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主题 : 该错题常考要点
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 h% BA,C  
一、代词 L DD^X@q  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 _IJPZ'Hr  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 @ ^oOXc,r$  
  主格、宾格、所有格 [@Y<:6  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) m`!C|?hu  
`T2RaWR4=  
(二) 反身代词 =s`\W7/;{-  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 6%Ap/zvCZ>  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) %1fH-:c=C0  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) YXx aD@  
cUssF%ud]  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  9,=3D2x&  
    A                 B    4`5jq)  
  a series of indicators that could help ;}{xpJ/  
             C      k L2(M6m  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. %E Jv!u*-  
    D | Zx  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 S(Md  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Q{6Bhx *>  
)K.~A&y@  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 [<P(S~J  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 z?`&HU Nf  
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies uc9t0]o=h  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the @G< J+pm  
     A   B      C          D |SC^H56+  
  Pacific. Lbk?( TL  
^T`)ltI]V  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 1 zIFQ@  
.w3.zZ0[  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 lR[[]Yn  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: j|"#S4IX)F  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 fH? e9E4l  
DdDO.@-Z  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined eAN]*: ]g  
                       A   |k$^RU<OF  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and !Kr|04Qp#x  
             B \}Fx''  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. QP f*!E  
   C       D Wr H7tz  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 f*KNt_|:  
zu}oeAQc$  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important @NlE2s6a  
        A     7/QQ&7+NkS  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John  gSQq  
   B        C      |}N -5U  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  Rd~-.&   
      D GlkTpX^b  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ^=:e9i3u  
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!h3 $C\  
(四) Who和which的区别 AsJN~<0h  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 &nkYJi(!  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 U;QTA8|!&  
A+P9M \u.  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 6'CZfs\  
              A            B xR;>n[ 6  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight.  *R1 m=  
   C                  D BSt^QH-'  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ~I[Z 2&I  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 KMC]<  
6;s.%W  
(五) that和which的区别 pQv`fr =  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 k4:$LFw@  
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it t;005]'Mp  
              A        B x(oL\I_Z  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. !p$HS0c  
      C              D }-YM>q  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 dH:z _$Mg  
:/YHU3~Y  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 x\( @ v  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, >YG1sMV-J  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when c;siMWw;  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world.  NGQBOV  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which P?|F+RoX$  
)~W 35  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly ]q!,onJ  
              A         B   +xoh=m  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. yM* CA,(c  
         C      D J,N='~kfh  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 Pw c)u&  
F)fCj^ zL  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  C8ss6+k&  
  affected the way people in the United States----. vh+ ' W  
   (A) living and working #63)I9>  
   (B) they live and work R=Qa54  
   (C) live and work w3,DsEXu  
   (D) to live and to work * AsILK0  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 wWq(|"  
?a)X)#lQ  
二、介词 ,orq&#*Wd  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 <HYK9{Q  
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(一) 介词搭配 1=U(ZX+u  
*\gS 2[S  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ;Gf,I1d}{  
    A         B   C      I`e$U  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. @^q|C&j  
                D YgiLfz iT  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 "6^~-` O  
<[*%d~92z  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. " pZvV0'  
A       B     C  D L>trLD1pt  
分析:B错改为be rich in a,$v;s/  
GbFtX\s+5j  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ~ShoU m[  
    A         B      C hq[:U?!Tt  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. MC'2;,  
             D {pWb*~!k  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 wSV}{9}wr%  
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 HpXQ D;  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 uT Z#85L `  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. ^i"~6QYE  
          A      B  C     D LMGo8%2I  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 <2.87:  
tyI !y~-z  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has `F(ghC  
                 A  B     Rfx}[!<{N  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on uc~/l4~N  
      C av8\?xmo.$  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 23(j<  
      D vvi[+$M  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 Y3 V9  
 fOUW{s  
2、介词by TXWYQ~]3w  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by S - N [  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing i"_@iN0N  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States K*/X{3J;  
    A         B       + g*s%^(E  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. pYBY"r  
   C     D llE_-M2gH  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 ]ZI ?U<0  
