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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 vOF"p4 ^3  
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一、主句单一原则 {jK:hQX  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 aAT!$0H  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ,\%qERk  
qD] &&"B  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. }=7? & b  
   (A) They occur where they are SJ ay  
   (B) Occuring where G (Ky7S Z  
   (C) Where they occur NKyKsu  
   (D) Where do they occur 8.Z9 i  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 $2><4~T;|A  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 >>>&{>}!  
&"R`:`XF  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center aN^x]0P!0  
   (A) Fort Wayne y\C_HCU H  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne 8Ry%HV9VE  
   (C) For wayne is in $~h\`vF&  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in llK7~uOC  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 cYeC7l "  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 CI8bHY$  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 d#W>"Cqxqa  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 S^z t>  
XwlF[3VbiX  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” nf2[hx@=U  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with |jhu  
   social issues. 0!5w0^1  
    (A) covers `0z8J*T]  
    (B) covers it |z 8Wh  
    (C) which covers qF? n&>YG  
    (D) which it covers <l`xP)] X  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 XD8Q2un  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused 1${rQ9FIF  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on 7,IH7l|G  
   the paper. J9V,U;"\  
   (A) the impression is XPfheV G  
   (B) if the impression is _q1b3)`D  
   (C) impressions 8w\ZY>d   
   (D) the impression  C4.g}q  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression \ 0J &^C  
三、平行结构 RbN# dI'  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 Pq<]`9/w^w  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: Wu|AN c  
A and B, a bw7{%2  
A , B, and C 6 66f;h  
vNIQ1x5Za  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- # M18&ld,r  
   is known as accounting. 0N FYFd-50  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary gBPYGci2F  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's w\`u |f;Aq  
     transactions /xh/M@G3  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are 1@6FV x  
     summarized 2)^gd  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an G\ m`{jv  
     enterprise tMOhH #  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 fKQq]&~ H  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 "qxu9Hg!  
|9x H9@^f  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 0hoi=W6AQ  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and  o^*k   
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on jFPD SR5  
   human patients.  Y!*F-v@  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in d"~-D;  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures *c{X\!YBh  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures %D $+Z(  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull ?o883!&v  
     fractures xa]e9u%  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 )a0%62  
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四、宾语从句结构 JR^#NefJ  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 04}" n  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: 9S! 2r  
     state(陈述,表明)+that x-Ug(/!^  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that *fg|HH+i  
p8_ C Y[U  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, 9n!IdqKN  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite k%2Rv4)hU  
   units called quanta or photons. DVLF8]5  
    (A) energy that  OK\F  
    (B) that it is energy *@SZ0   
    (C) it is energy wbA<G&h~  
    (D) that energy p0Ra `*f  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 tShyG! b  
d@IV@'Q7u  
NU{ `eM  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth ux=0N]lc  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is %IhUQ6  
   placed on them. }<KQ +  
   (A) although its crust and mantle K%iA-h  
   (B) its crust and mantle to hH])0C  
   (C) that its crust and mantle d&ap u{  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to +:jx{*}jo  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 ro`2IE>  
五、介词+ which结构 X^c2  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 i wS55o  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, c3]X#Qa#m$  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 I {&8iUN  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, &/-^D/ot  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 7w?V0pLwn8  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is IqrT@ jgN-  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees 6Qh@lro;y  
   for public office. N:nhS3N<L  
    (A) that G>>TB{}  
    (B)by which rwh,RI) )g  
    (C)is that 2T >K!jS  
    (D)by those -H-:b7  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 *uG!U%jY)  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 X+LG Z4]D  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 ecIZ +G)k  
6L}}3b h  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players <)am]+Lswy  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called 7ea<2va,  
   wickers. 6! .nj3$*  
   (A) when :+*q,lX8  
   (B) which }XcYIo#+t  
   (C) is when YRRsbm{  
   (D) in which :Y)jf  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 $vjl-1x&  
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六、in that结构 Nt'6Y;m!  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, rO3.%B}  
  because of +名词, JVxGS{Z  
  consequently是副词 |fIIfYE  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 B3C%**~:e  
7G]v(ay  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals qr<RMs  
   ---- it is a liquid. orON)S ks  
   (A) whereas cN 3 !wE  
   (B) in that 5x?YFq6k  
   (C) because of w _ONy9  
   (D) consequently xm$-:N0q  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 {'@`: p&3r  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 Swr 8  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual l' mdj!{&  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air.  ,7h0y  
   (A)they `~k`m{4.a  
   (B)in they J5Ovj,[EZ  
   (C)that they m - u0U  
   (D)in that they q/#p ol  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 /nWBol,  
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sXaudT  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 8yDe{  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ B? Z_~Bf&  
   great inspiration for her poems. K; Fs5|gFU  
   (A) that she drew ?Gqq]ozm  
   (B) by drawing her 38#Zlc f  
   (C) from which she drew \@B 'f  
   (D) drawn from which _)kTlX:,  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 r#'ug^^k$X  
七、what结构 XY^]nm-{I  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: %E2b{Y;  
  what=the thing that ^D8~s;?  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend ?[<#>,W  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. SA?lDRF  
   (A) it grows ,GF]+nI89  
   (B) what grows ?DGg.2f  
   (C) does it grow HA74s':FN  
   (D) what does it grow &u2H^ j  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 T5Iz{Ha  
B~B,L*kC2  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle 6Ts[NXa  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory }qT{" *SC  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. A{p_I<  
   (A) there Cto>~pV  
   (B) where o3$dl`'  
   (C) that ,N1pww?  
