2017考博英语阅读模拟试题及答案 | 考博英语阅读

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The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.

　　Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.

　　The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air.

　　Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.

　　Unfortunately there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant — and thus the thermal energy it carries — is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression.

　　Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates — where the most heat is needed — heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.

　　1. The primary purpose of the text is to

　　[A] explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes.

　　[B] contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps.

　　[C] describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use.

　　[D] advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps.

　　2. The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by

　　[A] carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle.

　　[B] pointing out a factual effort in the statement that gives rise to this question.

　　[C] supplying additional relevant facts.

　　[D] denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps.

　　3. It can be inferred from the text that, in the course of a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when

　　[A] heating is least essential.

　　[B] electricity rates are lowest.

　　[C] its compressor runs the fastest.

　　[D] outdoor temperatures hold steady.

　　4. If the author’s assessment of the use of heat pumps (lines 1-4) is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?

　　[A] Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote.

　　[B] Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts.

　　[C] Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospective client’s ability to believe.

　　[D] Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the most elementary scientific principles.

　　5. The text suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if

　　[A] they could also be used as air conditioners.

　　[B] they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed.

　　[C] their heat output could be thermostatically controlled.

　　[D] people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation.

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11楼发表于: 2016-07-21

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[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的第二、三、四段描述了“heat pumps”的相关物理原理，第一、五、六段谈到了影响“heat pumps”应用的原因。由此可见本题的正确选项应该是C。考生在解题时一定要对全文的整体结构有所认识，并将各段的主题句联系起来加以理解。

　　2. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道段落间关系题。通过题干中的“the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation”可迅速确定本题的答案信息来源应该在第二段，因为第一段就是本题的题干。通过仔细阅读原文可发现本题的答案信息来源在第二、三、四段，在这三段中本文作者为解决相关问题给出了“relevant facts”(相关事实)。可见本题的正确选项应该是C。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的相互关系。

　　3. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与反推题。通过本题题干中的“heating season”可迅速将本题的答案信息来源确定在尾段，因为尾段中的“extremely cold climates”暗示出“heating season”。通过仔细阅读和理解尾段并且进行相应的推导就可得出本题的正确选项A。考生在解题时首先要具备审题定位的能力，另外在解题时不能仅仅停留于字面含义，要多动脑子进行合理的推导。

　　4. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。题干把本题所涉及的问题确定在第一段，而本文作者对于该问题的解释和说明确在第四段。通过对这两段的综合归纳推导，可得出本题的正确选项是C。由于作者在第四段的深刻解释帮助解决了人们心中的疑惑，但是这两段的深层含义暗示我们：人们在做广告时要避免使用超出消费者可信度的信息。考生在解题时要注意段落之间的联系，更要注意作者所要传递的深层含义。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与段落间关系题。通过题干中的“heat pumps would be used more widely”可迅速确定本题的题干来自于首段，在首段中我们也可以得知阻碍“heat pumps”被大家广泛接受的原因是“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。在本文的第四段作者对第一段中所涉及的问题给出了合理的解释，指出“heat pumps”并没有“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。问题出在人们对于“evaporator”缺乏了解。综合这两段的内容我们可得知：如果人们对“evaporator”有所认识，他们对“heat pumps”就不会心存疑虑，同时他们就会接受“heat pumps”，从而“heat pumps”就会得到广泛的利用。可见本题的正确选项应该中D。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的联系，更要注意反推即逆向思维的应用。

　　[参考译文]

　　热泵使用受到阻碍，主要是人们怀疑广告上所宣称的，热泵能够提供两倍于其所消耗电能的热能，这显然与能量守恒定理相悖。

　　热泵循环使用的是液体制冷剂，这个循环使得制冷剂在一个封闭环路内从液体到气体交替变化。循环开始时，制冷剂以低温低压的蒸气，进入一个电机驱动的压缩机。出了压缩机后，制冷剂变为高温稠密的气体，流经一个被称为冷凝器的热交换器，这个冷凝器把制冷剂的热量传送到一个气团。制冷剂就变成了高压冷却的液态，然后经过一个节流器，节流器使其压力下降。压力下降时，制冷剂就会膨胀并且使部分液体气化，制冷剂变冷。然后经过第二个热交换器即蒸发器，蒸发器把热量从空气中传到制冷剂中，使得第二个气团温度降低。这两个热交换器，一个在室内工作，另外一个位于室外，所以每个热交换器接触各自不同的气团：室内空气和室外空气。

　　制冷剂在热泵内的流动方向受阀门控制。当制冷剂逆向流动时，两个交换器就交换它们的功能。这个逆向流动的能力使得热泵对室内空气加温或冷却。

　　现在，如果在某些条件下一个热泵输出的热能多于其消耗的电能，则能量守恒法则受到挑战了么?不，丝毫没有：通过蒸发器进入了制冷剂循环的额外热能，可以说明能量平衡上的差异。

