(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 KS5a8'U
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 ~P}ng{x4z
2)基本用法 Jb> X$|N'%
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 mvpcRe
<
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , t3.;qDy
seldom等。例如: :&&s*_
The sun rises in the east. GBS+ 4xL|
He usually goes to work by bus. GJU(1%-
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. t
4M-;y
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 ,tZL"
如: _8PNMbv{
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. _Ad63.Uq))
The project starts early this year. GK6~~
ga=
There is a conference tonight. N@X6Z!EO
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: {C]tS5$Z
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 4yTgH0(T
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. aEa.g.SZ
2 、一般过去时 (8ct'Q ;
1)构成:动词过去式 ~S~+'V,d
2)基本用法 ryzNM3
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: Dh}d-m_
5
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 :>ca).cjac
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: +,7vbs3
He died five years ago. 4;32f`
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. fY=:geB
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he :!$+dr(d
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. /Trbr]lWy
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. Z"Q9^;0%
3 、一般将来时 x@)cj
1)构成 1n6%EC|X
will +动词原形 ]d{lS&PRlg
2)基本用法 )3|a_
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 |#xBC+
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. rOYYZ)Qw
3)表示将来时的其他形式 'F/uD1;
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 lc [)Ev
明即将发生的事。例如: c*R\fQd
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. h~._R6y
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 nHF~a?|FT
可能性。例如: ;1_3E2E$
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. !"E/6z2&(k
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 V+U89j1g
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: j}J=ZLr/V"
We're leaving on Friday. |h/{qpsu
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. Ix(,gDN
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: K2v[_a~@
He is about to retire. qrZ3`@C4k
4 、现在进行时 Y}C|4"V
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 /&czaAR-
2)基本用法 5vS[{;<&
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 8B!QqLqK
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. @1bl<27
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. _2<UcC~
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 VS7
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: (m2_Eh;
He is constantly complaining about his job. 2o1WXE %$
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. KCp9P2kv.
5 、现在完成时 rmWsob
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 JIYzk]Tj
2)基本用法 'X4)2iFV
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 xBf->o S?
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since zqQ[uO]m?
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: :>H{?
We’ve just back. NMC0y|G
We have studied English for more than ten years. t0/Ol'kgs
He has lived here since 1995. Rz&}e@stl
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. >'WTVj `
Have you booked your hotel yet WyM2h
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 d6??OO=~>M
(1)过去与现在的关系 F,K))325
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 Ul
85-p
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 ~6QV?j
造成的影响。 &5B/>ag1!
(2)时间状语不同 (wxi!
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, _~P&8
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till !tx.2m*5
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: ![]6| G&
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) 4/ q
BD
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 ;'[?H0Jw'
开着的。) .vi0DuD6
6 、过去进行时 uFlf#t
=
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 yB{1&S5C
2)基本用法 PTXS8e4
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: m?8o\|i,
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. N_+D#Z.g
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. s%5XBI
7 、过去完成时 E4.A$/s8[
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 f%[xl6VE;
2)基本用法 Ruwp"T}mF
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 YOvhMi
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: )}_}D+2
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning A\E ))b9+
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. ol
{N^fiK
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. ]j$(so"
8 、过去将来时 d+0= a]
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 yKm6
8n^
2)基本用法 Uw3wR!:
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 Rz*GRe
时的宾语从句中。例如: z 61F q
He said he would stop smoking next month. {QOy
'
8/
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. `v2Xp3o4f
9 、将来完成时 `ah
"Q;d$
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 Q;nC #cg
2)基本用法 $ma@z0%8}
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: l=$?#^^ /
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. KAu>U3\/
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. G2P:|R
10 、现在完成进行时 t/3qD
7L
1)构成 -<" ;|v4
2)基本用法 #|=lU4Bf
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 G6JP3dOT
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 :wUi&xw
状语连用。例如: 2{oQ
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. l2Rnyb<;;
He has been studying English for years. E!L_"G
W
He has been playing computer games since early morning. ]4K4Nh~
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 .}(X19R
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: 95ix~cH3q
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) .%M80X{5~
They have built a ship.(已完成) .CW,Td3f!
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) 0c,!<\B
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! y!q`o$nK
(表达不满情绪) $
IdU
II. 动词的语态 3'SN0VL
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 M.EL^;r
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: [b~+VeP+p4
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 4VC8#x1
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called b"OH Xu
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called ln6=XDu
将来 shall/will be Tiimb[|
called ]AN%#1++U
------ shall/will have been called nAX/u[
应注意的事项: (''w$qq"D
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 9j5-/
He was beat severely by the gunman. K=pG,[ChA
The cup was broken by Tom. "}oo`+]Cq
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 7)FYAk$@
或副词。例如: >Qg-dJt[
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. k3
]qpWKj
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. HLL=.: P
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 DV)NY!
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: oE0~F|(\1
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) Xxj<Ai2
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 5s>>]
.%
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) ~c*kS E2X
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 V`1x![\
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: ?>gr9w\
We were made to work twelve hours a day. ;3%Y@FS@
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. O:imX>|u
5) 表示被动的其他形式: sI{?4k
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: _3#_6>=M
She got her purse stolen. SQ'%a-Mct
I must get my hair cut. uh>"TeOi
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 D<WGau2H
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: |Nadk(}
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. F'JT7#eX
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. *_H]?&
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 5@pLGMHT
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: ?D(aky#cyc
The book sells very well. voJJoy%
The parachute opens easily. j9-.bGtm?.
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: 'QTa<Z)E
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; 1qp"D_h
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 E!>MJlA:k6