(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 c0W4<(
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 1$adX
2)基本用法 +jpC%o}C
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 HRZ3}8Qj
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , qvhol
seldom等。例如: )./.rtP|4
The sun rises in the east. M/^kita
He usually goes to work by bus. 3O!TVSo
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. Ro oem dCM
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 B)`^/^7
如: mQ]wLPP{1
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. h2C1'+Q{9
The project starts early this year. ,-[dr|.
There is a conference tonight. 6X.lncE@p
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: Cq, hzi-
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. !^*I?9P
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. Y8yRQz u
2 、一般过去时 c(<,qWH
1)构成:动词过去式 -j 6U{l
2)基本用法 &]2z)&a
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: e!(0y)*
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 Z 7M%}V%
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: &G>EBKn\2`
He died five years ago. y`EcBf
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. LF~=,S
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he Y+#e| x
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. aQEMCWxZ
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. bTn7$EG
3 、一般将来时 wxg`[c$:
1)构成 |WB<yA1
will +动词原形 ZN2g(
2)基本用法 qK4E:dD
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 !t["pr\
?
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. _F *("
o
3)表示将来时的其他形式 xi=qap=S^9
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 r'p;Nj.
明即将发生的事。例如: KsGS s9
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. b+NF:-fO
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 =De%]]>
可能性。例如: 1@Bq-2OD4
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. 0C}7=_?
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 9BGPq) #
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: fz
W%(.tc\
We're leaving on Friday. *_$%Tv.]
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. w.cQ|_
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: }
}?L'Vby
He is about to retire. )@3ce'
4 、现在进行时 !GMb~
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 JBa=R^k
2)基本用法 I<.3"F1}
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 4T6dju
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. .b vB8VOrW
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. GD|uU
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 Q/iaxY#
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: /MSz{ %v
He is constantly complaining about his job. ?N#mD
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. E/ (:\Cm^
5 、现在完成时 4D[W;4/p
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 zb~!>
QIz{
2)基本用法 au574tj
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 >i]r,j8!
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since UioLu90
P
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ;,Sl+)@h
We’ve just back. }MrRsvN
We have studied English for more than ten years. 1d|+7
He has lived here since 1995. Z KnEg2a
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. s9qr;}U.`
Have you booked your hotel yet }9>W41
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 =4/lJm``
(1)过去与现在的关系 WU{G_Fqaz
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 Oh~JyrZy
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 `pm6Ts{,
造成的影响。 a7nbGqsx
(2)时间状语不同 ~0|Hw.OK
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, Tw`^
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till D^I%tn=F
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: p-y,OG
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) QOEcp% 6I}
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 ?W9$=
开着的。) i=.zkIjSh
6 、过去进行时
C*b!E:
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 U=QV^I Qm
2)基本用法 ,S2D/Y^>
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: gx#xB
8n
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. tqAh&TW3+
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. UOZ"#cQ
7 、过去完成时 C\
j|+s
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 vR3'B3y
2)基本用法 .4^Ep\\
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的
u8v;O}#
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: 8{ 8J(~
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning OSK3X Qc
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. -{>JF
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. ^0R.'XL
8 、过去将来时 R^<li;Km
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 /w^}(IJ4
2)基本用法 =66dxU?}
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 ?V4?r2$c
时的宾语从句中。例如: Vi?[yu<F
He said he would stop smoking next month. x?9rT 0D
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. *R m>bLI
9 、将来完成时 mQhI"3!f
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 4%LG Ph
2)基本用法 NGOc:>}k>
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: [`BMi-WQ
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. ]+<[D2f
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. ~,WG284
10 、现在完成进行时 S}f3b N
1)构成 }><VcouJ[
2)基本用法 -~\R.<+
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 C#d.3t
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 [nZf4KN
状语连用。例如: {4J:t_<nKO
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. V9&7K65-1
He has been studying English for years. Ri=:=oF(
He has been playing computer games since early morning. D!Pv`wm
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 @M-i$
q[4
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: ]rGZ
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) )c!7V)z
They have built a ship.(已完成) QVLv}w`O
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) ^YG'p?r.s
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! ix4O-o{
(表达不满情绪) FcVQ_6
II. 动词的语态 sA$x2[*O
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 Bn:"qN~
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: ZeM~13[
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 uq?((
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called t6u>_She
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called R9X
ISsM^
将来 shall/will be )
aSj!X'`;
called jB)RvvMU5
------ shall/will have been called %87D(h!.I4
应注意的事项: eb1WTK@
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 QA|87alh
He was beat severely by the gunman. p G|-<6WY
The cup was broken by Tom. PL"u^G`
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 /B"FGa04p(
或副词。例如: (sM$=M<$
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. %!P^se
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. Yr!@p Hy
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 zXX=
WH
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如:
/Ne;Kdp
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) N
m{|
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) ;]gj:6M
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) #*;G8yV
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 :O?+Ywn
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: oS>VN<
We were made to work twelve hours a day. MZIZ"b
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. y26?>.!
5) 表示被动的其他形式:
]v2%h X
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: idzc4jR6BT
She got her purse stolen. Pk?M~{S
I must get my hair cut. P>U7RX
e
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 q%S^3C&
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: w;b;rHAZ\
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. E\5Cf2Ox
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. ntr&