　　不幸的是，这里有一个现实的问题。热泵的加热能力随着室外温度的下降而减少，其减少是由于在固定时间内流经压缩机的制冷剂数量上的减少而造成的。热容量和制冷剂质量流动速率成比例：被压缩的制冷剂越少，加载到热机循环中传输的热量越少。在使用单速旋转式压缩机的热泵中，制冷剂气体的体积流动速率近似一个常数。但进入压缩机的制冷剂气体，其冷却的气体压力比热气压力要小。因此，冷的制冷剂气体质量，也就是它携带的热能小于在压缩之前比较热的制冷剂气体的质量。

　　这样，那么热泵存在的真正障碍在于：在极端寒冷气候地区，那里最需要热量，热泵却最不能够提供充足的热量。

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Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hard-working and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.

　　The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

　　While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “ Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity ― are completely ignored, ” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. “ Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. ” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the “ Japanese morality of respect for parents. ”

　　But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “ In Japan, ” says educator Yoko Muro, “ it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure. ” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.

　　23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was_____.

　　[A]under aimless development

　　[B]a positive example

　　[C]a rival to the West

　　[D]on the decline

　　24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?

　　[A]Women's participation in social activities is limited.

　　[B]More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.

　　[C]Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.

　　[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values.

　　25. Which of the following is true according to the author?

　　[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder

　　[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.

　　[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.

　　[D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.

　　26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that____.

　　[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life.

　　[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.

　　[C]the Japanese endure more than ever before

　　[D]the Japanese appreciate their present life

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答案解析

　　23. In the Westerners’eyes, the postwar Japan was_____.

　　在西方人看来，战后的日本是 _____ 。

　　[A]under aimless development 盲目发展

　　[B]a positive example 一个积极的例子

　　[C]a rival to the West 西方的竞争对手

　　[D]on the decline 在衰退中

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】文章第一段第一句就指出，“盲目性不是战后日本的特色，它的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所羡慕。”也就是说是一个积极的正面的例子。 [A] 违反了第一句。 [C] 选项和 [D] 选项不是本文谈论的话题。

　　24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?

　　根据本文作者的观点，日本社会道德滑坡的主要原因是什么?

　　[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.

　　妇女参加社会活动受到限制。

　　[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.

　　越来越多的工人对自己的工作感到不满。

　　[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.

　　过多地注重基础教育。

　　[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.

　　生活方式受西方价值观的影响。

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】文中第一段指出日本人正在逐渐经历传统工作道德价值观的日益滑坡，说“十年前，年轻人工作努力，将工作看作是生存 (being) 的重要动力”，但是，日本目前在很大程度上满足了其经济发展的需要，年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标了。具体提到道德滑坡是在第三段，文中提到校园暴力，提到“保守党领导人正在力图重新重视战前那种道德教育”，“ Mitsuo Setoyama ”更是冒出“惊人之语” (raise the eyebrows) ，他坚持认为二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。而在下文，作者更是直接提出，“但是，这可能和日本人的生活方式关系更大。人们已经抛弃了社区和大家庭，而更加喜欢单门独户的两代人构成的家庭，旧的集体和家庭价值观被削弱”。由此可见，本题的答案就是 [D] 选项。

　　25. Which of the following is true according to the author?

　　在作者看来，以下哪一个是正确的?

　　[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.

　　日本的教育受人称道，因为它有助于年轻人攀登社会阶梯。

　　[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.

　　日本教育的特点就是既有机械性的学习又有创造力的培养。

　　[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.

　　应该更加强调创造力的培养上。

　　[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.

　　辍学导致了对应试的挫折感。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】作者观点题。

　　【分析】 [A] 说法是错误的，因为日本的教育受到外国人赞赏的原因是“它强调整础教育”。 [B] 说法是错误的，因为文中提到“它强调考试和机械学习而不是创造性和自我表现”。 [C] 是正确的，因为文中提到“它强调考试和机械学习超过创造性和自我表现”。“那些在考分中不能体现的东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视了，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席“ Toshiki Kaifu ”说，“这类事情造成的挫折致使孩子辍学以及变得狂野”，这说明日本应该更加强调创造力的培养。 [D] 的说法是错误的，因为文中说“这类事情造成的挫折致使孩子辍学以及变得狂野”，该选项故意混淆了原因和结果。

　　26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that____.

　　日本人生活方式的变化体现在下面的一个事实中。

　　[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life

　　年轻人对现实生活中困苦的忍受力下降

　　[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.

