填空题常考结构 vOF"p4 ^ 3
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一、主句单一原则 {jK:hQX
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 aAT!$0H
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ,\%qERk
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. }=7?
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(A) They occur where they are SJ
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(B) Occuring where G(Ky7SZ
(C) Where they occur NKy Ksu
(D) Where do they occur 8.Z9 i
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 $2><4~T;|A
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 >>>&{>}!
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center aN^x ]0P!0
(A) Fort Wayne y\C_HCU H
(B) Although Fort Wayne 8Ry%HV9VE
(C) For wayne is in $~h\`vF&
(D) Fort Wayne, in llK7~uOC
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 cYeC7l"
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二、谓语动词专一原则 CI8bHY$
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 d#W>"Cqxqa
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 S^zt>
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” nf2[hx@=U
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with |jhu
social issues. 0!5w0^1
(A) covers ` 0z8J*T]
(B) covers it |z
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(C) which covers qF? n&>YG
(D) which it covers <l`xP)] X
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 XD8Q2un
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused 1${rQ9FIF
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on 7,IH7l|G
the paper. J9V,U;"\
(A) the impression is XPfheV G
(B) if the impression is _q1b3)`D
(C) impressions 8w\ZY>d
(D) the impression C4.g}q
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression \ 0J&^C
三、平行结构 RbN# dI'
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 Pq<]`9/w^w
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: Wu|AN
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A and B, abw7{%2
A , B, and C 6 66f;h
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- #
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is known as accounting. 0N
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(A) an enterprise's transactions summary gBPYGci2F
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's w\`u|f;Aq
transactions /xh/M@G3
(C) transactions of an enterprise are 1@6FV x
summarized 2)^gd
(D) summarizing the transactions of an G\ m`{jv
enterprise tMOhH
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分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 fKQq]&~
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四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 "qxu9Hg!
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 0hoi=W6AQ
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and
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supervised the first use of Aureomycin on jFPD SR5
human patients. Y!*F-v@
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in d"~-D;
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures *c{X\!YBh
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures %D
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(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull ?o883!&v
fractures xa]e9u%
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 )a0%62
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四、宾语从句结构 JR^#NefJ
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 04}" n
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: 9S!
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state(陈述,表明)+that x-Ug(/!^
indicate(指明,表明)+that *fg|HH+i
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light,
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is given off and absorbed in tiny definite k%2Rv4)hU
units called quanta or photons. DVLF8]5
(A) energy that OK \F
(B) that it is energy *@SZ0
(C) it is energy wbA<G&h~
(D) that energy p0Ra
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分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 tShyG!b
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth ux=0N]lc
indicate--yield when unusual weight is %IhUQ6
placed on them. }<KQ+
(A) although its crust and mantle K%iA-h
(B) its crust and mantle to hH])0C
(C) that its crust and mantle d&apu{
(D) for its crust and mantle to +:jx{*}jo
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 ro`2IE>
五、介词+ which结构 X^c2
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 i
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“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, c3]X#Qa#m$
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 I {&8iUN
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, &/-^D/ot
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 7w?V0pLwn8
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is IqrT@
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a method ---- voters select the nominees 6Qh@lro;y
for public office. N:nhS3N<L
(A) that G>>TB{}
(B)by which rwh,RI)
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(C)is that 2T >K!jS
(D)by those -H-:b7
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 *uG!U%jY)
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 X+LG Z4]D
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 ecIZ+G)k
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players <)am]+Lswy
hit wooden balls through wire arches called 7ea<2va,
wickers. 6! .nj3$*
(A) when :+*q,lX8
(B) which }XcYIo#+t
(C) is when YRRsbm{
(D) in which :Y)jf
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 $vjl-1x&
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六、in that结构 Nt'6Y;m!