e[ ($rsx  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils uE=pq<  
   A                      Chs#}=gzi  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to -Pt']07E  
     B    C       D IQ] tcSQl  
   supply moccasins and field rations. L60Sc  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 n# 4e1n+I  
+M{A4nYY|1  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with \2^_v' >K  
        A                w|G4c^KH  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements ?.~hex#M@  
        B          C   ,3,(/%=k  
  that are often represented at symbols. [B1h0IR  
              D aWk1D.  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 JW2~ G!@  
三、谓语动词 _qp^+  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 + d289"  
①、主谓分割原则 ',l}$]y5  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, -R BH5+SS2  
     A     \1f&D !F]b  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. OaF[t*]D3  
        B      C      D u}(K3H3  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 3q)y;T\yW  
+'ADN!(B_  
②、与后者一致原则 ,xOOR   
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, =2&Sw(6j  
not only…but also 8-geBlCE,  
/s[D[:P_  
D:.1Be`Tv  
③、与前者一致原则 cz.,QIt_  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, >!BZ>G2  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 i "GCm`  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and yr[HuwU  
     A      B  C     %Q.|qyq  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. ?Vo/mtbY5X  
         D 0UN65JBuD  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is K0-AP $  
a[hQ<@1O  
④、就近原则 `CqF&b  
or, either…or, neither…nor, CZ|h` ";P2  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are R$M>[Kjn  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is -esq]c%3  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 q 7aH=dhw  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 kx6-8j3gD7  
DEN (pA\  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are jrLV\(p  
        A      B        t(r}jU=qw  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. Tp&7CNl|  
    C              D / PTk296@  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 +xojnv  
vfpK|=[7o  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 WEsX+okj  
There are five apples that are red. %?i~`0-:n%  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 h$2lO^  
vi~NfD@s  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets BaXf=RsZ  
      A            [ *W l=  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. !6pE0(V^+4  
   B   C    D W_Eur,/`  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 &+Yoob]P  
u[+/WFH  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 XTS%:S  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. hVf;{p &  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 <)9dTOdd  
tEjT$`6hp  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 p?e-`xs  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: HqoCl  
a. there be 句型 3}gf %U]L  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 z=pGu_`2  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 MVXy)9q  
,;k`N`#'  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. tL}_kK_!  
   A     B      C    D    .V.ga2+  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is iiD }2y b  
XI7:y4M  
K</="3 HK  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific *7UDTgY  
             A     B     j*#k%;c  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 wLOS , =  
     C         Ot([5/K  
  miles in width. Dh.pH1ZY3n  
     D  ,*j@Zb_r  
分析:倒装句,are改为is Y7WU4He L  
&hSF  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and Bl*.N9 *  
   A    B       C         ^;mnP=`l[  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film xY$@^(Q\  
                    D %W,V~kb  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. uG{/yJeU  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 DxJY{e9  
'q, L*  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 SeIL   
fifty percent of + 名词 K } TSwY  
one percent of + 名词 TT3\c,cs  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: #!R=h|  
  one percent of my students + are Lu9`(+  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. Rs;Y|W4'  
B f"L;L  
这里要强调两个结构 j5V{,lf  
half of =fifty percent B'!I{LC  
most of + 可数名词 + are \3 M%vJ  
most of + 不可数名词+ is ;QqC c!b  
}E&48$0h  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been #Z1 <lAy  
   A       B         C   MoMxKmI  
  found in central and eastern Canada. Y:4 /06I  
           D 9Je+|+s]  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 6![}Jvu>  
lOu&4Kq{g  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized W~d^ *LZt  
                 A   B  !]2`dp\!  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. :XCRKRDLE  
              C     D \CVrLn;}  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 \<Di |X1  
B(,j*,f  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 A!IZIT5)m  
①、主要考察时间状语 <P0&!yN  
;(Kj-,>  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. s>ohXISB[  
   A        B  C     D HL~DIC%  
Uj twOv|pF  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was QW= X#yrDO  
h4N&Yb fo  
|^C3 5 6M>  
②、For和since的区别 )| 0(#R  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 :YM1p& |fS  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 m e2$ R>@  
  I has been a teacher for three years.  Dgm"1+  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. b0uWUI(=  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 H/$oGhvl  
grTwo  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became g4}K6)@  
   A      B              :aWC6"ik-W  
  the primary responsibility of the president. l,:> B-FV  
     C    D *_/n$& I%&  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 O]80";Uv  
yt#~n _  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of gzEcdDD  
             A  B  C   "Zu>cbE  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 9@wmngvM*Y  
            D >(C5&3^  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 f  J+  
wG X\ub#!  