　　日本的离婚率超过美国的

　　[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before

　　日本人忍受的东西比以前更多了

　　[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life

　　日本人欣赏他们目前的生活

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】文中提到教育家“ Yoko Muro ”。他说“在日本，你喜欢不喜欢自己的工作和生活，这从来都不是问题，问题是你有多大的承受力”。然后在最后一段里面提到“家庭结构的改变，旧的集体和家庭价值观的削弱，人们的不满凸现”。也就是说“日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，现在年轻的日本人觉得这种牺牲太大，对此产生了逆反情绪”。因此可以判定“日本人的生活方式的变化体现年轻人对现实生活中的困苦忍受力下降”。 [B] 的说法是错误的，因为根据第四段最后一句，“日本人的离婚率仍然低于美国人的”。 [C] 在文中找不到很据。 [D] 可以根据“最近一次调查发现只有 24.5% 的日本学生对学校生活完全满意，相比之下，美国学生的比例是 62.7% 。此外，与被调查的其他 10 个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多”进行排除。

　　难句解析：

　　1. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

　　【结构分析】本句的主语有两个。一个是“ The coming of age of the postwar baby boom ”;另外一个是“ an entry of women into the male-dominated job market ”。谓语是“ have limited ”。宾语是“ the opportunities of teen-agers ”。“ who ” 引导一个定语从句修饰宾语。“ involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs ”是“ personal sacrifices ”的后置定语。

　　2. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “ Japanese morality of respect for parents. ”

　　【结构分析】本句主句结构是“ Mitsuo Setoyama raised eyebrows ”。插入语“ who was then education minister ”是主语的定语，“ when ” 引导一个时间状语从句，“ that ”引导的从句做“ argued ”的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是“ liberal reforms ”，谓语是“ had weakened ”，宾语是“ the ‘ Japanese morality of respect for parents ’”，“ introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II ”是“ liberal reforms ”的定语。

　　全文翻译：

　　盲目性不是战后日本的特色，它的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所羡慕。但是，日本人正在逐渐经历传统工作道德价值观的日益滑坡。 10 年前，日本年轻人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但如今日本基本上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们随后该去何方。

　　战后婴儿出生高峰期出生的人已到成年，以及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年已经开始质疑攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯以求进好学校，找好工作中付出的沉重的个人牺牲是否值得。最近一次调查发现只有 24.5% 的日本学生对学校生活完全满意，相比之下，美国学生的比例是 62.7% 。此外，与被调查的其他 10 个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多。

　　虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它强调考试和机械学习而不是创造性和自我表现。“那些在考分中不能体现的东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视了，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席 Toshiki Kaifu 说，“这类事情造成的挫折致使孩子辍学以及变得狂野。”去年日本发生了 2,125 起校园暴力事件，其中包括 929 起袭击老师事件。在抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图重新重视战前那种道德教育;去年，时任教育大臣的 Mitsuo Setoyama 就冒出惊人之语，他坚持认为二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。

　　但是，这可能和日本人的生活方式关系更大。教育家 Yoko Muro 说“在日本，你喜欢不喜欢自己的工作和生活，这从来都不是问题，问题是你有多大的承受力。”经济的增长伴随着人口的集中，在日本 1.19 亿人当中， 76% 的人住在城市，在那里，人们已经抛弃了社区和大家庭，而更加喜欢单门独户的两代人构成的家庭。日本的城里人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤的居住条件，但是随着旧的集体和家庭价值观的削弱，人们的不满开始显现。在过去 10 年中，日本的离婚率虽然仍远在美国之下，但是也已经上升了 50% ，而自杀则上升了近 1/4 。

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14楼发表于: 2016-07-21

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.

　　There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.

　　Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.

　　To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-coloni a l prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrials infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, barbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.

　　25. Digital divide is something _________.

　　[A]getting worse because of the Internet

　　[B]the rich countries are responsible for

　　[C]the world must guard against

　　[D]considered positive today

　　26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _________.

　　[A]offers economic potentials

　　[B]can bring foreign funds

　　[C]can soon wipe out world poverty

　　[D]connects people all over the world

　　27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _________.

　　[A]providing financial support overseas

　　[B]preventing foreign capital's control

　　[C]building industrial infrastructure

　　[D]accepting foreign investment

　　28. It seems that now a country's economy depends much on _________.

　　[A]how well-developed it is electronically

　　[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants

　　[C]whether it adopts America's industrial pattern

　　[D]how much control it has over foreign corporations

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只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

答案解析

　　25. Digital divide is something _______. 数字鸿沟是 ______ 。

　　[A]getting worse because of the Internet 因为因特网而变得更加糟糕

　　[B]the rich countries are responsible for 由富裕国家应该承担责任的

　　[C]the world must guard against 全世界都要警惕的

　　[D]considered positive today 今天被认为是积极的

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】通过题干关键词“数字鸿沟”定位到第一段。第一句是对“数字鸿沟”所下的一个定义。其后作者提到，他和妻子 20 年前就谈到这种隐伏的的危险，这里的“ looming danger ”指的就是“ the digital divide ”。早在 20 年前，防止产生这种鸿沟的积极因素还不太明显，而今天作者认为是乐观的。同时定位到第二段，作者提到了“因特网的普及使这种鸿沟正得到缩小”，可见，选项 [A] 是错误的，“因为因特网而变得糟糕”与原文意思相左。 [B] 不对，是因为作者没有提到这个方面。在作者看来，这种鸿沟是不好的现象，而网络的普及能帮助世界战胜贫困。 [D] 的说法显然是错误的，因为作者就是要消除这个鸿沟。

　　26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ______.

