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一、代词 L
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代词中主要讲解六个问题 _IJPZ'Hr
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 @
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主格、宾格、所有格 [@Y<:6
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) m`!C|?hu
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(二) 反身代词 =s`\W7/;{-
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 6%Ap/zvCZ>
He killed himself. (他自杀了) %1fH-:c=C0
He killed him. (他杀了他) YXx
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating 9,=3D2x&
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a series of indicators that could help ;}{xpJ/
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themselves to predict earthquakes. %E Jv!u*-
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 S(Md
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Q{6Bhx *>
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 [<P(S~J
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 z?`&HU Nf
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies uc9t0]o=h
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the @G< J+pm
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Pacific. Lbk?( TL
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 1 zIFQ@
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 lR[[]Yn
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: j|"#S4IX)F
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 fH?e9E4l
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined eAN]*:]g
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the word“normalcy”to express social and !Kr|04Qp#x
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economic conditions they promised the nation. QPf*!E
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 f*KNt_|:
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important @NlE2s6a
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John gSQq
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Keats, published the year of her death. Rd~-.&
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ^=:e9i3u
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(四) Who和which的区别 AsJN~<0h
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 &nkYJi(!
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 U;QTA8|!&
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 6'CZfs\
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. *R1m=
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ~I[Z2&I
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 KMC]<
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(五) that和which的区别 pQv`fr
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介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 k4:$LFw@
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it t;005]'Mp
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. !p$HS0c
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 dH:z_$Mg
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 x\(@v
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, >YG1sMV-J
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when c;siMWw;
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. NGQBOV
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which P?|F+RoX$
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly ]q!,onJ
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. yM* CA,(c
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 Pw c)u&
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has C8ss6+k&
affected the way people in the United States----. vh+ '
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(A) living and working #63)I9>
(B) they live and work R=Qa54
(C) live and work w3,DsEXu
(D) to live and to work * AsILK0
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 wWq(|"
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二、介词 ,orq*Wd
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 <HYK9{Q
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(一) 介词搭配 1=U(ZX+u
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ;Gf,I1d}{
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. @^q|C&j
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 "6^~-`O
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. "pZvV0'
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分析:B错改为be rich in a,$v; s/
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ~ShoU
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. MC'2;,
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 wSV}{9}wr%
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 HpXQD;
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 uT
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. ^i"~6QYE
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 <2.87:
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has `F(ghC
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on uc~/l4~N
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean.
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 Y3 V9
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2、介词by TXWYQ~]3w
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by S-
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另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing i"_@iN0N
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States K*/X{3 J;
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. pYBY"r
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 ]ZI ?U<0
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils uE=pq<
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to -Pt']07E
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supply moccasins and field rations. L60Sc
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 n#
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with \2^_v'
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements ?.~hex#M@
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that are often represented at symbols. [B1h0IR
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 JW2~
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三、谓语动词 _qp^+
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 +d289"
①、主谓分割原则 ',l}$]y5
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, -RBH5+SS2
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. OaF[t*]D3
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 3q)y;T\yW
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②、与后者一致原则 ,xOOR
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, =2&