Tzr'3m_  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  lD6PKZ\RIj  
   A       B        C     D Ah_0o_Di  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live BQL](Y "  
495A\8#  
(三) 谓语的语态 ?6//'bO:%  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 E^? 3P'%^  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: bFsJqA.A  
①、prove RKb (  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 q+W* ?a)  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; Qq3UC%Z1  
#]z_pp:  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming M?QX'fia  
                      A   l(d3N4iz  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be Yz ? 8n  
    B                  C TV~S#yg+H  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 0N):8`dY  
                  D tf6 Zz[  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 B~2M/&rM\  
j.+ }Z |  
0ni/!}YP_  
②、Locate,Situate -YY@[5x?u  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 4D sHUc6  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 /ommM  
这两个词也可以用作被动 R})b%y`]  
  My school was located near the river. Zx)gLD d  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 nJY3 1(p  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. ;@H:+R+(  
   (A)locates UeU`U  
   (B)locating Ch73=V   
   (C)to locate ["sm7yQ  
   (D)is located Q-Oj%w4e  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 hkx(r5o  
Q:8t1ZDo  
③、表示需要概念的动词 2*a5pFkb  
need, want, require等 gjn1ha"h%.  
"x O+  
My watch needed repairing UdcrX`^.  
My watch needed to be repaired. yaY JmhG  
$ EexNz  
④、表示人的情感的动词 *M'/z=V?%  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 ;e$YM;;d  
xB5QM #w\  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 $'3'[Nr(;t  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 A~H@ 0>1  
C4)m4r%  
主动和被动技巧总结: :Z+J t=;  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 >1$Vh=\OI  
.JV y}^Q\  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the V/ BU(`~i  
                 A      }WHq?  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, v(zfq'^%`  
                 B +asO4'r  
  power structures, and flood-control works along !,R=6b$E5  
                    C Xn02p,,  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. 9ePom'1f1  
                D >L433qR  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 k|^`0~E  
0<+eN8od.  
四、非谓语动词 EAlLxXDDh  
i5gNk)D  
(一) 分词 5YYBX\MV  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 L;v.X'f  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ZFs xsg^r  
1Cw HGO  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ?_eHvw  
   A E] rBq_S  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. gBOF#"-  
     B      C            D ?}#Iu-IA  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning 7"1]5\p^g  
L%+mD$@u  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 $laUkD#vz  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in e'->Sg  
      A               B   ^I) +u>fJ  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. ]n3!%0]\  
               C         D =_CH$F!U  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living wF3 MzN=%  
KDb`g}1Q  
1iqgVby  
一些动词后面必须用doing y+KAL{AGK  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 yCN?kH G  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, MGY0^6yK5  
 advocate, suggest |a %Wd  
 delay, quit '8[; m_S  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, wB&5q!{!  
 avoid, escape(逃避) S&QXf<v  
 spend+名词+doing; t7Mq>rFB  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing 6b9J3~d\E  
.h\Py[h<^  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their (][-()YV  
   A     B    C              D x P/q[7>#Q  
  crops. \+=`o .2  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 q;UGiB^(A  
_3< P(w{  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, >|yP`m   
               A        B #Ge_3^'  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. ^bP`Iv  
        C          D x,zYNNx5g  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing lQBE q"7$  
`'&mO9,<-  
(二) 不定式 MTKNIv|  
A. 动词不定式的省略 (\!?>T[En  
①、help后面可以省略to )WInPW  
  help do lfre-pS+  
  help sb. to do *ra>Kl0   
cpALs1j:  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid \P")Eh =d  
              A      B   [`s0 L#  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. a(=lQ(v/?  
         C     D - jCj_@n  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 B\e*-:pq>  
}WaZ+Mdg\  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 9x|`XAB  
  make, 8A .7q  
  let, d~QM@<SV  
  have sb. do sth MkL2I+*  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. U$~6V%e  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians DBL@Mp[<  
        A               B o-7{\%+M  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. p6K~b  
   C     D K@{0]6  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know nc\`y,>l8  
8'jt59/f  
③、感官动词 2l+L96  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe nq8XVT.m^\  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 2#sFY/@  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 pGjwI3_K  
",D!8>=s  
8FMxn{k2  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 jH!;}q  
(1)表示第一人 6p*X8j3pW  
the first woman to do sth. c:u*-lYmK%  
^4+NPk  
(2)表示迫使的动词 6QCV i  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do J8p;1-C"  
ndzADVP  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis Um{) ?1  
     A                 B    xc 1d[dCdp  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. q+9->D(6  
       C           D bs?\ )R5/  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 8wvHg_U6W  
2HmK['(  
V [g^R*b  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 5\C(2naf  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 I3Z?xsa@Z  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 %W\NYSm  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 S',h*e  
  be apt to do r=0PW_r:  
5>.ATfAsV  
(4)表示目的的名词, <<u]WsW{C  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 QUn!& 55  
固定的句式: m;l[flQ~  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. +;lDU}$  
the objective 目标 E > GmFw  
aim XXum2eA  
goal mc%. 8i  
reason理由 s 0Uid&qE  
function功能 f&4+-w.:V|  
intension意图 @y7KP$t  
F t11?D B  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing 1[O cZ CS  
                       A  5X)QW5A  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. z@3gNY&7.8  
           B          C     D !9PAfi?  