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, rO3.%B}
because of +名词, JVxGS{Z
consequently是副词 |f IIfYE
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 B3C%**~:e
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals qr<RMs
---- it is a liquid. orON)Sks
(A) whereas cN3!wE
(B) in that 5x? YFq6k
(C) because of w_ONy9
(D) consequently xm$-:N0q
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 {'@`:p&3r
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual l' mdj!{&
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. ,7h0y
(A)they `~k`m{4.a
(B)in they J5Ovj,[EZ
(C)that they m
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(D)in that they q/#pol
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 /nWBo l,
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 8yDe{
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ B?
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great inspiration for her poems. K;
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(A) that she drew ?Gqq]ozm
(B) by drawing her 38#Zlcf
(C) from which she drew \@B'f
(D) drawn from which _)kTlX:,
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 r#'ug^^k$X
七、what结构 XY^]nm-{I
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: %E2b{Y;
what=the thing that ^D8~s; ?
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend ?[<#>,W
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. SA?lDRF
(A) it grows ,GF]+nI89
(B) what grows ?DGg.2f
(C) does it grow HA74s':FN
(D) what does it grow &u2H^ j
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 T5Iz{Ha
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle 6Ts[NXa
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory }qT{" *SC
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. A{p_I<
(A) there Cto>~pV
(B) where o3$dl`'
(C) that ,N1pw w?
(D) what H<3:1*E
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 ^8KxU
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八、同位语结构 vnWt8?)]^
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 }kG>6_p?
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) w3;{z ,,T
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing T+q5~~\d
and swallowing . *zQhTYY
(A) is the chief organ of taste orOq5?3
(B) tasting the organ chiefly ~)F_FS
(C) the chief organ of taste Tm$8\c4V:*
(D) the organ chiefly tastes v"o_V|
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 W[R`],x`
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 <Sr:pm
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) &dPUd~&EL
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of -(7oFOtg
Native Americans in her novel, Century of F"cZ$TL]
Dishonor. gF`hlYD
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 4V;-*:
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson k{O bm
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(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause hYh~%^0dt
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. _DAqL@5n
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 v}i
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as M2;6Cz>,P
hosts to many insect pests. xs
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(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than _Fn`G.r<
goldenrods gLY15v4?
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods VoQhzp6&
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy scTt53v^
plants R T~oJ~t;
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants 24
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分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 9-vQn/O^D
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 6$kh5$[
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 ef!f4u\
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to $Yp.BE<}
Athens. 1|AY&u%fiP
(A) the distance is |WpJen*?Y
(B) that the distance is o
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(C) is that the distance ;.rY`<|
(D) the distance qq_ZkU@xg
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 HIt9W]koO
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九、比较结构 d{7)_Sbky
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 KfPgj
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less $dWYu"2CD
snow than --eastern Nebraska. I~Qi):&x
(A) does 1~},}S]id
(B) in yjq|8.L[
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(C) it does in 6#.9T;&
(D) in it does cct/mX2&~
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 Ab:ah7!
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. FFe{=H,=
(A) rays more than infrared "q!*RO'a
(B) rays are more infrared than rhX?\_7o
(C) more than infrared rays vA[7i*D{w
(D) more infrared rays than Y^U^yh_!^
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 tfh`gUV4
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 g6S-vSX,
例3:The activities of the international marketing %`\Qtsape
researcher are frequently much broader than ----.
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(A) the domestic marketer has OECVExb@eH
(B) the domestic marketer does 4x?I,cAN
(C) those of the domestic marketer y\[* mgl:
(D) that which has the domestic marketer ]{#Xcqx
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 =W2I0nr.
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing (:%t
is greater than --. h0$ \JXk
(A) that of its mining and farming combined x{GFCy7
(B) mining and farming combination 1,U)rx$H
(C) that mining and farming combined ,S@B
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(D) of its combination mining and farming "Vp:Sq9y
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 /TIt-c
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十、定语从句省略结构 5Z"N2D)."
