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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 ziLr }/tg  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 6XOpB^@  
2)基本用法 DX%8. @  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 O&?CoA?  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , :d% -,v  
seldom等。例如: ];b!*Z  
The sun rises in the east. pZ_FVID  
He usually goes to work by bus. :|m~<'g  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. MR)KLM0   
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 u6qi  
如: Y%CL@G60  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. [BZ(p  
The project starts early this year. X^ ^?}>t[  
There is a conference tonight. 2p3u6\y  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: #Rm=Em}d  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. vn%U;}  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. a5U2[Ko80  
2 、一般过去时 /<?X-IDz.{  
1)构成:动词过去式 l LD)i J1  
2)基本用法 WlQ&Yau  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: S4:\`L o-;  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 %`\3V {2*  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: $L#Z?76v  
He died five years ago. 5.K$ X$+7}  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. Lq $4.l[j  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 9y|&T  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. lRATrp#T  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. -Ib+/'  
3 、一般将来时 C"` 'Re5)  
1)构成 v!RB(T3  
will +动词原形 zRJKIm  
2)基本用法 dG~B3xg;5i  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 sv{0XVn+^  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. MoR-8vnJ  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 K^qUlyv  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 HxqV[|}0u  
明即将发生的事。例如: i e)1h  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. :-W CW);N  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 / -qt}  
可能性。例如: , a_{ Y+  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. NF)\">Ye  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 rIWN!@.J  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: 1 > @|  
We're leaving on Friday. K\E]X\:  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. rB&j"p}Q  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: 8YLZ)k'  
He is about to retire. rKs WS~U  
4 、现在进行时 "JLhOTPaHf  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 (kNTXhAr4  
2)基本用法 k+GK1Yl  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 2c`=S5  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. ecI 2]aKi  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. oS|~\,p"  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 I4X+'fW,  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: iK:qPrk-  
He is constantly complaining about his job. nMdN$E  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. Qufv@.'AY  
5 、现在完成时 [W;dguh  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 0?;Hmq3  
2)基本用法 QT l._j@  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 3b[+m}UWQ  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since }' 0Xz9/ l  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: 12' (MAP  
We’ve just back. &vvx"  
We have studied English for more than ten years. f4y;K>u7p  
He has lived here since 1995. q]%bd[zkz  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. vA-p} ]%  
Have you booked your hotel yet (BQ3M-  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 *vE C,)  
(1)过去与现在的关系 LU7)F,ok  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 TaO;r=2  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 g E+OQWu  
造成的影响。 LtWU"42  
(2)时间状语不同 |ylTy B  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, ftuQ"Ds  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till T`{MQ:s  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: b!~%a  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) 3Wxtxk._E  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 < LAD  
开着的。) QLU; .&  
6 、过去进行时 ZDJWd=E  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 8"UG&wLT  
2)基本用法 q0Lt[*q3R  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: cP=mJ1  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. .(]1PKW  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. (jFE{M$-  
7 、过去完成时 ByvqwJY  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 n<&R"89  
2)基本用法 w=o m7%J@l  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 A"VXs1>_^  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: `b'J*4|oGo  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning e`1s[ ^B  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. bx e97]  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. BF|FW  
8 、过去将来时 x#mk[S V  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 ,#OG/r-H  
2)基本用法 OVf|4J/Yx  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 TFPq(i  
时的宾语从句中。例如: FY*0gp  
He said he would stop smoking next month. :#jv4N  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. ' q S!n  
9 、将来完成时 )/N! {`.9  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 Y @&nW  
2)基本用法 "T=LHjE  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: Z@A1+kUS  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. f L?~1i =  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. boovCW  
10 、现在完成进行时 dL)5~V8s  
1)构成 +t { FF!mL  
2)基本用法 H`@7o8oj1  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 t[,\TM^h}0  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 x%&V!L  
状语连用。例如: k"zHrn"$  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. G[,VPC=  
He has been studying English for years. 8, ^UQ5 x  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. >UH=]$0N  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 wX;NU4)n  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: H/f= 2b  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) Kn|dnq|G  
They have built a ship.(已完成) ?GZs5CnS  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) 0g4cyK~n]  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! 8/v_uEG  
(表达不满情绪)  ^k=[P  
II. 动词的语态 OYy8u{@U:  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 enM 3  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: uRg^:  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 0nAS4Az  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called '/?&Gol-  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called X3vrD{uNU  
将来 shall/will be 0c) 19Ig  
called l|9`22G  
------ shall/will have been called 9UX-)!  
应注意的事项: &bb*~W-  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 u#QQCgrs  
He was beat severely by the gunman. e2v,#3Q\  
The cup was broken by Tom. 'yqp   
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 U*t `hn-xs  
或副词。例如: fpUX @b  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. mc$dR, H0  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. qSR %#  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 oc.x1<Nd  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: UNJ|J$T]  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) $: -Ptm@  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) .u)YZN0\  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) aj:+"X-;  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 v,s]:9f`\>  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: _IGQ<U< z  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. @eul~%B{X  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 'ga@=;Wj  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: &'Ch[Wo]H  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: wTLHg2'y^  
She got her purse stolen. t}K?.To$  
I must get my hair cut. > 2$M~to"1  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 *E>YLkg]  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: r\yj$Gu>(  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. ?tBEB5  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. 'del|"h!M  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, = hpX2/]  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: tG6 o^  
The book sells very well. E: %%Dm  
The parachute opens easily. >q}EZC  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: mu*wX'.'  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; aJ2 -BRn  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 a/_ `1  
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