　　政府重视因特网是因为它 ________ 。

　　[A]offers economic potentials 提供很多经济可能

　　[B]can bring foreign funds 能够带来外国资金

　　[C]can soon wipe out world poverty 能够很快消除世界贫困

　　[D]connects people all over the world 将世界人民连在一起

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】定位到第二段，文中提到“政府之所以大力推广因特网是出于因特网可能成为消除贫困的最好的工具的考虑”。第三段更是提到“因特网可能具有巨大的潜力”。因此可以判断 [A] 是正确的。 [B] 选项认为“可以带来海外投资”，这仅仅是局部因素。 [C] 选项中，虽然作者提到了“国际互联网的利用可能是战胜贫困的工具”，但这仅仅是一种潜在的力量，并没有说能够很快消除贫困。 [D] 选项也是因特网的一个主要功能，但是也不是政府重视的主要原因。

　　27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _________.

　　作者提到美国的案例是为了证明 __________ 政策是对的。

　　[A]providing financial support overseas 为海外提供资金支持

　　[B]preventing foreign capital’s control 防止外国资金控制

　　[C]building industrial infrastructure 建设工业基础

　　[D]accepting foreign investment 接受外国投资

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】作者意图题。

　　【分析】在第四段，美国和巴西的例子都被作者用以说明抛弃过去的在那种在利用外资上的，过时的反殖民偏见，提出充分利用外资建立电子基础设施的重要性，并且指出，哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕。因此可以判断正确选项是 [D] 。 [A] 选项把吸收外资的重要性和美国提供海外资金混淆起来。 [B] 的说法无法从美国这个案例中推断出来。 [C] 错在“工业”这个概念上。

　　28. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on _____.

　　现在，一个国家的经济看起来极大地依赖于 _______ 。

　　[A]how well developed it is electronically 它的电子发展程度

　　[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants 它是否歧视移民

　　[C]whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern 它是否接受美国的工业模式

　　[D]how much control it has over foreign corporations 它对外国公司的控制有多大

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】文章最后一段提到哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕。这里的“第三次浪潮”指的就是“电子基础建设”。因此选项 [A] 是正确的。其他三个选项中， [B] 和 [D] 文中没有提到。 [C] 再次出现“工业模式”，因此不正确。

　　难句解析：

　　1. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.

　　【结构分析】本句主句是“ It is in the interest of business to universalize access ”，“ as ”引导一个伴随状语，“随着”，而非“因为”，后面破折号的部分是进一步解释说明前面的主句。

　　2. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be.

　　【结构分析】本句是一个“ the more..., the more... ”的句型。“ which today is an electronic infrastructure ”是修饰“ Third Wave infrastructure ”的非限定性定语从句。

　　全文翻译：

　　今天，人们十分关注所谓的数字鸿沟问题，即世界被分为信息资源丰富区和信息资源贫乏区两类。这个鸿沟今天确实存在，我和我妻子 20 年前谈过这个隐伏的危险。然而，那时一些抵制数字鸿沟的、新的积极因素还不如今天明显。我们是有理由感到乐观的。

　　一些技术上的因素使我们有理由希望鸿沟会缩小。随着互联网变得越来越商业化，普及上网对商家是有利的——毕竟，上网人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。越来越多的政府，由于担心自己的国家会落后，都想推广互联网。一二十年之内，全球将有一二十亿人被网在一起。因此，我现在相信，在将来，数字鸿沟将会缩小而不是扩大。这是非常好的消息，因为互联网非常可能成为我们消除所面临的贫困的最强有效的工具。

　　当然，使用互联网不是唯一战胜贫困的方法。互联网也不是我们所拥有的唯一工具，但它却有巨大的潜力。

　　要想利用互联网这个工具，某些贫困国家必须克服在外国投资方面的过时的反殖民偏见。那些认为外国投资是对本国主权的侵犯的国家最好还是研究一下美国基础设施 ( 社会的基本结构基础 ) 的历史。当初美国建设自己的工业基础设施时，缺乏资金，这就是为什么美国的第二波基础设施建设——包括公路、港口，高速公路、港口城市等等——都是利用的国外资金。英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在这片前英国殖民地投资。他们提供资金，美国移民建造。想想看，现在谁拥有这一切?美国人。我想，同样的事情也可以发生在巴西或其他任何地方。你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施 ( 今天主要指电子基础设施 ) 的外国资金越多，那么你就越富裕。这并不是说卑躬屈膝，任人愚弄，也不是让外国公司为所欲为。但这的确意味着你已认识到外国公司对本国能源及通信基础设施建设的重要性，这些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必要的。

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16楼发表于: 2016-07-21

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.

　　Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

　　Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.