分析:the function to provide, A错 ^6kl4:{idE  
k1xx>=md|C  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure j% 7Gje[  
                  A       #Mn?Nn  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds w/o^OjwQ  
     B  Y+Z+ Y)K  
  that make up various components of a living cell. hbJy<e1W  
    C    D !9 kNL  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 vw!7f|Pg ~  
,= ApnNUgX  
(5) 其他同根名词 q;nAq%  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 4bGvkxZo`$  
 attempt to do 企图 fDns r" T  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 S y <E@1  
 ambition, e_epuki  
 be ambitious to do  02;'"EmP$  
 effort >l)x~Bkf$j  
,^c-}`!K  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ,0h{RZKw  
  A                    B   jW8ad{  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. N* Q*>q  
          C       D >x6\A7  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 k8st XW-w  
K\Q4u4DjbJ  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great -FZNk}  
  A                   B   F%y#)53g  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. &&<l}E  
       C            D I/St=-;  
分析:efforts to register, C错 &?QKWxN  
*y<eK0  
 -V2`[k  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 ?H_@/?  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 V_$<^z|  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. *^[6uaa  
x4kQG e(  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 NKFeND  
I am glad to see you. #s\yO~F-  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. 6W YVHG  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. =jm\8sl~~  
w]xr ~D+  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 b (@GKH"W  
It is difficult to decide. ^2BiMH3j  
oc-&}R4=  
imM# zy  
五、句子的结构 X*7VDt=  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 :/PxfN5  
"+O/OKfR0  
(一) 主语的重复 [C-FJ>=S  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 - 8"K|ev  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any *=O3kUoL  
          A      B      >u0XV"g$  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the \goiW;b  
          C          D d7X7_  
  League of Nations. QaE!?R  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 )J yB  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson >U\P^yU  
pR2U&OA  
S Cn)j:gH;  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are -e"kJd&V  
        A        B  yoieWnL}  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. keQRS+9  
    C         D M 'X,7hZ  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 +S#Xm4  
/`#JM  
(二)谓语的重复 NTK9`#SA  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 mss.\  
][//G|9  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  XCyb[(4  
    A            B    &>Z;>6J,  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. vaVV 1  
         C   D +_*iF5\  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 !"hzGgOOX  
#Rs5W  
(三)谓语的缺少 q JtLJ<=1  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body !lZ}kz0  
          A     B    F]N?_ bo  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. ,|#biT-<T  
         C               D eQ[}ALIq  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 5w~J"P6jg  
sUiO~<Ozpk  
(四)主句的重复 _T805<aUW\  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 oRg ,oy  
s`v$r,N0  
M U '-  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite QWt3KW8)  
      A         B        C   Ll#W:~  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. xd"+ &YT  
     D L0{ [L  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 ru1^. (W2  
{ +Wknm%  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow v<(+ l)Ln  
        A   B       PAC=LQn&  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ])?h ~  
      C    D GlC(uhCpV  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 7j#Ix$Ur  
!4Sd^"  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided i]@k'2N  
   A                     B   #3RElI  
  names for towns, only George Washington COBjJ3  
      C \;Q!}_ K  
  is remembered in the name of a state. ) jM-5}"  
          D .*W7Z8!e  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 d{B0a1P  
六、比较级和最高级 t56PzT'M  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 \O,yWyU4  
}5 $le]  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 TT#V'r\  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 497l2}0  
      A               0~DsA Ua  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. S+^hK1jL  
     B       C           D !tx.2m*5  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 ![]6| G&  
4/ q BD  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ;'[?H0Jw'  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. %t74*cX  
     A      B     C  D fwUF5Y  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 `/i/AZ{  
1L?W+zMO  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere v v5rA 6+  
     A       B     C   D o,0 Z^"|  
  is the grizzly bear. g1l:k1\Ht  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 Q+_z*  
mGmZ}H'{  
zx+}>(U\U  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 f3.oc9G  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 <'hoN/g  
Bw[#,_  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 4TiHh  
   A           B  $d.Dk4.ed  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. H_1&>@ 3  
   C                 D qc3,/JO1  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 0| =y#`;,Z  
/pLf?m9  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 6 lEv<)cC  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as GI:! ,9  
\E05qk_;K  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 fy&u[Jd{  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 M}=>~TA@  
the taller boy A2P.5EN  
2)QZYgfh  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 sEL0h4  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed zq3f@xOK  
          A            B "Rtt~["%  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is Ufor>  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. P1Iy >%3  
    C          D )?6%d  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they z;N`jqo   
s<3M_mt  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 J*Cf1 D5!  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, tv: mjS  
  A  B         C     #n|eq{fkK  
  the Navajos form largest group. Ya!PV&"Z  
         D L2%D$!9  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 /`y^z"!  
