(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 0+pJv0u
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 =
g}yA=.
2)基本用法 NLY5L7
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 hGV/P94
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , 3:
Uik
seldom等。例如: hhhO+D1(
The sun rises in the east. GK&Dd"v
He usually goes to work by bus. "QS7?=>*F
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. >,3
3Jx
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 !d(V7`8
如: sXu+F2O
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. aa/9o]
The project starts early this year. {+Yo&F}n
There is a conference tonight. p;Kr664
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: ]XU#i#;c
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. /$(D>KU
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. Vk-_H)*r
2 、一般过去时 Jiq[VeLe
1)构成:动词过去式 K<GCP2
2)基本用法 J?'!8,RX
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: cDg27
xOUi
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 -;}Wm[
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: T*m21<
He died five years ago. BxF
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. 1~Nz6
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 1
<+^$QL
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. M &J*I
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. 5S LF1u;
3 、一般将来时 n:P}K?lg
1)构成 zeX?]@]Y
will +动词原形 LKa_ofY
2)基本用法 EX_&wep@1
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。
<vs.Ucxx
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. dkjL;1
3)表示将来时的其他形式 RMXP)[
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 J$0*K+m
明即将发生的事。例如:
GfDA5v[
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. i+}M#Y-O
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 ;XT$rtuX
可能性。例如: * 7C
I q
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. A Ho<E"R\
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 -t]0DsPg
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: 2s
ngi@\
We're leaving on Friday. ^IpS 3y
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. RaAq>B
WPr
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: b> |oU
He is about to retire. ZYG"nmNd
4 、现在进行时 ; ?!sU
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 J#\/znT
2)基本用法 "='|c-x
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: C4y<+G.`
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. I8m(p+Z=
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you.
m{~r6@
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 ^-DK<jZ^
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: DGcd|>q
He is constantly complaining about his job. bbz86]AhY
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. k,2%%m
5 、现在完成时 fy-(B;
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 qFay]V(O|
2)基本用法 D`u{U]
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 i+OyBDkJM!
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since akR*|iK#b
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: !$j'F? 2>
We’ve just back. 6uD Nqq
We have studied English for more than ten years. , =#'?>Kq
He has lived here since 1995. f+rBIE
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. |KuH2,n0
Have you booked your hotel yet XWkYhTaY
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 &Oe,$%{hBh
(1)过去与现在的关系 AtSEKpKc
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 905
/4z'
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 1|2X0Xm{
造成的影响。 Hg<]5
(2)时间状语不同 9T)-|fja_
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, }z}oVc
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till [-Dx)N
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: Nx~8]h1(
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) }=NjFK_6
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 XJ.vj+XXb
开着的。) M5wj79'l"
6 、过去进行时 ^dQ#\uy
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 23zB@aE_?1
2)基本用法 (Ori].{C.J
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: IG
6yt
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. rlgp1>89
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. Ve<l7U;
7 、过去完成时 phd,Jg[
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 s~,Y po?
2)基本用法 awGI|d
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 S
-GcH
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: Fc{hzqaP8
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 3V2"1Ic
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. >HXT:0
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. >k5nU^|B1
8 、过去将来时 jUYb8:B
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 h,45-#+
2)基本用法 uPhFBD7
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 vdV@G`)HPr
时的宾语从句中。例如: ihdN{Mx<2
He said he would stop smoking next month. > X<pzD3u
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. f%;8]a9
9 、将来完成时 (]>=y
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 . _Bejh
2)基本用法 E0[ec6^qwY
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: v'mRch)d
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. Y j;KKgk
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. D6fry\
10 、现在完成进行时 rOHU)2
1)构成 c 2t<WRG
2)基本用法 xEb+sE6Z
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 <b!nI
N
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 m^I+>Bp/:
状语连用。例如: `f?v_Ui-$
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. VC$,Y
He has been studying English for years. }coSMTMv6
He has been playing computer games since early morning. l+`f\ },
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 1j"_@?H[
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: 2O;Lw@W
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) oe$&X&
They have built a ship.(已完成) >U.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) ZFYv|2l
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! 6:_@ ;/03%
(表达不满情绪) 4j+FDc`
II. 动词的语态 ts|dk%
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 zB
/#[~
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: EC#4"bU`'2
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 g2)jd[GM
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called G4O
$gg
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called dAg<BK/
将来 shall/will be T .#cd1b
called ^jY/w>UdH
------ shall/will have been called w(/#isC
应注意的事项: vl}fC@%WRI
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 )\K ;Ncp[
He was beat severely by the gunman. 'DLgOUvh
The cup was broken by Tom. `eZ
+Pf".
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 "&9L
或副词。例如: uO]^vP]fT
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. M( euwy
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. WxE^S ??|
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 HV0! G-h
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: u
V[:e|
v
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) s}1S6*Cr
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) yZHh@W4
v
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) Nj5V" c
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 XEX."y
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: yiT)m]E
d
We were made to work twelve hours a day. O4c[,Uq8~
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 5>S=f{ghFw
5) 表示被动的其他形式: A,H|c="
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: (Ci{fY6`
She got her purse stolen. DA9-F
I must get my hair cut. A vh"(j
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 Tr\6AN?o
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: n "J+?~9
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. $T#yxx
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. *m>XtBw.
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 'B"A
*!"b
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: G=VbEL^H
The book sells very well. U=Hx&
g
The parachute opens easily. h=x{
3P;B
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: n1E^8[~'
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; QIb4ghm,
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 th4yuDPuA