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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 ?"@ET9  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 ~yN(-I1P  
2)基本用法 aBCOGtf  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 h Z# \t  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , fjkT5LNx k  
seldom等。例如: szn%wZW  
The sun rises in the east. z1vni'%J  
He usually goes to work by bus. -~'kP /E^  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. ^@ UjQ9[>  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 m9g^ -X  
如: f)tc4iV  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. 7sN0`7  
The project starts early this year. ")\ *2d  
There is a conference tonight. !'PlDGD  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: 7+S44)w}~  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 2^bgC~2C1  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. ^=#!D[xj>  
2 、一般过去时 (v|`Lm V  
1)构成:动词过去式 "sIN86pCs  
2)基本用法 &O{t^D)F  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: .ftUhg  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 WV~SL/k|   
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: M[vCpa  
He died five years ago. @_uFX!;  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. W#C q6N  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he *hl<Y,W(  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. k^yy$^=<  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ^X(_zinN"  
3 、一般将来时 :`j"Sj !t3  
1)构成 YL!oF^XO  
will +动词原形 Y/!0Q6<[2Y  
2)基本用法 95% :AQLV  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 aEZJNWv  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. @+Pf[J41  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 5\5~L  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 I>8 Bc  
明即将发生的事。例如: C!I\G h  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. <|wmjW/ D  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 ),z,LU Yf  
可能性。例如: hkL w&;WJr  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. : hi$}xHa  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 F}\[eFf[  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: jeyaT^F(   
We're leaving on Friday. 8g&uE*7N  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. 1. xw'i  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ;9 R40qi  
He is about to retire. >E{#HPpBi  
4 、现在进行时 9eksCxFg  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 5 ,g$|,Shv  
2)基本用法 =]6_{#Z<  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: vs* _;vx  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. F&-5&'6G+  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. b 49|4   
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 }P7xdQ6  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: R?i-"JhW  
He is constantly complaining about his job. xy2eJJq  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. #I cT @(  
5 、现在完成时 )3d:S*ly  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 bi,rMgW  
2)基本用法 0^_)OsFA  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 PLl x~A  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since <L[  *hp  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: 9~*_(yjF  
We’ve just back. rGP? E3  
We have studied English for more than ten years. jFK9?cLT  
He has lived here since 1995. xQcMQ{&;  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. }6b7a1p  
Have you booked your hotel yet `3H?*\<(  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 Bil;@,Z#  
(1)过去与现在的关系 X,Q 6  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 _r^G%Mvy|  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 RJ7/I/yD|  
造成的影响。 1L(Nfkh  
(2)时间状语不同 !~VR|n-  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, Ynt&cdK9  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till 5Od(J5`  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: }*{\)7g  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) P+D|_3j  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 Mf,Mcvs  
开着的。) *]DJAF]  
6 、过去进行时 2Q;Y@ %G  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 (urfaZ;@+  
2)基本用法 *RqO3=  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: !SD [6Z.R  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. UO7a}Tz<  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. d5Eee^Qu/  
7 、过去完成时 zMHf?HQ-Z  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 M<|~MR  
2)基本用法 \!4ghev3  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 9_CA5?y$:  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: |rms[1<_  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning Duo#WtC  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. v"?PhO/{=  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. P*qNRP%  
8 、过去将来时  [laL6  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 MjF.>4  
2)基本用法 86) 3XE[ 5  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 m@ 'I|!^  
时的宾语从句中。例如: @|*Z0bn'  
He said he would stop smoking next month. /x"pj3  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. "x)pp  
9 、将来完成时 DF&jZ[##  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 N<i Vs  
2)基本用法 /dP8F  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: zR/p}Wu|!  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. '[ddE!ta  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. 1V9X(uP  
10 、现在完成进行时 F~ - S3p  
1)构成 N55=&-p  
2)基本用法 i:Ct6[  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 @p'v.;~#  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 y&I|m  
状语连用。例如: n|`):sP  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. ~v,KI["o  
He has been studying English for years. 8`*9jr  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. ~q%9zO'  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 <{).x 6  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: /gy:#-2Gy  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) <TROs!x$a  
They have built a ship.(已完成) Xm[r#IA  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) GB0b|9(6D"  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! 8'\,&f`Y  
(表达不满情绪) ?GfA;O  
II. 动词的语态 ?m7"G)  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 xla^A}{  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: {3uSg)  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 iOXP\:mPo  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called oK1[_ko|  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called -&$%m)wN  
将来 shall/will be K?m:.ZM  
called p00Bg o  
------ shall/will have been called M !XFb  
应注意的事项: Br^b%12ZRS  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 {O oNhN9  
He was beat severely by the gunman. n#'',4f  
The cup was broken by Tom. )Nd:PnA  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 TB[2!ZW  
或副词。例如: s H[34gCh;  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. M#2U'jy  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. jCv+m7Z  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 %4^/.) Q  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: pr89zkYw  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) a~EEow;A  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) p6\9H G  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) *,*5sV  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 r+Cha%&D  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: ne*aC_)bT  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. oh~Dbu=%  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. RIc<  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: !]T|=yw  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: >Cc$ P  
She got her purse stolen. lV="IP^7  
I must get my hair cut. 7s i.]  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 y +vcBuX  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: ]F#kM211  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. q=(wK&  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. @gk[sQ\O  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 5G[^ah<Tg  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: pDfF'jt9  
The book sells very well. =T6\kz9)`  
The parachute opens easily. .YbD.{]D  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: Jy$-)  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; $]86w8?-N  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 tO$M[P=b  
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