　　Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works — yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

　　In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

　　1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with

　　[A] evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.

　　[B] comparing various critical approaches to a subject.

　　[C] discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.

　　[D] summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.

　　2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt

　　[A] evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.

　　[B] attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.

　　[C] explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.

　　[D] assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.

　　3. The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as

　　[A] pedantic and contentious.

　　[B] critical but admiring.

　　[C] ironic and deprecating.

　　[D] argumentative but unfocused.

　　4. The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT:

　　[A] rhetorical questions.

　　[B] specific examples.

　　[C] comparison and contrast.

　　[D] definition of terms.

　　5. The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man most probably in order to

　　[A] point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.

　　[B] clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.

　　[C] qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.

　　[D] give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work.

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[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。通过阅读本文各段尤其是首段第一句和尾段第一句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“evaluating”(评价)一词的选项A。考生在解题时一定要注意段落的中心主旨句，以及每句话所表达的内含和作用。

　　2. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与反推题。从本题题干中的“would have been improved”可推断出考生要在原文中寻找到谈论某一方面“不足”的地方。尾段首句的“such omissions”(这样的忽略)暗示本题的答案信息来源应该在倒数第二段。通过仔细阅读和理解倒数第二段，可将本题的答案信息来源确定在倒数第二段的第二句。根据倒数第二段第二句的内容进行反推，就可得出本题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要具备利用上下段之间的关系迅速审题定位的能力，更要具备反推即逆向思维的能力。

　　3. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。从本题的题干可以看出本题的答案信息来源不局限于某一段或某一句，而是涉及全文的从头至尾。但是只要抓住全文的中心主旨句就可以得出本题的正确答案B。本文的中心主旨句是第一段的首句和尾段的首句。考生在解题时一定要抓住中心主旨句，并且对它们所表达的内容要进行分析和归纳。

　　4. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题型。本题型旨在考察考生的语言基本功。这是一道较难的题目。本题A、B、C所涉及的内容可分别在第三段的第二、三句、第四段的第三句以及第一段的第三句里找到。第一段的第三句涉及B和C两个选项。选项D“definition of terms”(给词语下定义)在原文中没有涉及，故本选项是正确答案。考生在解题时一定要注意英文中常见的写作手段。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道例(举)证题。通过题干中的“Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段的第二句，本句中的“like”(例如)一词暗示本题的正确选项应该是含有“specific example”的选项D。考生在解题时一定要注意原文中某些关键词的应用和理解。

　　[参考译文]

　　罗杰·罗森布莱特的著作《黑人小说》，试图运用文学的而不是社会政治的标准来研究黑人小说，这成功地改变了大多数早先研究的方法。如罗森布莱特所注意到的，黑人著作的评论经常被充当为一种阐述黑人历史的借口。例如，阿狄森·盖尔的最新著作，就用了公开的政治标准来判定黑人小说的价值，按照作品中所提出的黑人个体的各观念对每个作品进行评价。

　　虽然小说确实是源于政治环境，但作者反映这些环境的方法是非意识形态的，如把小说和故事的讨论作为意识形态的工具，则会忽视了许多小说的成就。罗森·布莱特对黑人文学的分析揭示了黑人小说著作间的密切关系和联系，而纯粹政治研究中忽视了这些联系。

　　然而写出为人所接受的黑人小说评论的前提是要对许多问题做出令人满意的回答。首先，除了这些作家的种族身份外，是否有充分的理由可将黑人作家的作品归于一类?其次，黑人小说如何将自己和其他现代小说分开?它们大半属于同一时代的作品。罗森布莱特的研究阐明了黑人小说已构成了一个与众不同的作品群体，它们具有可识别的、连贯的文学传统。着眼于最近八十年黑人创作的小说，罗森布莱特揭示了小说中与时代无关而反复出现的侧重点和布局。这些结构与主题相关，并不让人感到惊奇的是，它们源于这样一个中心事实，即小说中的黑人生存在一个白人文化支配的环境中，不管他们试图迎合这一文化还是反叛这一文化。

　　《黑人小说》确实对一些美学的问题没有给予回答，罗森布莱特的主题分析允许相当的客观性;他甚至直言，对各个作品的优劣判定不是他工作的意图 ——然而他的犹豫看起来是不合时宜的，尤其是因为尝试评定可能会导致一些有趣的结果。例如，一些小说所显示的结构散漫冗长。这是否是一个缺陷，或者是作者这样做是出于一种美学考虑，还是作者试图创造一种不同类的美学?另外，象金·图莫的《手杖》那样的黑人小说风格，近于表现主义和超现实主义;难道这个技巧只是用更自然主义的表现方式为表达流行的黑人英勇反抗命运的主题提供一个对应物吗?