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 `0w
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例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture ,JTyOBB<I
and overpower. {i3=N{5b
(A) can 1=!2|D:C)i
(B) they can E8<,j})*
(C) which can xo n^=Wo;
(D) and Ad>@8^
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 xgM\6e
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can 6lkCLH
get all the calcium their bodies----from the 9
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food they eat. v|(N
(A) require MU:v& sk
(B) requires /Bk`3~]E>
(C) requiring -rHqU|
(D)to require ,:V[H8 ?
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 wsc=6/#u
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food m")p]B&i=
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 W3^^aD-
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of Fta=yH}
A %N\8!aXnf
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ?nE9@G5Gc
B C D E>2AG3
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the world. nf:wJ-;*
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to !.4q{YWcYk
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive ' 8Q}pp`
A B C fl4'dv
than the Sun dies and exploded. xf|C{XV@H
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more bhfKhXh8
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十一、状语从句省略结构 gzlRK^5
Metals expand when they are heated. $H/:
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Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: 3J3wKw!`
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; }b{7+ +
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第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, li#ep?5h^
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 6J cXhlB`
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of *fLVzYpo
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand KsqS{VVCh
considerable impact. k[*> nE
(A) apparently 9pk-#/ag
(B) are apparently R[QBFL<
(C) apparently their Iy5)SZ'
(D) are they apparently uOh
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 `84,R!
dMI G2log
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: L;6{0b58$
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; f'Oj01[
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ZJ/K MW
/#?!9c
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the g?u=n`k]\
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly E[FE-{B#
white. @z=L\e{
(A) when, pure which hK %FpGYA
(B) when, which pure U@53VmrOy
(C) which, pure when e`K{
(D) which, when pure R ^INl@(O
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, |:L}/onK
N]F}Z#h
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine F><ficT
is highly efficient and needs servicing Ian+0
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infrequently w/9%C(w6
(A) Even 8KsPAK_
(B) It is )`mBvS.}
(C) Even though Xwd9-:
(D) There is }-T,cA_H|
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 VuD{t%Jb
3KtJT&RuL
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 /E:BEm!
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 .X:
,]of
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; Mt@Ma ]!
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 #K!"/,d@>J
2AEVBkF;M
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: d-z[=1m
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 _ne
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The starring troops have to surrender. 2q*wYuc
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; bGxHzzU}
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 lAkg47i
1*.*\4xo
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is sD|}?7
IsDwa qd|
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often )4>7X)j>
called scapegoating. t/l<X]o
(A) Eliminate problems Kq(JHB+
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) *Rxn3tR7
(C) Eliminating problems T wzpq1
(D) Problems are eliminated tq51;L
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 nYe:$t3F=
ncTMcu
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them +,TrJg
from damage due to weather. `>OKV;~{z
(A) Painting <j3|Mh_(I
(B) Painted A4rkwM
(C) The paint Ys|SacWC
(D) By painting WQbjq}R
fI
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 X#zp,7j?
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 #T@k(Bz{L
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting HJP~
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to JpxQS~VX
conserve water in the winter. dGz4`1(>
(A) when losing leaves mI]gDL1
(B) leaves are lost d24_,o\_
(C) that losing leaves >(.Y%$9"E
(D) the leaves losing qw>vu7/z
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 IW-|"5?9'
2+Oz$9`.
十三、make结构 i0zrXaKV
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) !Ce!D0Tx
共有三种形式: UtQCTNjC{
make it possible+to do y
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make it possible+that引导的从句 {m@tt{%
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) _pDfPLlY&
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做题技巧: 1
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如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it R[)bGl
6#
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it 9!kp3x/`
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and 6>
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thus make--details that are otherwise M"bG(a(6:
impossible to observe . Tku6X/LF
(A) it visible y7%SHYC p[
(B) visibly i5&,Bpfo-
(C) visible ST;o^\B
(D) they are visible =LKM)d=1
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 Yl:[b{Py
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iz{TSU
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large u6Wan*I?
amount of information on a single map. /y6f~F
(A) possible ]61HQ
(B) it possible ts}OE
(C) it is possible 3vjOfr`
(D) that possible $m
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分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 jzGK(%sw"
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十四、the more …the more…结构 ZoSyc--Bv
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: f}p`<z
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 /fQ}Ls\
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 +^&i(7a[?
