  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to R$0U<(/  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 rZC3\,W  
五、介词+ which结构 g^lFML| %  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 J%P)%yX  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, mCk5B*Jy  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 _EKF-&Q6  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, &+;uZ-x  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 JLW$+62  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is ]Y5dl;xrM)  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees )1z4q`  
   for public office. x-~-nn\O  
    (A) that @a;sV!S{  
    (B)by which twbcuaCTW  
    (C)is that sFx$>:$  
    (D)by those !$E~\uT  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 'Kd7l}e!  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 !u0U5>ccw  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 sA2o2~AmM  
/,t| !)\]  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players nOuN|q=C  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called >Jiij  
   wickers. VD4S_qx  
   (A) when E 8^sy*f  
   (B) which ahoh9iJ  
   (C) is when }wG|%Y#+r  
   (D) in which 3DI^y` a v  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 B{4"$Mi  
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六、in that结构 af^@ .$ |  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, nO:HB.&@  
  because of +名词, ]nHe$x!2]  
  consequently是副词 Nq  U9/  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 .Wh6(LDY(  
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals l]/> `62  
   ---- it is a liquid. sFD!7 ;  
   (A) whereas D~7%};D[  
   (B) in that ew /KZE  
   (C) because of zo 87^y5?G  
   (D) consequently 6O]Xhe0d@  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 yh4jRe?f  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 =cknE=  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual i{4'cdr?  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. ]+FX$+H/A0  
   (A)they J~fuW?a]r  
   (B)in they L>i<dD{  
   (C)that they 7d%A1}Bq$  
   (D)in that they z`;&bg\8  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 `f2W;@V0  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 Qs~d_;  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ b*@&c9I;q  
   great inspiration for her poems. q+r ` e  
   (A) that she drew 6sO  
   (B) by drawing her ,s\x]bh  
   (C) from which she drew X v`2hf  
   (D) drawn from which " &_$V@S  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 &?}kL= h  
七、what结构 TW'E99wG  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: 49iR8w?k  
  what=the thing that !hwzKm=%N  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend V=G b>_d  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. x&Q+|b%  
   (A) it grows  muK'h`  
   (B) what grows BG(R=, 7  
   (C) does it grow 0BbiQXU  
   (D) what does it grow  '7S!6kd?  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 chvrHvByS  
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle 3I(dC|d  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory R=#q"9qz  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. =!1-AR%.^  
   (A) there ]%cHm4#m3  
   (B) where !mpMa]G3  
   (C) that ^g}gT-l%  
   (D) what  gQ[]  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 }QX2 :a  
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八、同位语结构 +l[Z2mW  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 PMz{8 F  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) r?Zy-yQ  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing >Rl0%!  
   and swallowing . rA1zyZlz  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste zezofW]a  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly |2t7G9[n  
   (C) the chief organ of taste A9fjMnw  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes wM2)KM}$  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 B4\:2hBq  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 Y7b,td1  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) @> +^<  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of /`j  K  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of :Z*02JwK  
   Dishonor. k?|F0e_  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause oC@"^>4  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson D@lAT#vA  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause FgHB1x4;  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. +*:x#$phx  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 ]X"i~$T1S  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as )l[7;ZIw$  
   hosts to many insect pests. gqHH Hh  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than go%X%Os]  
     goldenrods ./BP+\)l O  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods u {E^<fW]  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy e G*s1uQl  
     plants t+4%,n f_1  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants %;B(_ht<-w  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 ) *$  
b$`4Nn|  
|qudJucV  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 ]a%\Q 2[c  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 ~i_ R%z:y  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to  JY050FL  
   Athens. sVm'9k  
   (A) the distance is 1rm$@ L  
   (B) that the distance is ^x1D]+  
   (C) is that the distance <4A(Z$ZX)  
   (D) the distance I +4qu|0lA  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 3bI|X! j  
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九、比较结构 BKP!+V/  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 u!EulAl  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less *}WqYqOow  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. aid)q&AcQ  
    (A) does @ :   
    (B) in 5bqYi  
    (C) it does in LM`tNZ1Fc!  
    (D) in it does xyJgHbml  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 []fj~hj  
RV@(&eM  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. 1MzB?[gx  
    (A) rays more than infrared WE8L?55_Au  
    (B) rays are more infrared than Z_ *ZUN?B  
    (C) more than infrared rays 8w@jUGsc  
    (D) more infrared rays than HvfTC<+H  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 YwTtI ID%  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 Hn2Q1lF-ip  
例3:The activities of the international marketing KB-#):'  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. ha'm`LiX  
   (A) the domestic marketer has (YH{%8 Z0  
   (B) the domestic marketer does -8J@r2\  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer Rn ^N+3o'M  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer O pX  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 K E1@z]  
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing "+"dALX{3K  
   is greater than --. C2%3+  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined R}mWHB_h"  
   (B) mining and farming combination `-e}:9~q  
   (C) that mining and farming combined |"&4"nwa  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming ?fwr:aP~  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 g(/O)G.  