　　尽管存在这些遗漏，罗森布莱特所做的包括他的讨论，已包括了足以构成精明而有价值的研究内容。《黑人小说》考察了广泛的小说，在此过程中我们的注意力被吸引到一些引人入胜但鲜为人知的作品上，如詹姆士·威尔顿·约翰逊的《一个曾是有色人的自传》。这本书的主题结构紧密，直率、明晰的风格例示了一种冷静而敏锐的文学评论。

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18楼发表于: 2016-07-22

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.

　　Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

　　But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

　　There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.

　　Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.

　　Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

　　This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

　　29. What is the passage mainly about?

　　[A]Needs of the readers all over the world

　　[B]Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers

　　[C]Origins of the declining newspaper industry

　　[D]Aims of a journalism credibility project

　　30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .

　　[A]quite trustworthy

　　[B]somewhat contradictory

　　[C]very illuminating

　　[D]rather superficial

　　31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their _________.

　　[A]working attitude

　　[B]conventional lifestyle

　　[C]world outlook

　　[D]educational background

　　32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_________.

　　[A]failure to realize its real problem

　　[B]tendency to hire annoying reporters

　　[C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting

　　[D]prejudice in matters of race and gender
名师解析

　　29. What is the passage mainly about? 本文主要讲的是什么?

　　[A]Needs of the readers all over the world. 全世界读者的需要。

　　[B]Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers. 造成公众对报纸失望的原因。

　　[C]Origins of the declining newspaper industry. 新闻业衰败的根源。

　　[D]Aims of a journalism credibility project. 新闻可信度项目的目标。

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】文章主旨题。

　　【分析】文章的第一句就提出了本文旨在说明的问题“为什么那么多的美国人不相信自己在报纸上读到的内容呢?”从第二段、第三段的内容来看，作者都在试图寻找造成公众对报纸失望的一个真正的根本性的原因。因此可以判断 [B] 为正确答案。 [A] 不正确，是因为它仅仅是新闻界的调查项目得到的一个结果而已。 [C] 和 [A] 相比较，还是 [A] 来得比较确切。 [C] 已经从文章主旨引申到别的项目上去了。 [D] 仅仅是为了查明原因而进行的一个调查项目而已。

　　30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .

　　新闻可信度项目的结果是。

　　[A]quite trustworthy 相当可信

　　[B]somewhat contradictory 有点矛盾

　　[C]very illuminating 非常有启发性

　　[D]rather superficial 相当肤浅

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】根据本题题干可以定位到第二段，文中指出“该项目最终所发现的原因大都是新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，以及许多关于读者到底想读些什么令人挠头的困惑”，在作者看来，这些发现大都是“低级的” (low-level) ，而真正的原因没有这么表面“ go way deeper ” ( 第三段首句中 ) 。因此可以判定是答案是 [D] 选项。

　　31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their _____.

　　作者描述的新闻记者的基本问题存在于他们的 _____ 。

　　[A]working attitude 工作态度

　　[B]conventional lifestyle 传统的生活方式

　　[C]world outlook 世界观

　　[D]educational background 教育背景

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】文章的解题点在文章的倒数第二段中“对新闻媒体的这种令人震惊的不信任的根源不在于报道失实或低下的报道技巧，而在于记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞”这句话。也就是说，作者的基本问题是“世界观”的问题。另外三个选项都不是最基本的问题。

　　32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its _________.

　　尽管很努力，新闻行业仍然不能满足读者的需要是因为其 _______ 。

　　[A]failure to realize its real problem 不能够认识到真正的问题

　　[B]tendency to hire annoying reporters 倾向于雇佣那些恼人的记者

　　[C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting 可能作出不准确的报道

　　[D]prejudice in matters of race and gender 在种族和性别方面的歧视

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】本题的解题点可以确定到最后一段。文中说他们“又举办许多研讨会，搞什么可信度项目，试图了解读者为什么对他们不满意，为什么大量流失。但是，对于那么多原来的顾客所不满的文化和阶级偏见，他们似乎就是没有看见”。由此我们可以看出，真正的原因是他们不能够意识到真正的问题所在，因此正确答案是 [A] 。

　　难句解析：

　　1. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

　　【结构分析】本句主干是“ this project has turned out to be…findings ”，“ mostly low-level ”是“ findings ”的定语。“ about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes ”是介宾短语做定语。“ combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want ”是一个过去分词引导的伴随状语，其中“ about what in the world those readers really want ”是“ puzzlement ”的定语。

　　2. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “ standard templates ” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.