   (D) what H<3:1*E  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 ^8KxU  
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八、同位语结构 vnWt8?)]^  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 }kG>6_p?  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) w3;{z ,,T  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing T+q5~~\d  
   and swallowing . *zQhTYY  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste orOq5?3  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly  ~)F_FS  
   (C) the chief organ of taste Tm$8\c4V:*  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes v"o_V|  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 W[R`],x`  
Po&'#TC1  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 <Sr:pm  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) &dPUd ~&EL  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of - (7oFOtg  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of F"cZ$TL]  
   Dishonor. gF`hlYD  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 4V;-*:  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson k{O bm g  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause hYh~%^0dt  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. _DAqL@5n  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 v}i d/brl  
u1gD*4+  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as M2;6Cz>,P  
   hosts to many insect pests. xs )jO+.  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than _Fn`G .r<  
     goldenrods gLY15v4?  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods VoQhzp6&  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy scTt53v^  
     plants R T~oJ~t;  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants 24 .'+3  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 9-vQn/O^D  
0x<G\ l 4  
dWu;F^  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 6$kh5$[  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 ef!f4u\  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to $Yp.BE<}  
   Athens. 1|AY&u%fiP  
   (A) the distance is |WpJen*?Y  
   (B) that the distance is o q6^  
   (C) is that the distance ;.rY`<|  
   (D) the distance qq_ZkU@xg  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 HIt9W]koO  
OEX\]!3_Fm  
九、比较结构 d{7)_Sbky  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 KfPgj  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less $dWYu"2C D  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. I~Qi):&x  
    (A) does 1~},}S]id  
    (B) in yjq|8.L[ G  
    (C) it does in 6#.9T;&  
    (D) in it does cct/mX2&~  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 Ab:ah 7!  
G:wO1f6  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. FFe{=H,=  
    (A) rays more than infrared "q!*RO'a  
    (B) rays are more infrared than rhX?\_7o  
    (C) more than infrared rays vA[7i*D{w  
    (D) more infrared rays than Y^U^yh_!^  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 tfh`gUV 4  
`s3:Vsv4  
9 g- 8u+&  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 g6S-vSX,  
例3:The activities of the international marketing %`\Qtsape  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. uq7/G|  
   (A) the domestic marketer has OECVExb@eH  
   (B) the domestic marketer does 4x?I,cAN  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer y\[* mgl:  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer ]{#Xcqx  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 =W2I0nr.  
B[ D s?:  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing (:%t  
   is greater than --. h0$ \JXk  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined x{GFCy7  
   (B) mining and farming combination 1,U)rx$H  
   (C) that mining and farming combined ,S@B [+VZ  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming "Vp:Sq9y  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 /TIt-c  
)7Qp9Fxo  
十、定语从句省略结构 5Z"N2D)."  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 `0w !&  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture ,JTyOBB<I  
   and overpower. {i3=N{5b  
   (A) can   1=!2|D:C)i  
   (B) they can E8<,j})*  
   (C) which can xon^=Wo;  
   (D) and Ad>@8^  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 xgM\6e  
P=9UK`n  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can 6lkCLH  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the 9 i{(GO  
   food they eat. v |(N  
    (A) require MU:v& sk  
    (B) requires /Bk`3~]E>  
    (C) requiring -rHqU|  
    (D)to require ,:V[H8 ?  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 wsc=6/#u  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food m")p]B&i=  
KF!d?  