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十、定语从句省略结构 ]o[HH_`s@  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 ag4^y&  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture ;{u#~d}  
   and overpower. j>=".^J  
   (A) can   }{PtQc6RL!  
   (B) they can <t2?Oii;  
   (C) which can }=R|iz*,!  
   (D) and R5~m"bE  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 [_GR'x'0x  
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can :njUaMFoMA  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the N1+]3kt ~  
   food they eat. je0 ?iovY  
    (A) require SQRz8,sqkw  
    (B) requires UzRF'<TWf  
    (C) requiring @ uWD>(D  
    (D)to require p`ZGV97  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 \%*y+I0>  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food ~~ w4854  
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 n*|-"'j  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of w/@%xy  
    A l#:Q V:  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around O`| ri5d  
   B          C      D M>#S z  
   the world. G 3x1w/L  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to hWJc A.A  
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive 7u(i4O& k  
          A  B      C lD X H<W?  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. &c !-C_L 2  
              D >sk S`/6  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more 4j { }{  
4 ]R3*F  
十一、状语从句省略结构 .})8gL7 V  
Metals expand when they are heated. R&p53n  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: bf+2c6_BN0  
P& VI2k  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; ZvJx01F{  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, ^~od*:  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 /cn_ |DwN5  
b/`' ?| C  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of I1jF`xQ&0  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand u8QX2|  
   considerable impact. 3i1>EjML  
   (A) apparently #e[5O| V~  
   (B) are apparently ~Gza$ K  
   (C) apparently their ' u~use"  
   (D) are they apparently 5Ml}m  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 Q]C1m<x  
mvxvX!t  
YDJc@*D  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: ~}fpe>M:  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; r=;k[*;{  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) coBxZyM 1}  
IZGty=Q_  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the U.\kAEJ  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly }j x{Cw  
   white. 9j/B3CjW  
   (A) when, pure which |dO1w.x/  
   (B) when, which pure i*3'O:Gq  
   (C) which, pure when *KNR",.  
   (D) which, when pure {v(3[ 7  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, e>/PW&Z8Z  
TX;|g1K  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine LS;kq',  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing *ZHk^d:  
   infrequently Ty>`r n  
   (A) Even JP#m} W  
   (B) It is x~ I cSt  
   (C) Even though XS>4efCJ   
   (D) There is 2HUoT\M  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 q^gd1K<N  
FBe 1f1 sm  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 ,ua]h8  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 xZ .:H&0G  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; sD M!Uv2n  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 {Tx+m;5F  
]RV6( |U4_  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: K}6}Opr,Tt  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 O\x Uv  
  The starring troops have to surrender. P )`-cfg  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; @>da%cX  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 - iU7'  
).LJY<A  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is F<o J  
a &j H9  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often 97Whn*  
   called scapegoating. VPK)HzPG,  
   (A) Eliminate problems jQc$ >M<"o  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) J-=&B5"O>  
   (C) Eliminating problems ="MG>4j3.F  
   (D) Problems are eliminated 6*CvRb&  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 `g3H; E  
Rzw}W7zg[  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them .F |yxj;I7  
   from damage due to weather. TEv3;Z*N  
    (A) Painting b16\2%Ea1  
    (B) Painted 64Q{Yu I  
    (C) The paint K-#v5_*  
    (D) By painting 7h0LR7  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 dCN4aY[d  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 G8 H=xr#  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting 0rooL<~fa  
KftZ ^mk+p  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to 6ID@0  
   conserve water in the winter. '8PZmS8X9  
   (A) when losing leaves >,7 -cm=.  
   (B) leaves are lost 0.qnbDw_  
   (C) that losing leaves v:|_!+g:  
   (D) the leaves losing Igrr"NuDZ  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 "`s{fy~mV  
/{|JQ'gqX  
十三、make结构 6C7|e00v  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) R0HzNk  
共有三种形式: gd#+N]C_  
   make it possible+to do XOsuRI ?  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 9=T jSRS  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 9bwG3jn4?  
