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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 lDCoYX_  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 (pREo/T  
2)基本用法 (O\5gAx  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 2%. A{!  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , h-<('w:A  
seldom等。例如: `rbTB3?  
The sun rises in the east. BCJo/m  
He usually goes to work by bus. rNO'0Ck=  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. rt_%_f>qd  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 Ra%RcUf~sh  
如: L1VUfEG-  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. brl(7_ 2  
The project starts early this year. Uk` ym  
There is a conference tonight. P5P:_hr  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: mHM38T9C%  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. M`q>i B  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. eY-W5TgU  
2 、一般过去时 kl?U 2A.=  
1)构成:动词过去式 ~4"adOv  
2)基本用法 IGV@tI  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: ['~3"lK^O  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 4c_TrNwP  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: |F=!0Id<  
He died five years ago. 8`v+yHjG  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. EcxPbRg  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 6}6;%{p"Gu  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. 5Ev9u),D+v  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. k@L},Td  
3 、一般将来时 NoTEbFrV  
1)构成 z#ab V1 Xi  
will +动词原形 EiQX* v  
2)基本用法 2&MIt(\-  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 Jr$,w7tQn@  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. ROlef;/A  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 4wjy)VD_  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 >Akrbmh5  
明即将发生的事。例如: YT'G#U1x~  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. $&& mGD;?K  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 [EI~/#;  
可能性。例如: -sO[,  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. 7#d>a=$h  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 Yv<' QC  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: pRWEBd1U  
We're leaving on Friday. GKT2x '(e  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. YXz*B5R  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: <Hd8Jd4f  
He is about to retire. R= ,jqW<  
4 、现在进行时 \d"JYym  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 Tzr_K  
2)基本用法 ,;;7+|`  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: <;Q1u,Mc  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. H#H@AY3Y  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. %Ms"LoK  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 V"Cx5#\7C  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: zs/4tNXw  
He is constantly complaining about his job. ?,s]5   
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. ~8 >Tb  
5 、现在完成时 7LEB ,bU  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 p7{2/m j  
2)基本用法 /{1sU}k-  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 -M]B;[^  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since _{j'` #  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: %MG{KG=&o  
We’ve just back. )6+Z99w  
We have studied English for more than ten years. HQp\0NC]  
He has lived here since 1995. EPEWyGw  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. 7gWT[  
Have you booked your hotel yet DWv(|gO  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 oW}nr<G{<  
(1)过去与现在的关系 mM9aT0_w  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 Clz. p  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 5)5$h]Nz>  
造成的影响。 J#.f%VJ  
(2)时间状语不同 sKy3('5;  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, _0cCTQE  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ,NO2{Ha$  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: jgvzp  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) K}t=Y  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 RWg'W,v=!  
开着的。) reQr=OAez  
6 、过去进行时 tJG+k)EE  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 -Oi8]Xw^@y  
2)基本用法 a(J@]X>'  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: T,a71"c  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. Ypx5:gm|J  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. A"e4w?  
7 、过去完成时 PglSQ2P  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 r>e1IG  
2)基本用法 yk0tA  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 |oWl9j]Z  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: qzj.N$9]  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning u`.3\Geh  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. yV~TfTJ  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. M }! qH.W  
8 、过去将来时 \#h{bnx  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 ^e]O-,UBk  
2)基本用法 NX k~o!D  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 4VHWoN"U  
时的宾语从句中。例如: %a I,K0\  
He said he would stop smoking next month. ih|;H:"^  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. z~-(nyaBS  
9 、将来完成时 ?y]R /?  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 eslvg#Q  
2)基本用法 .Y|wG<E  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: A0>r]<y  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. wMw}3qX$j  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. l[]cUE  
10 、现在完成进行时 uts>4r>+  
1)构成 z` YC3_d  
2)基本用法 c3Gy1#f:#2  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 (t\U5- w  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 (c& %1bJ  
状语连用。例如: &S`g&  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. -Bl^TT  
He has been studying English for years. BG 8/  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. ZW9OPwV  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 ahIDKvJ4  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: $.t>* Bq  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) $}r.fji,c  
They have built a ship.(已完成) H] g=( %ok  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) 9pPLOXr ,  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! P;@j   
(表达不满情绪) @tPr\F  
II. 动词的语态 .j&#  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 Xz)qtDN|(  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: #Q)r 6V:  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 y.I&x#(^  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called Ue60Mf  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called n-xdyJD  
将来 shall/will be AD^I1 ]2f  
called yci}#,nb  
------ shall/will have been called `'^o45  
应注意的事项: +t%2V?  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 0M roHFh9`  
He was beat severely by the gunman. ^e <E/j{~  
The cup was broken by Tom. 0 }qlZFB  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 uDXV@;6<  
或副词。例如: }% q-9  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. q^sZP\i,*;  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. (xN1?qXB.  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 9M3"'^ {$  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: &^DVSVqs^  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) IQ_s]b;z  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) -y$6gCRY  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) 2nC,1%kxhq  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 A]5];c  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: ;5.&TQT  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. /z4c>)fV  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 0"% dPKi  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: @`C'tfG /4  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: 7+hF1eoI  
She got her purse stolen. 1w(3!Ps+  
I must get my hair cut. B+U:=591  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 qf\W,SM  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: ) c\Y!vS  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. rG6G~ |mS  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. ^M6lF5  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, ERIMz ,  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: iaEQF]*cC  
The book sells very well. <MkvlLu((o  
The parachute opens easily. N;'c4=M ~(  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: `qs}L  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; "%Y=+  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 > B@c74  
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