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 dUt4]
ar
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 RA[%8Rh)
X!mJUDzh]
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 5]upfC6
number of lines of magnetic force. nE
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(A) of lX)AbK]nb
(B) the Y6Cm
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(C) is the TI/RJF b
(D) is of the HGh
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分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B )S 4RR2Q>
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the 80'@+AD
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. 8ih_S2Cd
(A) the stress it is greater :KA)4[#;W
(B) greater is the stress oz)4YBf
(C) greater stress is -,T!/E
(D) the greater the stress Wf"GA i
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 D4|Ajeo;1
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十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 PnInsf%;
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 =~Qg(=U0U
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例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , SZ9DT
A B E;x-O)(&
thus making it possible the gentle W02z}"#
C #$-?[c$>
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. v
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D U5H%wA['m
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 L6Brs"9B
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more jOrfI-&.G
than sixty-five million items of scientific, M9BEG6E9
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the w4
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popular title, “attic of the nation.” [f6BA|
(A) however Nc{&AV8Y_v
(B) thus :i?6#_2IC
(C) and Y
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(D) moreover %aMC[i
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 %A'mXatk
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the ~5%3]
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. ."^\1N(.n
(A) to save the seeds .!0Rh9yyl
(B) saving the seeds M.}J SDt
(C)which saves the seeds rDbtT*vN
(D) the seeds saved 1uj~/M
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B MQx1|>rG
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 d/OP+yzgZ
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. saiXFM7J
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. DMG'8\5C
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. B!x#|vGXL
(A) the tallest ZwLr>?0$
p
(B) the tallest that is \zg R]|
(C) which is the tallest 6_QAE6A
(D) which the tallest is 5Ex[}y9L`
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 Os$E,4,py
8}:$=n4&
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of \UZGXk
A B C EMO{u
domestic animals. lkTA"8d
D bH/4f93Nb
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 =-:%~ng
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 J+IItO4%
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: Ya\:C]
program, programmed, programmed !`?i>k?Q E
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: dFw+
nGN
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 Bc }o3oc
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be eo4z!@pRN
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona ^P~,bO&H.Z
features structures built of red sandstone by o c]
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ancestors of the Hopi people. _ncBq;j{
(A) That the VNT?
(B) In the ])F+ C/Px1
(C) Around the $
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(D) The jnOnV1I"
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 `K+%
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例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called iy]L"7&Z2
lymphocytes and plasma cells. W|fE]RY
(A) to be made Cn5"zDK$
(B) making fK=0?]s}I
(C) made :tO4LEb
(D) are made J i@q7qkC
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 QObVJg,GD
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given 5<*ES[S
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of O@@nGSc@
human beings. {~O4*2zg;K
(A) without S>T ;`,
(B) lack *GXPN0^Qjo
(C) minus x1g-@{8]j
(D) not having >e/>@ J*
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 ;6hoG(3
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B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 v=G*K11@
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 o NA ]G]
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十八、逻辑主语结构 F5:xrcyC
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 2Cy,#X%j>
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例1:Having been served lunch, --.