*: }9(8d  
做题技巧: sQwRlx  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it h6`v%7H?  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it z>}H[0[#  
zO)Bf(  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and [&eG>zF"  
   thus make--details that are otherwise J;wDvt]]1  
   impossible to observe . !-B$WAV  
   (A) it visible K-<<s  
   (B) visibly Bc&Y[u-n  
   (C) visible ;XagLy  
   (D) they are visible xe`SnJgA  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 \8Y62  
8GlRO4yd  
efN5(9*9R  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large zPm|$d  
   amount of information on a single map. @5}(Y( @  
   (A) possible -RI&uFqOI  
   (B) it possible Be;l!]i  
   (C) it is possible 'u}OeS"f  
   (D) that possible e5 N$+P"  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 ~`yO@f;D  
:6TLT-B  
FQ_a= v  
十四、the more …the more…结构 Kt3T~k  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: 2=,O)g  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 7x=-1wbi  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 fL(_V/p^  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 l3N '@GO  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 yRy^'E~  
ec h1{v\B|  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the AB+HyZ*//  
   number of lines of magnetic force. zX8'OoEH*9  
   (A) of 1EMrXnv,  
   (B) the ]?sw<D{  
   (C) is the =xjt PmZ5X  
   (D) is of the L'HO"EZFj  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B @Zzg^1Ilpu  
-&h<t/U  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the "G!,gtA~  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  9]gV#uF  
   (A) the stress it is greater m$`4.>J  
   (B) greater is the stress ^tL]QE?|  
   (C) greater stress is N Qx>u  
   (D) the greater the stress _};T:GOT  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 ~? n)/i("  
1`2lq~=GV  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 N)EJP ~0  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 Og1Hg B3v  
Yb348kRF  
U]Fnf?(  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , s+9b.  
             A     B YR"IPyj  
   thus making it possible the gentle a?X #G/)  
       C            vv1W<X0e<  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. rT'<6]`  
         D }g"K\x:Z  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 ]#\/1!W  
^ux"<?  
,-)ww:  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more 9u1Fk'cxG,  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, i}kMo@  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the U=N]XwjVK<  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” J';XAB }  
    (A) however +IM6 GeH  
    (B) thus 71G00@&w9D  
    (C) and *}Gu'EU  
    (D) moreover H8$";T(I  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 QD^"cPC)mM  
W C3b_ia  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the /i IWt\J  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. 9S{?@*V  
    (A) to save the seeds O;RNmiVoq  
    (B) saving the seeds 6gD|QC~;  
    (C)which saves the seeds "yPKdwP  
    (D) the seeds saved (Ek=0;Cr  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B 33w(Pw  
jAOD&@z1  
z<s4-GJ)?  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 OuU]A[r  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. AK5$>Pkvk  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 0 = - D  
-u%'u~s  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. ot.R Gpg%  
   (A) the tallest 2s8(r8AI  
   (B) the tallest that is  eZ +uW0  
   (C) which is the tallest +hd1|qa4  
   (D) which the tallest is s`"ALn8m  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 da53XEF&  
d^jIsE`  
N>_d {=P  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of X5eTj  
       A  B       C Ue0Q| h  
   domestic animals. S~4HFNe^&  
    D }V % b  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 b3!,r\9V  
bNO/CD4  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 hDs.4MZC`  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: !T 3 Esv  
  program, programmed, programmed mLn =SU{#  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: :cK;|{f  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 O[fgn;@|  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be c~UYs\  
s/K}]F  
; (+r)r_  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona HH|&$C|64  
   features structures built of red sandstone by 0fPqO2  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. B"I> mw  
   (A) That the RfB""b8]=  
   (B) In the c])b?dJ*  
   (C) Around the RfwTqw4@  
   (D) The hqY9\,.C  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 QW f)5S  
%Ys>PzM  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called DwZt.*  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. fwRlqfi  
   (A) to be made z[S,hD\w  
   (B) making Y(SgfWeK@1  
   (C) made |b/J$.R  
   (D) are made /)de`k"  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 *ft J(  
(`18W1f5W  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given Vrz!.X~  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of >UJ&noUD#:  
   human beings. AEnS_Q  
   (A) without  ;.W0Aa  
   (B) lack H8K<.R Y  
   (C) minus '{cN~A2b4  
   (D) not having #G.3a]p}"  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 !nj%n  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 v o`wYJ3W  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 d=qpT b;(  
kFM'?L&  
6ddkUPTF  
十八、逻辑主语结构 MmWJYF=  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 o@LjSQ5!  
sjTsaM;<  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. c(#`z!FB  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members rY!uc!  
