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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 ,0x y\u  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 !x!07`+^u  
2)基本用法 T]2q?; N  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 #fT*]NN  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , ,%\o4Rc'o  
seldom等。例如: aW>6NDq(  
The sun rises in the east. ,-7R(iMd  
He usually goes to work by bus. EwOV;>@T?  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. w@N  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 PRz/inru-  
如: d&Ef"H  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon.  -_`>j~  
The project starts early this year. R: l&2k@  
There is a conference tonight. @}u9Rn*d;  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: eImn+_ N3  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. FJasS8  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. Ei2'[PK  
2 、一般过去时 J~#;<e{\"  
1)构成:动词过去式 hWX% 66  
2)基本用法 Z)jw|T'X  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: _c XqAo  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 r/SG 4  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: dPhQ :sd>  
He died five years ago. jYe'V#5S#  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. k{'0[,mx#  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he /iX+R@  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. z<yU-m2h  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. xD6@Qk  
3 、一般将来时 () j =5KDu  
1)构成 Y'ow  
will +动词原形 KN*  
2)基本用法 K"r*M.P>  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 iRrl^\qn  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. 9]@A] p!  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 E@ESl0a;  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 >(;{C<6|^  
明即将发生的事。例如: zRyuq1Zyc,  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. 0PWg;>^'  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 q}]XYys  
可能性。例如: `DC2gJKk%  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. )'~6HO8Z  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 ypy 68_xyW  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: mFi&YpH u3  
We're leaving on Friday. #Y4=J 6  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. ~/P&Tub^  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: *FMMjz  
He is about to retire. & 9<+; */  
4 、现在进行时 s{$(*_  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。  w/kt3Lw  
2)基本用法 ;LMJd@  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: iB4 98t  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 'JRvP!]  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. 1A\OC  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 s mnS DS  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: zaK#Z?V}  
He is constantly complaining about his job. @ g&ct>@y  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. zlEX+=3  
5 、现在完成时 ,=#F//  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 fP(d8xTx2y  
2)基本用法 FN8NTBk  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 ~W{2 Jd  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since K~| 4[\  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: |v$JCU3!A  
We’ve just back. <=>=.kmGt  
We have studied English for more than ten years. [m|YWT=  
He has lived here since 1995. k@z,Iq8  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. 'LE =6{#  
Have you booked your hotel yet <y?r!l=Am  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 "CI=`=  
(1)过去与现在的关系 4#:W.]U8  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 ~2gG(1%At9  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 hMykf4  
造成的影响。 /assq+H  
(2)时间状语不同 *1fb}C_  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, gk0(ANx  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till @T'i/}nl  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: 5Hw~2 ?a,  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) p(/dBt[3k  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 /#m=*&!CB  
开着的。) U'<KC"f:'!  
6 、过去进行时 mjKS{  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 -bSSP!f  
2)基本用法 A^y|J ` k|  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: \xnWciQ#{  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. Ljx(\Cm  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. 'U\<IL#U  
7 、过去完成时 $D | e>U  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 tavpq.0O  
2)基本用法 '8{N e!y  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 |~X ;1j!  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: ]y1OFKYv  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 3G`aHTWk  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. \\u<S=G  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. 4 :dH]  
8 、过去将来时 `m!j$,c.  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 o .qf _A  
2)基本用法 R}4So1  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 A.EbXo/  
时的宾语从句中。例如: A<qTg`gA  
He said he would stop smoking next month. n=c 2K c  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. \8?Tdx=  
9 、将来完成时 /iJ4{p   
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 3P^sM1  
2)基本用法 TTt#a6eJ  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: :]^P1sH[  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. i5K[>5  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. 1M 781  
10 、现在完成进行时 VI'hb'2  
1)构成 w &(|e <  
2)基本用法 [`rba'  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 8F&=a,ps[  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 )XzI #iQ  
状语连用。例如: 8=Z9T<K  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. U~j ^I^  
He has been studying English for years. W^] 3XJP  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. #~l(]h@ )  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 /x[jQM\  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: vDxe/x%  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) li 6%)  
They have built a ship.(已完成) ?)1{)Erf8x  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) R5 9S@MsuD  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! By9*1H2R  
(表达不满情绪) 1PP $XJtyD  
II. 动词的语态 vbD{N3p)?n  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 5wh|=**/  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: x"{'&J[hx  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 MvWaB  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called 2U:H545]]  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called Y5FbU  
将来 shall/will be mHBnC&-/  
called qASqscO  
------ shall/will have been called JMz;BAHT  
应注意的事项: 9J>&29@us0  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 NZ-\h  
He was beat severely by the gunman. [vHv0"   
The cup was broken by Tom. +{W>i;U  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 QZ:8+[oy  
或副词。例如: \a6^LD}B  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. R%qGPO5Z\c  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. NN E<L;u  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 0VGPEKRh  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: t $xY #:  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) X(\fN[;  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) OQ>x5?um  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) Rx);7j/5  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 5c^Z/ Jl$c  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: n;$5Cq!v=  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. {FIXc^m'  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. a(9L,v#?  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: ,Td!|~I|j6  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: b D[!/'4eJ  
She got her purse stolen. I{lT>go  
I must get my hair cut. Sk:ws&D1u  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 .Y3pS/VI  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: y6IXdW  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. v}tag#f5>?  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. eXK o.JL  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, hlJq-*6'  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: Qum9A   
The book sells very well. u)V#S:9]  
The parachute opens easily. eOXHQjuj  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: GW$.lo1|)  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; 9$Xu,y  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 /}PF\j9#4  
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