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(A) the problem was discussed by the members ,\
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of the committee 9teP4H}m
(B) the committee members discussed the &8i$`6wY
problem \8ZVI98
(C) it was discussed by the committee _/Ve~(
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members the problem |$IL:W6
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by o9|
OL
the members of the committee M .6BFC
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B TDk[,4
8*b{8%<K
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until $LuU
almost two centuries later, in 1834. M {'(+a[
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch Bt")RG
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn 'C7R*
P
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch xC9?rLUZ
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn uHacu<$=
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 7wW x 8
LFi{Q{E)
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her 3r[F1z2B
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her ,<P"\W
first article in print. ul_E{v
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane &Hf%Va[B
Hawes had CIo`;jt K
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane X4\T=Q?uLx
Hawe's first v]@ XyF\j8
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first T[e+iv<8j
teaching position v~AshmP
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching k9H}nP$F
position $;=^|I4E
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 J3 oUtu
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例4: Even at low levels, --. %}N01P|X>
(A) the nervous system has produced tkptm%I_
detrimental effects by lead c^H#[<6p
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the
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nervous system $_'<kH-eP
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the ->{\7|^
nervous system )!VJ\
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on (aJ$1bT=T
the nervous system ^j.3'}p
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 /8:e|
]
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例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking
B/Q>i'e
A B C _(=g[=Mer
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. t vW0 W
D B&KIM{j\
分析:应该把D中的were去掉
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十九、复合宾语结构 k'F*uS
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 VJ&-Z |
We played soccer. SMB&sl
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 *<{hLf
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 j)Q}5M
})mD{c/
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 +Swl$ab
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, MdkL_YP}.
例:We appoint him monitor. 06pY10<>X
We elected him president. RcR-sbR
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例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck %[L/JJbP&Z
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not I&1.}{G>F
consider them --because they are now primarily {~\:4
kept as pets. Ka)aBU9
(A) where sporting dogs RWDPsZC
(B) sporting dogs j\BtaC
(C) when sporting dogs Z]Z&PbP
(D) they are sportingdogs fgo3Gy*#
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 xo-}t5w6t
fo9V&NE
二十、It结构 |`I9K#w3
一、强调句型 3][
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 2of+KI:
/Vv)00
这个句型需要注意几点: sG|,#XQ
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; O15~\8#'
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; 1iM(13jW
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 S
->S p
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: NfCo)C-t
原句: Ann bought these books last year. puF*WxU)
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. h9. Yux
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. r6:nYyF$)v
p5nrPL
二、形式主语 <V8=*n"mR
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 Vhgc
vS@V
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 0|rdI,z
,;
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例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than 7:C2xC
A B p,)pz_M
the events that occur in their lives , that are Fow{-cs_p
C !-B|x0fs
the main focus of social psychology. *+ O
D #t">tL
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is Aacj?
vrsOA@ee3H
例2: --an increasing international exchange of KZ/2W9r_,
educational films. ':T"nORC
(A) It is 5PKdMEK|q
(B) There is {1vlz>82
(C) Though there is !wjD6NK
(D) Although it is 4?7OP
t6
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。
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二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 \X
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which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, 5'"9)#Ve
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 Ni61o?]Nj
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in which+完整的句子 fh}j)*K8
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 K1fnHpK
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名词+of which+谓语动词 nx`I9j\
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 C5'#0}6i
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例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of gA DF
which are accented. G
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(A) line consists of each :+}Eo9
(B) consists of each line d}]jw4
(C) each line consists Ceak8#|4
(D) it consists of each line =(>pv,
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 mA']*)L1
five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 $r=tOD4;
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例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a NYp46;
sticky substance on them ------ insects. %u02KmV.
(A) traps -85W/%
(B) trap its '#@tovr
(C) which traps H~r":A'"*
(D) which it traps $23dcC*hI
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。
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例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists d;O4)8>
have paid little attention to cultural O4fl$egQU
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interpretations given to silence, or to the types of eUE(vn
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social contexts in which tends to occur. P+t
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分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 ?hS&OtW
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例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin }IGoPCV|
became interested in the art movement <mX EX`?
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, Pmj%QhOYE
both --her novels and short stories. 2Bg0
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(A) in which the influence Vmf!0-
(B) of which influenced 0JM`*f%n
(C) to have influence "8sB
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(D) its influence in >qC,IQ'
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。