    of the committee Xq>e]#gR  
   (B) the committee members discussed the z}bnw2d]  
    problem 3Gp4%UT&  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee &vMH AZd  
    members the problem M@'V4oUz  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by uAjGR  
    the members of the committee CY>NU  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B B?0{=u  
G'Q7(c  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until .@6]_h;  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. 6ZG)`u".("  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch @6j*XF  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn 0X0D8H(7Q  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch s3+O=5  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn phc1AN=[E  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 GVl u4  
huF L [  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her kQ#eWk J,  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her 9#iDrZW  
   first article in print. Mb>6.l  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane X#3<hN*v  
    Hawes had 6#KI? 6  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane s^oN Q}  
    Hawe's first r6$=|Yto  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first I)Lb"  
    teaching position zl:D|h77  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching t 3GK{X  
    position /J+)P<_A  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 (Z$6J Nkz  
OV/FQH;V  
例4: Even at low levels, --. 5HbTgNI  
   (A) the nervous system has produced btF%}<o)  
     detrimental effects by lead J :lwq@u  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the 0l6iv[qu5w  
    nervous system Q#Y3%WF  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the ^ <VE5OM  
    nervous system cA%U   
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on >slN:dr0:  
    the nervous system nwo!A3w:  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 n`}&, UA$4  
:b ;1P@W<  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking 5dp#\J@  
            A   B     C GnOo+hB  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. 1Kh?JH  
       D XC1lo4|  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 w)eQ'6Vu  
3K!0 4\  
$cOD6Xr)d  
十九、复合宾语结构 :UcS$M1LE  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 c2\vG  
We played soccer. `7%eA9*.m  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 NoAb}1uae  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 % B &?D@  
_*$B|%k   
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 R [9PFMn  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, ]GtR8w@w  
例:We appoint him monitor. eH!|MHe  
  We elected him president. FFeRE{,  
,ok J eZ  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck -mHhB(Td'  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not %H}Y]D~R  
   consider them --because they are now primarily :/[YY?pg-  
   kept as pets. ; 9 &1JX  
   (A) where sporting dogs i5<Va@ru!s  
   (B) sporting dogs Mr NOcx&  
   (C) when sporting dogs , q@(L  
   (D) they are sportingdogs T{H#]BF<E  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 HA.NZkq.tV  
q\b ?o!# _  
二十、It结构 eN<pU%7  
一、强调句型 0HJqsSZ$mW  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 F}B/-".^  
aHPSnB&  
这个句型需要注意几点: YaVc9du7  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; Z:Y.":[ Qi  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; `^bvj]>l  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 8 1K G1i)  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: Xq^y<[  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. k`7.p,;}U  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. 4=F]`Lql  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. `/wq3+?  
x:n9dm  
二、形式主语 2 .Eu+*UC  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 _czbUl  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 IQ lw 914  
Y0L5W;iM  
'e<HPNi)  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than S1az3VJI\  
    A               B .i3lG( YG  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are PQ&Q71  
                  C @!&Jgg53G  
   the main focus of social psychology. LG Y!j_bD  
           D 3!"b guE  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is |`k1zc)9  
0[2BY]`Z.  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of u1pc5 Y{  
   educational films. XAQ\OX#  
   (A) It is  ^ z*):e  
   (B) There is  \`P2Yq  
   (C) Though there is DYT@BiW{  
   (D) Although it is jHu,u|e0>S  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。  d-ag  
q:2aPfo&  
+gbX}jF0%  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 - 'O Q-5  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, KJ0xp h f  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 "}'8`k+d  
;gxN@%}@  
in which+完整的句子 _C< 6 349w  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 v+!y;N;Q  
ba(arGZ+{  
名词+of which+谓语动词 6?3/Ul }  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 $zk^yumdE  
wMH[QYb<*  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of toS(UM n  
   which are accented. H Z;ZjC*  
   (A) line consists of each "*Lj8C3|n  
   (B) consists of each line (R4PD  
   (C) each line consists _o@(wGeu#  
   (D) it consists of each line 4zo4 H~@gk  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 ?1GY%-  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 1fz*S IjG  
"rme~w Di  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a w)45SZ.  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. +V)qep"  
   (A) traps   f,St h7y  
   (B) trap its  q+YuVQ-fx  
   (C) which traps e$CePLEj  
   (D) which it traps L8K0^~Mk  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 jP1$qhp  
a$w},= `E  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists 8|1`Tn}o  
  have paid little attention to cultural |0tg:\.  
   A             :z B}z^8-  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of m!rwG(  
         B      C \n[ 392  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. J__;.rnk  
           D q^Z~IZ8IT  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 Y8)}P WMs  
~}h^38  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin Y.q>EUSH  
   became interested in the art movement dSwm|kIa  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, ;4!=DFbU  
   both --her novels and short stories. BR;QY1  
   (A) in which the influence !tI=`Ml[  
   (B) of which influenced pss6Oz8  
   (C) to have influence {T&v2u#S  
   (D) its influence in WElrk:b  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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