300[2}Y]  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 W3^^aD-  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of Fta=yH }  
    A %N\8!aXnf  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ?nE9@G5Gc  
   B          C      D E>2AG3 )  
   the world. nf:wJ-;*  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to !.4q{YWcYk  
-b?s\X  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive ' 8Q }pp`  
          A  B      C fl4'dv  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. xf|C{XV@H  
              D zY-?Bv_D  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more bhfKhXh8  
,XN4Iy#BZl  
十一、状语从句省略结构 gzlRK^5  
Metals expand when they are heated. $H/: -v  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: 3J3wKw!`  
_U,Hi?b"$}  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; }b{7+ + Ah  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, li#ep?5h^  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 6J cXhlB`  
5 (q4o`  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of *fLVzYpo  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand KsqS{VVCh  
   considerable impact. k[*> nE  
   (A) apparently 9pk-#/ag  
   (B) are apparently R[QBFL<  
   (C) apparently their I y5)SZ'  
   (D) are they apparently uOh  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 `84,R!  
dMI G2log  
i\#?M  "  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: L;6{0b58 $  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; f'Oj01[  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ZJ/K MW  
/#?! 9c  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the g?u=n`k]\  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly E[FE-{B#  
   white. @z=L\ e{  
   (A) when, pure which hK %FpGYA  
   (B) when, which pure U@53VmrOy  
   (C) which, pure when  e `K{  
   (D) which, when pure R^INl@(O  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, |:L}/onK  
N]F}Z#h  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine F><ficT  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing Ian+0 ?`e  
   infrequently w/9%C(w6  
   (A) Even 8KsPAK_  
   (B) It is )`mBvS.}  
   (C) Even though Xwd9-:  
   (D) There is }-T,cA_H|  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 VuD{t%Jb  
3KtJT&RuL  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 /E:BEm!  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 .X: ,]of  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; Mt@Ma ]!  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 #K!"/,d@>J  
2AEVBkF;M  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: d-z[=1m  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 _n&#e r  
  The starring troops have to surrender. 2q*wYuc  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; bGxHzzU}  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 lAkg47i  
1*.*\4xo  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is sD|}? 7  
IsDwa qd|  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often )4> 7X)j>  
   called scapegoating. t/l<X]o  
   (A) Eliminate problems Kq(JHB+  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) *Rxn3tR7  
   (C) Eliminating problems T wzpq1  
   (D) Problems are eliminated tq51;L  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 nYe:$t3F=  
ncTMcu  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them +,TrJg  
   from damage due to weather. `>OKV;~{z  
    (A) Painting <j3|Mh_(I  
    (B) Painted A4rkwM  
    (C) The paint Ys|SacWC  
    (D) By painting WQbjq}R fI  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 X#zp,7j?  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 #T@k(Bz{L  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting HJP~ lg  
Ey=}bBx  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to JpxQS~VX  
   conserve water in the winter. dGz4`1(>  
   (A) when losing leaves mI]gDL1  
   (B) leaves are lost d24_,o\_  
   (C) that losing leaves >(.Y%$9"E  
   (D) the leaves losing qw>vu7/z  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 IW-|"5?9'  
2+Oz$9`.  
十三、make结构 i0zrXaKV  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) !Ce!D0Tx  
共有三种形式: UtQCTNjC{  
   make it possible+to do y ,bD i9*|  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 {m@tt{%  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) _pDfPLlY&  
U3` ?Z`i(  
做题技巧: 1 -C~C]&  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it R[)bGl 6#  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it 9!kp3x/`  
c{KJNH%7  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and 6> z{xYat  
   thus make--details that are otherwise M"bG(a(6:  
   impossible to observe . Tku6X/LF  
   (A) it visible y7%SHYC p[  
   (B) visibly i5&,Bpfo-  
   (C) visible ST;o^\B  
   (D) they are visible =LKM)d=1  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 Yl:[b{Py  
&%;n 9K  
iz{TSU  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large u6Wan*I?  