LIyb+rH#yg  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, )FfS7 C\.  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language W"A3$/nq^  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the z 8#{=e  
D^f;X.Qm  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many 4VC8#x1  
            A      B         C Ies` !W^  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 5%@~"YCo  
            D VS_I'SPPIc  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ni<\ AF] `  
nu2m5RYx  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the l701$>>  
例如:my best friends = U[$i"+  
2NB $(4/  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial [Ov/&jD"  
            A    B     C z$M-UxY  
  and banking center. J]Rh+@r.  
        D m SO7r F  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 .;(a;f+{;  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ,)VAKrSg  
G+I->n-s4  
_c(h{dn  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary XdnpL$0  
                 A         _p^Wc.[~M  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. J.O{+{&cd  
    B   C     D ZQ' |B  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 0vMKyT3 c  
NW&2ca  
七、平行结构 Tz 0XBH_  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 |C0!mU  
w?Cho</Xu  
m9\~dD  
(一) 对等连接词 Zb'a+8[  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 aEun *V^,  
单一式: and, or ,but }VHvC"   
相关式: both…and, not … but, 9Sl5jn  
     either …or, neither…nor I$XwM  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as 2+*o^`%4P  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, BA8!NR|  
没有so...as... Tr;&bX5]H  
between…and, '?LqVzZI  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also IOJLJ p  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, {s6hi#R>  
JbN,K  
短语式: as well as \6pQ&an  
     rather than (而不是) `BaJ >%|  
     other than (除…之外) czB),vooz  
     instead of (代替) z(#dL>d$'  
Qo*OC 9E`  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 >gl.ILo  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  y I[kaH"J  
       A     B   RVF<l?EI4R  
  but he is now living in Detroit. 6y"T;.FAo  
       C   D M<Y{Cs  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 p }Bh  
WHu[A/##']  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics [fs.D /  
       A         B B3I0H6O  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford Y^XZ.R  
  remained active in city and regional planning. =NWzsRl,  
          C    D  r?pN-x$M=  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 Pjq()\/[Z  
(二)平行的内容 Pj5:=d8z(  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 6H;\Jt  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of +,)Iv_Xl$  
             A         B   R?Ch8mW.!  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, 6zGeGW  
         C            D hE'>8{  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. OU*skc>  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 mILCC} K t  
z+^9)wg9  
U? ;Q\=>  
第二、名词单复数的平行 L^2wEF  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 4y $okn\}i  
hW\'EJ  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, /2 qxJvZ  
  A     B          C   vorb?iVf>  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. y`cL3 xr4R  
                 D   OD?y  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。  gOp81 )  
gRZ!=z[&  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ;Q[E>j?w=  
                   A         B Qz$Wp*  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. !yz3:Yz u  
      C          D 0;%\L:,O  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have x6vkd%fCj  
Q v},X~^R  
第三、时态的平行 jPg[LZQ'  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated TjpAJW@-  
                A     ${97G#  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops 8L`wib2  
                   B %2beoH'  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. 9MbF:  
          C    D 0;w84>M  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 \JP9lJ3<  
.m xc ~  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 2Ic)]6z R  
  spread from its home in Central America and e'fo^XQn[  
  now grows throughout the tropics. GxE`z6%[  
   (A) to be    (B) it   +hs:W'`%  
   (C) the     (D) its u_*y~1^0  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? D"{%[;J  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow d^"|ESQEU  
$]a*ZHd;2&  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- X#X/P  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. }x_:v!G  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised .EjjCE/v-  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised %V(U]sbV  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 W>[TFdH?  
w; :{  
第四、排列位置的平行 :2~2j- m  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. ^ JU#_  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode HYNpvK  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  qI[AsM+  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes LVy (O9g  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes 8w~X4A,  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 Krr51` hZH  
c Hnd gUW]  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: <JW %h :\t  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 -r[O_[g w  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 $7p0<<Nck  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 ^j1i CL!  
