(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 E@QsuS2&
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 %Bg}
a
2)基本用法 M`HXUA4
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 b8)>:F
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , xin<.)!E
seldom等。例如: M$A"<5
The sun rises in the east. ~$w-I\Q!
He usually goes to work by bus. %,%s09tO
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. hf P}+on%
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 3
EB8ls2
如: LoUi Yf
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. ?1}1uJMj-
The project starts early this year. LKY4rY!|@d
There is a conference tonight. fKIwdk%!-
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: csT_!sII
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. ftsr-3!Vm
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. x,
a[ p\1
2 、一般过去时 [~?LOH
1)构成:动词过去式 Jis{k$4
2)基本用法 L<]j&
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: a9Lf_/w{ &
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 bmna*!l^M
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: 3JEH
sYxs
He died five years ago. $ t_s7
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. g*\u8fpRq
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 9I=J#Hi|+
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. 1 9a"@WB@
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. 2#C!40j&\
3 、一般将来时 zTrAk5E
1)构成 A_T-]YQ
will +动词原形 J]nb;4w
2)基本用法 4JFi|oK0H
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。
neJNMdv@T
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. fGb(=l
3)表示将来时的其他形式 rX%#Q\0h
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 =A9>Ej
/
明即将发生的事。例如: |~hSK
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. \bqNjlu
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 EonZvT-D=
可能性。例如: nVw]0Yl
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. ?(>7v[=iT
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 2{!'L'km
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: !V$nU8p|
We're leaving on Friday. Hs~M!eK
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. t*zve,?}
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: Hx2UDHF
He is about to retire. JM -Tp!C>
4 、现在进行时 >k*QkIyq
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 >#*]/t
2)基本用法 ;5ugnVXu
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: {z|0Y&>[=
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. }fZT$'*;
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. yopEqO
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 H.XD8qi3W
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: 1Ls@|
He is constantly complaining about his job. z
4Qz9#*"^
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. JVwYV5-O<0
5 、现在完成时 muT+H(Z p}
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 P9:7_Vc
2)基本用法 y1cAw
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 ruS/Yh
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since ($7>\"+Tl
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: QB#f'X
We’ve just back. YNn,{Xi
We have studied English for more than ten years. hZY+dHa]
He has lived here since 1995. W
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I have played the piano since 1 came to England. %FT F
Have you booked your hotel yet ]?#f=/
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 ,(
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(1)过去与现在的关系 6aK'%K
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 #~I%qa"_pa
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 "@Ra>qb
造成的影响。 %((F}9_6
(2)时间状语不同 L q'*B9
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, & oZI.Qeo
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till , =IbZ
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: SY`NZJK
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) hx+a.N
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 {{ R/:-6?@
开着的。) o(]kI?`
6 、过去进行时 mc?5,oz;pz
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 t
B &D~M6[
2)基本用法 /_xwHiA
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: Y{1IRP?S
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. R5
X<8(4p
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. B*zb0hdo:
7 、过去完成时 Q6_!I42Y`
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 Up`$U~%-
2)基本用法 3VCyq7B^
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 U.crRrN
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: (toGU
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning }bIEW ho
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. ?WG9}R[qE/
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. _Jj|g9b
8 、过去将来时
1mJBxg}(
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 s_.q/D@vu
2)基本用法 []1VD#
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 bG^E]a/D
时的宾语从句中。例如: @H@&
B`K d
He said he would stop smoking next month. k>K23(X
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. 'ujtw:Z:
9 、将来完成时 I>=7|G
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 *Mg=IEu-6[
2)基本用法 ~~;fWM '
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: }dAb}0XK.
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. EqUiC*u8{I
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. $$A{|4,aI
10 、现在完成进行时 6.EfM^[
1)构成 UrH^T;#
2)基本用法 }f^K}*sK$5
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 &hB~Z(zS!
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 yHCQY
4/
状语连用。例如: I =qd\
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. R|$=Pfg~4
He has been studying English for years. M
q[;:
He has been playing computer games since early morning. Ny*M{}E
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 F!|Z_6\tv:
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: JI3AR
e?y
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) M
Zn7gT0
They have built a ship.(已完成) +SrE
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) 67 7p9{:
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! z\_q`43U7
(表达不满情绪) qq[2h~6P]
II. 动词的语态 &KbtW_
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 9w11kut-!
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: oxPOfI1%]
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 +'uF3-+WY
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called z;#}uC
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called >|6[uKrO
将来 shall/will be _#f/VE
called /:ma}qGy
------ shall/will have been called L@CN0ezQs
应注意的事项: x:xKlPGd
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 y\5V(Q\
He was beat severely by the gunman. +_:Ih,-
The cup was broken by Tom. XLqS{r~?
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 mC>7l7%
或副词。例如: UQ'D-e
K
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. -T4?5T_
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. ?.\CUVK
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 k L*Q})
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: (LL4V
3)
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) Y&Pi`E9=
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) C~'}RM
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) */nb%QV
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 G{+sC
2
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: PS`)6yn{_
We were made to work twelve hours a day. <G 2;nvRr
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. uPR usG4!R
5) 表示被动的其他形式: {n$9o
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: 3z\:{yl
She got her purse stolen. ThJLaNS
I must get my hair cut. IH}?CZ@{?
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 ZN%$k-2
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: ],qG!,
V
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. (cNT ud$
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. o2a`4K
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 7S2Bm]fP
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: OR1XQij
The book sells very well. "LP4)hr_`
The parachute opens easily.
i @+Cr7K,
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: ?v8RY,Q30
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; saU|.\l
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 -("79v>#