　　【结构分析】主句是“ there+ 系表结构”。“ which ”引导一个非限定性定语从句，该词指代前面一句话。而在这个定语从句“ which helps explain why the ‘ standard templates ’ of the newsroom seem alien to many readers ”中，又出现一个“ why ”引导的宾语从句。

　　3. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

　　【结构分析】本句的主句中，“ it ”代表上文提到的“ a troubled business ”，即“备受困扰的新闻界”。“ now focused narrowly on race and gender ”是插入语，也是修饰“ program ”的定语。后面有两个并列谓语“ would open up ”和“( would ) look for ”。这里需要注意的就是一个意思上的问题，那就是“虽然报业也有多样性项目，招收不同的人当记者，但是这样的多样性仅仅局限于性别和种族，而报业需要多招收那些具有不同的人生观、教育以及来自于不同阶级的人”。

　　全文翻译：

　　为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上所读的东西?美国新闻编辑协会正试图回答这个令人痛苦的问题。该组织正在深入开展一个名为“新闻可信度项目”的长期自我剖析工程。

　　遗憾的是，这次项目只获得了一些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，以及许多关于读者到底想读些什么这样的令人挠头的困惑。

　　但这种不信任有更深刻的根源。多数新闻记者都学会用一套标准的模式去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件套入这种模式。换言之，在新闻采编室文化中存在着一套惯常的写作套路，为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主干框架和一个现成的故事叙述结构。

　　新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这有助于解释为什么新闻采编室的“标准模式”让众多读者看上去很陌生的原因。在最近一次调查中，问卷被送到了全国五座中等城市及一座大都市的记者手中，然后随机地给这些城市的居民打电话，询问他们同样的问题。

　　人们的回答表明，与其他美国人相比，新闻记者更有可能居住在高级社区，有女佣，有奔驰车，炒股，而去教堂，参加自愿服务，扎根某个社区的可能性却很小。

　　记者们往往属于广义的社会文化精英的一个部分，因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英传统的价值观。对新闻媒体的这种令人震惊的不信任的根源不在于报道失实或低下的报道技巧，而在于记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞。

　　这对任何一个工业产业来说都算是爆炸性的形势，对于一个正在衰落的行业来说尤其如此。这是一个备受困扰的行业，偏偏不停雇用那些因为其态度而极大惹恼客户的员工。然后它又出资组织许多研讨会和可信度调查项目，去探究为什么顾客们发火了，为什么会有那么多顾客流失了。但它似乎从来就没有时间去注意那么多老顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见。如果它能注意这个问题的话，就应该进一步开放其多样化项目 ( 这个项目现在还仅仅局限于不同种族和性别 ) ，进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者。

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19楼发表于: 2016-07-22

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family".

　　Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term "downshifting" has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “ have it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.

　　I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into “ downshifting ” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “ quality time ” .

　　In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting — also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” — has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out.

　　While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline ― after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’ 80s ― and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

　　For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life — growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one — as a personal recognition of your limitations.

　　37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?

　　[A]Full-time employment is a new international trend.

　　[B]The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.

　　[C] “ A lateral move ” means stepping out of full-time employment.

　　[D]The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.

　　38. The writer's experiment shows that downshifting _________.

　　[A]enables her to realize her dream

　　[B]helps her mold a new philosophy of life

　　[C]prompts her to abandon her high social status

　　[D]leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine

　　39. “ Juggling one's life ” probably means living a life characterized by _________.

　　[A]non-materialistic lifestyle

　　[B]a bit of everything

　　[C]extreme stress

　　[D]anti-consumerism

　　40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of _________.

　　[A]the quick pace of modern life

　　[B]man's adventurous spirit

　　[C]man's search for mythical experiences

　　[D]the economic situation
名师解析

　　37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?

　　根据第一段，下文哪一个是正确的?

　　[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.

　　全职工作是一个新的国际趋势。

　　[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.

　　作者因为环境所迫而辞职。

　　[C] “ A lateral move ” means stepping out of full-time employment.

　　“平级调动”指的是退出全职工作。

　　[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.

　　作者太渴望多花点时间来陪伴家人了。

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】根据第一段，当决定辞去自己的全职工作时作者绝对没有想到自己竟然变成了一种新的国际性潮流的一部分。作者写道“一次平行的调动伤了我的自尊，并阻碍了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业，就像面子扫尽的政府部长那样，我也掩饰自己的离开，以‘我想花更多的时间与家人待在一起’为借口”。因此我们可以得出结论，作者是“被迫离开的”。答案为 [B] 。第一句中所说的“新时尚”实际上指下文提到的“放松生活节奏”，因此 [A] 错误。 [C] 指的是平行调动，而不是退出工作。 [D] 仅仅是作者的一个借口。

　　38. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting _______.

　　作者的实验表明“放慢生活节奏” _______ 。

　　[A] enables her to realize her dream

　　使她能够实现她的梦想

　　[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life

　　帮助她塑造一种新的人生哲学

　　[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status

　　迫使她放弃了自己很高的社会地位

　　[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine

　　使她接受了《她》杂志的教义 ( 所倡导的生活观 )

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】根据题干可以定位到第二段第二句，作者这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏”的试验，却使自己老掉牙的借口变成了现实。作者已经从一个“占有一切”哲学 ( 琳达·凯茜过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的 ) 的狂热支持者，变成了一个乐于接受任何东西，凡事只要一丁点的女人。 [A] 不对，因为新的生活方式是从来没有想过的。 [C] 的错误在于她放弃很高的社会地位不是因为这个实验。 [D] 错在作者后来自己放弃了这一生活哲学。

　　39. “ Juggling one’s life ” probably means living a life characterized by _________.