^>z+e"PQA  
八、词序的颠倒 ?VyiR40-Cx  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 $;)A:*e  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 PE6ZzxR|U<  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage P[H 4Yp  
              A    B        x(:alG%#  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. 5+/XO>P1m|  
      C       D    A!a.,{fZ  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 +,eF(VS!  
RuOse9  
x, 'KI?TyQ  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 35fj-J$8  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only Qgq VbJP"  
          A      B     5$*=;ls>J  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. ZD<e$PxxCd  
    C         D 3WPZZN<K9  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 iVb7>d9}  
c(s: f@ 1  
id>2G %Tx  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 2 yRUw  
w[u>*I  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were  \ns} M3  
          A   B     C   :\%ZTBLL  
  in what is now the United States. i`!>zl+D  
    D QGnUPiD^  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 lXutZ<S[  
wjHH%y  
所有的系动词分为三大类: w$jSlgUHy)  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, "XU)(<p  
    is, remain, keep, stay, $Q=S`z=  
    lie, exit(表示位于) .cr<.Ov  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 {gB9EGY  
    become, turn, grow, 6U1_Wk?   
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) jEL"Q?#  
{v2[x W  
第三种,感官动词 `KieN/d%  
    seem(好像是) X#ud_+6x  
    look(看起来好像是) @u:q#b  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste 6|1*gl1_LD  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 w3"%d~/[x  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe Tz7|OV_W$  
    A               B     pV$A?b"?*  
   to cause numerous deaths. -=qHwcId  
        C   D  )qRE['M  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 UryHte  
,hCbx #h  
九、词性的混用 )!'7!" $  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 {#z[iiB  
1+xi1w}3a  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 HC| ]Au  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; "j=E8Dd}  
-9R.mG  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high w^[:wzF0  
          A        B      U}GO* +  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and 5qkyi]/U8  
              C sRflabl *x  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. ;6`7 \  
          D  k.\4<}  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ! )(To  
/`7G7pQ+  
M[L@ej  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 5[P^O6'  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 9+~1# |  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds +[pJr-k  
         A       B      "|/q4JN)7d  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to }+F@A`Bm&  
          C        @Suww@<  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. i"n1E@  
            D 0&c<1;  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 J$ &2GAi  
9/O\769"'  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, I<S* "[nV  
            A       QG09=GQ  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of >skl -f  
      B      C cd4HbSp  
   urban Black people in the United States. S~GS:E#  
   D R%Xz3Z&|  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 - 90X^]  
+<WNAmh   
m21H68y  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 v=-T3 n  
表示时间有两种可能, y>ePCDR3  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 $Eo-58<q  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, J$,bsMIX  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 :v^OdW  
7M$cIWe$  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence {ApjOIxk  
       A     B     V|pO";%>,  
  were made while the American Civil War. #X0Y8:vj  
   C    D 3/ 8<dc  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 O?iLLfs  
}zrapL"9X  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the a!, X@5  
   A      B           C    l <yYfGO  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. K/8TwB?I  
          D o RK:{?Y  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 "MyMByomQ  
VBK|*Tl  
i\k Db=  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 W?du ]  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 [$Jsel<T=  
FPu$Nd&\  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social ~ F>'+9?Sn  
                   A     }w{E<C(M  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. [x -<O:r=P  
     B   C    D rW`l1yi*$  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 ."ytBF  
kT:?1w'  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples </W"e!?X  
   A        B   C      T `o[whr  
  easily under the stress of compression. }U|Vpgd!  
   D ~Jlq.S'  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 SA?1*dw)  
E|W7IgS  
z</^qy  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 kv<(N  
"_:6v64Gx  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine K+Pa b ?  
    A         B \ZBz]rh*  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. =Ea,8bpn  
          C            D Q<(aU{  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 7yOBxb   
 gOy{ RE  
:c(#03w*C  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, t;_1/ mt  
         A A:5P  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ]hZk #rp}  
   B      C      D E CPSE {  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 :N'   
" +hUt  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 7H4kj7UK  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; ;Hb"SB  
two hundred diligent students
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