   amount of information on a single map. /y6f~F  
   (A) possible ]61HQ  
   (B) it possible ts}OE  
   (C) it is possible 3vjOfr`  
   (D) that possible $m E3 FJP>  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 jzGK(%sw"  
+."cbqGP_q  
<VutwtA  
十四、the more …the more…结构 ZoSyc--Bv  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: f}p`<z   
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 /f Q}Ls\  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 +^&i(7a[?  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 dUt4] ar  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 RA[%8Rh)  
X!mJUDzh]  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 5]upfC6  
   number of lines of magnetic force. nE *S3  
   (A) of lX)AbK]nb  
   (B) the Y6Cm PxOQ  
   (C) is the TI/RJF b  
   (D) is of the HGh -rEh  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B )S 4RR2Q>  
}+G5i_a  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the 80'@+AD  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  8ih_S2Cd  
   (A) the stress it is greater :KA)4[#;W  
   (B) greater is the stress oz)4YBf  
   (C) greater stress is -,T!/E  
   (D) the greater the stress Wf"GA i  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 D4|Ajeo;1  
r@qLG"[\c  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 PnInsf%;  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 =~Qg(=U0U  
JGTsVa2  
US(RWXyg  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , SZ9DT  
             A     B E;x-O)(&  
   thus making it possible the gentle W 02z}"#  
       C            #$-?[c$>  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. v ;9(FLtL  
         D U5H%wA['m  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 L6Brs"9B  
UH}lKc=t  
W&R67ff|  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more jOrfI-&.G  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, M9BEG6E9  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the w4 3b=7  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” [f6BA|   
    (A) however Nc{&AV8Y_v  
    (B) thus :i?6#_2IC  
    (C) and Y z&!0Hfd  
    (D) moreover %aMC[i  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 %A'mXatk  
YW&K,)L@  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the ~5%3]  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. ."^\1N(.n  
    (A) to save the seeds .!0Rh9yyl  
    (B) saving the seeds M.}J SDt  
    (C)which saves the seeds rDbtT*vN  
    (D) the seeds saved 1uj~/M  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B MQx1|>rG  
[1kQ-Ko`  
XWS]4MB+vm  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 d/OP+yzgZ  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. saiXFM 7J  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. DMG'8\5C  
RIXeV*ix  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. B!x#|vGXL  
   (A) the tallest ZwLr>?0$ p  
   (B) the tallest that is \zg R]|  
   (C) which is the tallest 6_QAE6A  
   (D) which the tallest is 5Ex[}y9L`  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 Os$E,4,py  
8} :$=n4&  
lCp6UkE  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of \UZGXk  
       A  B       C EMO {u  
   domestic animals. lkTA"8d  
    D bH/4f93Nb  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 =-:%~n g  
9|<Li[  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 J+IItO4%  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: Ya\:C]   
  program, programmed, programmed !`?i>k?Q E  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: dFw+ nGN  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 Bc }o3oc  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be eo4z!@pRN  
lAi5sN)|$  
qsoq1u,?  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona ^P~,bO&H.Z  
   features structures built of red sandstone by oc] C+l  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. _ncBq;j{  
   (A) That the VNT?  
   (B) In the ])F+ C/Px1  
   (C) Around the $ }tF66d  
   (D) The jnOnV1I"  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 `K+% /|!  
[06m{QJ)1  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called iy]L"7&Z2  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. W|fE]RY  
   (A) to be made Cn 5"zDK$  
   (B) making fK=0?]s}I  
   (C) made :tO4LEb  
   (D) are made J i@q7qkC  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 QObVJg,GD  
),`jMd1`  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given 5<*E S[S  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of O@@nGSc@  
   human beings. {~O4*2zg;K  
   (A) without S>T ;`,  
   (B) lack *GXPN0^Qjo  
   (C) minus x1g-@{8]j  
   (D) not having >e/>@ J*  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 ;6hoG(3 +  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 v=G*K11@  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 o N A ]G]  
Brs6RkRf  
DTA$,1JuD  
十八、逻辑主语结构 F5:xrcyC  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 2Cy,#X%j>  
+$L}B-F  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. p+?`ru  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members ,\ 1X\  
    of the committee 9teP4H}m  
   (B) the committee members discussed the &8i$`6wY  
    problem \8ZVI98  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee _/Ve~( "  
    members the problem |$IL:W6  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by o9| OL  
    the members of the committee M .6BFC  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B TDk[,4  
8*b{8%<K  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until  $L uU  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. M {'(+a[  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch Bt")RG  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn 'C7R* P  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch xC9?rLUZ  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn uHacu<$=  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 7wWx8  
LFi{Q{E)  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her 3r[F1z2B  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her ,<P"\W  
   first article in print. ul_E{v  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane &Hf%Va[B  
    Hawes had CIo`;jt K  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane X4\T=Q?uLx  
    Hawe's first v]@ XyF\j8  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first T[e+iv<8j  
    teaching position v~AshmP  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching k9H}nP$F  
    position $;=^|I4E  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 J3oUtu  
4 IOqSB|  
例4: Even at low levels, --. %}N01P|X>  
   (A) the nervous system has produced tkptm%I _  
     detrimental effects by lead c^H#[<6p  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the lz>.mXdx  
    nervous system $_'<kH-eP  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the ->{\7|^  
    nervous system )!VJ\  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on (aJ$1bT=T  
    the nervous system ^j.3'}p  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 /8:e| ]  
Sa)L=5Nr  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking B/Q>i'e  
            A   B     C _(=g[=Mer  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. t vW0 W  
       D B&KIM{j\  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 rKOa9M  
n]w%bKc-9  
V$$9Rh  
十九、复合宾语结构 k'F*uS  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 VJ&-Z |  
We played soccer. SMB&sl  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 *<{hLf  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 j)Q}5M  
})mD{c/  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 +Swl$ab  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, MdkL_YP}.  
