(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 h"M}Iz~|V?
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 e
2k!5OS
2)基本用法 =`Nnd@3v
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 IiS1ubNtZ
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , @ U:WWTzf
seldom等。例如: wzT+V,
The sun rises in the east. F2OU[Z,-]
He usually goes to work by bus. ZXe[>H
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 2mVH*\D
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 )6^b\`
如: v #IC
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. u;J9aKD
The project starts early this year. 9F ).i
There is a conference tonight. uWv l<{2
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: Z;SRW92@
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. $1#
|<|
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. BDD^*Y
2 、一般过去时 Ed.~9*m
1)构成:动词过去式 <@(HQuL#
2)基本用法
> ")%4@
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: (;V]3CtU*
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 Kx ?}%@
b
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: L)HuQVc g
He died five years ago. 6EP5n
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. gP^'4>Jr
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he =r:D]?8oC
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. %~ZOQ%c1
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. {(7C=)8):
3 、一般将来时 8!S="_
1)构成 ZsNUT4
will +动词原形 L}l
c=\
2)基本用法 }m\
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。
=y[eQS$
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. xAon:58m{
3)表示将来时的其他形式 {6a";Xj\e
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 }7wQFKME
明即将发生的事。例如: :X,1KR
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. /'!F \ kz
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 po\Q Me
可能性。例如: AIN_.=]"?
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. %~}9#0h)
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 &yp_wW-
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: Cq}LKiu
We're leaving on Friday. C(xdiQJh
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. ,d&~#W]
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: :
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e
He is about to retire. bUU_NqUf*3
4 、现在进行时 f.,S-1D]h
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 2{|
U
2)基本用法 V`G)8?% Vy
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: *^}(LoPZ
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. U43PHcv_
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. +p>tO\mo
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 AW%^Xt
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: > ~J&i3
He is constantly complaining about his job. vsRn\Y
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 6- s/
\
5 、现在完成时 D-69/3 PvP
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 6rq:jvlx$
2)基本用法 bX=A77
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 3K_J"B*7
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since (wo.OH
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: >#)^4-e
We’ve just back. :BNqr[=b
We have studied English for more than ten years. TMT65X!
He has lived here since 1995. >E^sZmY[f-
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. X8GIRL)lJ
Have you booked your hotel yet "6FZX~]s!
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 oDrfzm|[Y
(1)过去与现在的关系 ;mjk`6p
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 LeF Z%y)F
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 +A>>Ak|s
造成的影响。 "fU=W|lY
(2)时间状语不同 &l/2[>D%4
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, hV)D,oN3
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till SRRqIQz
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: .-awl1 W
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) AVF(YD<U
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 =e$<["
开着的。) YNRpIhb
6 、过去进行时 6c$ so
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 #.'0DWT\-
2)基本用法 wqk D
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: nQy.?*X
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. G3
rTzMO
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. 3"NO"+
Q
7 、过去完成时 l=GcgxD+"d
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 o^&u?F9
2)基本用法 Vzn0;
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 7jL+c~
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: ywTt<;
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ;h<(vc3@f
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. bA!n;
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. }E0~'
8 、过去将来时 !}[}YY?',i
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 `u$
Rd
2)基本用法 X'Q?Mh
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 <`rmQ`(}s
时的宾语从句中。例如: P{fT5K|
He said he would stop smoking next month. `?E|frz[
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. { R
H&mu
9 、将来完成时 v3O+ ;4
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 -<H\VT%98
2)基本用法 Z.'
j7(tu
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: v=5H,4UMA
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. 9^;Cz>6s
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. |ecK~+
10 、现在完成进行时 kb3>q($
1)构成 ,2oF t\`.r
2)基本用法 6$/Z.8
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 mxD]`F
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 dhrh "x_?:
状语连用。例如: ;>
hRj!
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. # dA
9v7
He has been studying English for years. zVt1Ta:j
He has been playing computer games since early morning. `A
\,$(q+
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
#zmt x0
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: ?vt#M^Q
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) o8 _))
They have built a ship.(已完成) M>qqe! c*
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) C
WBlDz
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! w#6)XR|+,.
(表达不满情绪) 5
w-Pq&q
II. 动词的语态 F$/7X~*
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 B]2m(0Y>>v
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: i~3\jD=<
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 !$u:[T_8
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called ,V^2
Oa
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called :$6m
S[@|
将来 shall/will be lA{JpH_Y8s
called B4@1WZn<8
------ shall/will have been called X9
N4
应注意的事项: MJ"@
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 VLPPEV-u
He was beat severely by the gunman. gmqA 5W~y
The cup was broken by Tom. 'XJqh|G
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 &|-jU+r}B
或副词。例如: *I:a\o~$[
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. j>
8S,b=%
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. "D,}|
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 r2%Qk
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: %i6/=
'u
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) Pm7lP5
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) IM$ d~C
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) 1%$t;R
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 `pb=y}
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: `]`S"W7&
We were made to work twelve hours a day. 1l5'N=
hL
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. DHg)]FQ/
5) 表示被动的其他形式: A("\m>g$b
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: CwM1
_3cE
She got her purse stolen. wpWZn[j
I must get my hair cut. `_()|; !y
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 tkYPfUvTE
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: 5g%D0_e5
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. ( Sjlm^bca
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. "8p<NsU
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, :q >)c]
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: "S+AkLe(
The book sells very well. bE,#,
The parachute opens easily. =Fc}T
%
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: "574%\#4z
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; eiCmd
=O7
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 !LQzf(s;