　　“ Juggling one’s life ”这个词组指的是过一种 _________ 的生活。

　　[A]non-materialistic lifestyle 非物质主义生活方式

　　[B]a bit of everything 什么都有一点

　　[C]extreme stress 压力极大

　　[D]anti-consumerism 反消费主义

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】词义题。

　　【分析】根据“ juggle ”一词可以定位到文中第三段，文中提到放弃“ juggling your life ”的生活哲学，转而过一种“ downshifting ”的生活所带来的回报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。“ juggling your life ”和“ downshifting ”相对立，因此可以推断“ juggling one's life ”应该和第二段第二句中的“ having it all ”同义。根据第四段，“ downshifting ”本文指“过于简朴、自在的生活”，那么“ juggling one's life ”当指“紧张的生活方式”。 [A] 是“ downshifting ”的生活特点。 [B] 也是“ downshifting ”的生活特点。 [D] “反消费主义”与“自愿过简朴的生活”是一致的。仍然是“ downshifting ”的生活特点。

　　40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of _________.

　　根据本文，美国出现的“放慢生活节奏”是 ______ 的结果。

　　[A]the quick pace of modern life 现代生活的快节奏

　　[B]man’s adventurous spirit 人类的冒险精神

　　[C]man’s search for mythical experiences 人类寻求神秘经历的追求

　　[D]the economic situation 经济状况

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】之所以出现“ downshifting ”的生活方式，各国原因不一样，这一点在最后两段提到了。但是作者问的是美国的情况，而且用的“ emerge ”这个单词，因此可以认为答题点就是“在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应”。因此可以判断答案为 [D] 。

　　难句解析：

　　1. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “ I wanted to spend more time with my family ” .

　　【结构分析】本句的主句是“ a lateral move promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career ”。“ although ”引导一个让步状语从句。“ that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress ”是“ a lateral move ”的定语，“ in the manner of a disgraced government minister ”是插入语，表示方式。

　　2. Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “ downshifting ” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.

　　【结构分析】本句主干是“ my experiment has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality ”。注意其谓语是一个“ turn sth. into sth. ”的结构。“ some two-and-a-half years and two novels later ”是时间状语。“ what ”引导一个宾语从句。

　　3. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “ juggling your life ” , and making the alternative move into “ downshifting ” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

　　【结构分析】 “ I have discovered that abandoning…and making…brings with it far greater rewards… ”是句子主干。其中“ abandoning the doctrine of ‘ juggling your life ’ , and making the alternative move into ‘ downshifting ’”为宾语从句的主语，“ brings ”为谓语。“ as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress ”既是伴随状语，又是插入语，其主语为“ Kelsey ”，而“ after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress ”是本插入语中的时间状语。

　　全文翻译：

　　当决定辞去自己的全职工作时我绝对没有想到自己竟然变成了一种新的国际性潮流的一部分。一次平行的调动伤了我的自尊，并阻碍了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业，就像颜面丢尽的政府部长那样，我也掩饰自己的离开，说“我想花更多的时间与家人待在一起”。

　　奇怪的是，在大约两年半我写完两部小说后，我这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏”的试验，却使我老掉牙的借口变成了绝对的现实。我曾经是“占有一切”哲学 ( 琳达·凯茜过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的 ) 的狂热支持者，现在已经变成了什么都只要一点点的女人。

　　我已经发现——凯茜由于压力过大已多次公开宣称要辞去《她》杂志编辑的职务，在这之后她也许会有同样发现——放弃“耍弄生活”的生活哲学，转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。没有什么能够说服我再回到过去那种凯茜所宣扬的、我也很享受的生活中去。那个时候，工作日每天工作 12 小时，有压力很大的的最后期限，压抑的的办公室的政治，以及连做母亲也得“高效率”。

　　在美国，摆脱忙碌，转而过一种简单、不再那么物质化的生活已成确定趋势。具有讽刺意味的是，“放慢生活节奏”——在美国也称“自愿简单”——甚至孕育了一个崭新的、可称之为反消费主义的生活方式。对于那些想简单生活的人来说，有许多很畅销的的自助书籍帮你轻松生活;有各种简讯，例如省钱简报，会给美国人提供成千上万条有用的点子去做事，从回收保鲜膜到自制肥皂;甚至还有一些帮助团体，帮人按 90 年代中期脱离传统社会的人的生活方式去生活。

　　在美国，这种趋势出现之初是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应——出现于 80 年代后期缩小经济规模所引起的大量人员冗余之后——在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联，虽然如此，然而我们有着不同的缘由去寻求使自己的生活简单化。

　　对我们这一代女性来说，整个 80 年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活， 90 年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活——自己种有机蔬菜以及冒险进入一个仙境——倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限。

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