(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 -qr:c9\px
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 d<^6hF
2)基本用法 \t7zMp
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 kB!M[[t
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , *jqPKK/
seldom等。例如: A`mf 8'nTG
The sun rises in the east.
b~N|DKj
He usually goes to work by bus. xDAA`G
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. N'q/7jOy
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 22H=!.DJ
如: 5juCeG+Z
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. {pi67"mYp
The project starts early this year. q'U-{~q%
There is a conference tonight. w2mlqy2L
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: j4hUPL7
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. r+WPQ`Ar
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. ;z=C^'
2 、一般过去时 1Y"y!\t7G
1)构成:动词过去式 7H@Cy}a
2)基本用法 aABE= 9Y
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: ?}>B4Z)
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 )SZ,J-H08w
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: `J;/=tf09
He died five years ago. OEq e^``!
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. QSQ\@h;E
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he MyS7AL
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ry<}DK<u
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. Q $,kB<M
3 、一般将来时 EYj2h
.k
1)构成 p!5JO4F$
will +动词原形 4% .2=
2)基本用法 k*+ZLrT
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 "I1M$^8n
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. 6je%LHhL
3)表示将来时的其他形式 9MlfZsby
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 74N\G1
明即将发生的事。例如: 0BZOr-i
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. wEn&zZjx
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 (N>ew)Ke
可能性。例如: $ }bC$?^
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. \.-y
LS.
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 RJm8K,3#
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: {Q3#]Vu
We're leaving on Friday. zEL[%(fnc
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. &(1NOy
X&
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: NjMLq|X
He is about to retire. M L_J<|,J
4 、现在进行时 8o!^ZOmU<
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 qMj
e,Y
2)基本用法 KFrmH
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: !f2>6}hE
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. #SUq.A
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. +0042Yi
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 ^IZ0M1&W;
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: ?Qp_4<(5
He is constantly complaining about his job. s'w0pZqj
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. DEp:
vlW@
5 、现在完成时 `Hu;Gdj=
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 LKG|S<s
2)基本用法 d'J?QH!N0
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 2UJ0%k
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since q/zdd3a
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: {.)D)8`<d
We’ve just back. &^>r<~]
We have studied English for more than ten years. sZ$ ~abX
He has lived here since 1995. \OB3gnR
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. >,1LBM|0u
Have you booked your hotel yet {1ceF
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 sP8B?Tn1W
(1)过去与现在的关系 !(o2K!v0
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 Kj5f:{Ur
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 )9,"~P2[R
造成的影响。 r}bKVne
(2)时间状语不同 #d(r^U#I
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, W5{e.eI}|
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till dy'?@Lj;
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: K.I r+SB
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) W1(ziP'6
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 d_hcv|%
开着的。) F*H}5yBp_:
6 、过去进行时 G}*B`m
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 :gC
2zv
2)基本用法 =uTV\)
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: '@P[fSQ
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. a4YyELXe
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. zKr(Gt8
7 、过去完成时 K<(RV
h
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 .
}wir,
2)基本用法 m~A/.t%=
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 I 3PnyNZ
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: m` cG&Ar5
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning o6oYJ`PY
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. AH+J:8k
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. Heu@{t.[!D
8 、过去将来时 b;vO
`
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 o-_a0j
2)基本用法 dmne+ufB
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 =v-D}eJQ=
时的宾语从句中。例如: %qMk&1
He said he would stop smoking next month. ns-x\B?^
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. t!tBN
9 、将来完成时 -|5&3HVz
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 R0WJdW#
2)基本用法 vjb{h'v
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: jsj" W&J
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. X%sc:V
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. Y]PZ| G)
10 、现在完成进行时 4-MA!&
1)构成 |8"HTBb\CW
2)基本用法 J7H1<\=cJb
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 wC19
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 j,Y=GjfGM
状语连用。例如: tF4"28"h
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. b3ZPlLx6
He has been studying English for years. <q|19fH-5
He has been playing computer games since early morning. JW$#~"@r
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 <M=K!k
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: /CP1mn6H
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) T
UT>*
They have built a ship.(已完成) ^>>Naid
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) KQk;:1hW
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! wS4zAu
(表达不满情绪) g#e"BBm=A
II. 动词的语态 n%Fa;!S
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 ^;'3(m=
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: u+*CpKR}
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 qVf~\H@
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called ?/;<32cE,
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called {_ocW@@
将来 shall/will be `Tab'7
called ~
60J
------ shall/will have been called f@yST z;u
应注意的事项: A&z
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 Cu}Rq!9i
He was beat severely by the gunman. ]_-<[
0
The cup was broken by Tom. T^"d%au
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 lGxG$0`;;
或副词。例如: .; :[sv)
The child will be taken good care of when you are away.
d
jk
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. )J0'We
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 6 ,k}v:
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: C; ! )<(Vw
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) zdr?1=
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) (HY|0Bgr
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) mWtwp-
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 zF{5!b
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: K{N#^L!
We were made to work twelve hours a day. ^58'*13ZL
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. <MY_{o8d
5) 表示被动的其他形式: gCd9"n-e
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: Ehg5u'cj
She got her purse stolen. V]IS(U(
I must get my hair cut. P\SE_*&
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 ns@b0'IF]
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: -8g ;t3z
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. !
XA07O[@
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately.
Krz[ f
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, %A?Ym33
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: koe&7\ _@
The book sells very well. U1dz:OG>
The parachute opens easily. n
,`!yw
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: HnrT;!C~
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; qbpvTTF
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 %#Fd0L