例:We appoint him monitor. 06pY10<>X  
  We elected him president. RcR-sbR  
Q0 ezeo  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck %[L/JJbP&Z  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not I&1.}{G>F  
   consider them --because they are now primarily {~\:4  
   kept as pets. Ka)aBU9  
   (A) where sporting dogs RWDPsZC  
   (B) sporting dogs j\B taC  
   (C) when sporting dogs Z]Z&PbP  
   (D) they are sportingdogs fgo3Gy*#  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 xo-}t5w6t  
fo9V&NE  
二十、It结构 |`I9K#w3  
一、强调句型 3][   
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 2of+KI:  
/Vv)00  
这个句型需要注意几点: sG|,#XQ  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; O15~\8#'  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; 1iM(13jW  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 S ->Sp  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: NfCo)C-t  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. puF*WxU)  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. h9. Yux  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. r6:nYyF$)v  
p5nrPL  
二、形式主语 <V8=*n"mR  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 Vhgc vS@V  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 0|rdI,z  
,; =is.h9  
FlH=Pqc  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than 7:C2xC  
    A               B p,)pz_M  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are Fow{-cs_p  
                  C !-B|x0fs  
   the main focus of social psychology. *+ O  
           D #t">tL  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is Aacj?   
vrsOA@ee3H  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of KZ/2W9r_,  
   educational films. ':T"nORC  
   (A) It is  5PKdMEK|q  
   (B) There is  {1vlz>82  
   (C) Though there is !wjD6 NK  
   (D) Although it is 4?7OP t6  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 1FRpcE  
{y>Kcfc/?E  
`lE8dwL  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 \X G\  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, 5'"9)#Ve  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 Ni61o?]Nj  
#xxs^Kbqa#  
in which+完整的句子 fh}j)*K8  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 K1fnHpK  
H?'t>JX  
名词+of which+谓语动词 nx`I9j\  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 C5'#0}6i  
JVNp= ikK  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of gA DF  
   which are accented. G MoE,L  
   (A) line consists of each :+}Eo9  
   (B) consists of each line d} ]jw4  
   (C) each line consists Ceak8#|4  
   (D) it consists of each line =(>pv,  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 mA']*)L1  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 $r= tOD4;  
RE75TqYW  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a NYp46;  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. %u02KmV.  
   (A) traps   -85W/%  
   (B) trap its  '#@tovr  
   (C) which traps H~r":A'"*  
   (D) which it traps $23dcC*hI  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 :Z5Twb3h  
Q !G^CG  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists d;O4)8 >  
  have paid little attention to cultural O4fl$egQU  
   A             5]yby"Z?}  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of eUE(vn #  
         B      C C{8(ew  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. P+t `Rw  
           D |(\T;~7'  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 ?hS&OtW   
i-*ZW:  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin }IGoPCV|  
   became interested in the art movement <m X EX`?  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, Pmj%QhOYE  
   both --her novels and short stories. 2Bg0 M  
   (A) in which the influence Vmf !0-  
   (B) of which influenced 0JM`*f%n  
   (C) to have influence "8sB ,$  
   (D) its influence in >qC,IQ'  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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