填空题常考结构 a~a:mM>p
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一、主句单一原则 c2,g%(
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 5#N<~
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 |e+3d3T35
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. z~tdLtcX
(A) They occur where they are i>[xN[U(
(B) Occuring where VS ;y
(C) Where they occur o<
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(D) Where do they occur ~TXu20c
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 UBM#~~sM
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 $gz8!
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center z;2& d<h
(A) Fort Wayne ;S$
(B) Although Fort Wayne cJ@fJ|
(C) For wayne is in S{8-XiL,
(D) Fort Wayne, in +l/kH9m
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 9
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二、谓语动词专一原则 ((#BU=0iK
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 5
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句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 <pa-C2Ky
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” vO~w~u5
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with IBeorDIZ
social issues. I3r")}P
(A) covers ~xc/Dsb$
(B) covers it ')yYpWO
(C) which covers V_m!<sr (
(D) which it covers cT@|
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分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 ||TZ[l
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused +aM[!pW(e
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on W.cc!8
the paper. )6X-m9.X
(A) the impression is {{_v.d~1
(B) if the impression is
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(C) impressions Nl,iz_2]
(D) the impression u{\>iQ
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression (;05=DsO
三、平行结构 [N~
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技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 09P2<oFLn
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: ZnAQO3%y
A and B, W-|CK&1
A , B, and C TJW8 l[M
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- [PiMu,O[v
is known as accounting. [Y.JC'F#
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary ujBm"p_|
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's `^on`"\{u
transactions ZBx,'ph}4
(C) transactions of an enterprise are )G, S7A
summarized ;=^J_2ls
(D) summarizing the transactions of an NJd4( P
enterprise $6 Hf[(/ e
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 nSQ]qH&4d
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 >c
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed HA}q.
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ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and W=+A
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supervised the first use of Aureomycin on
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human patients. ;*FY+jM
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in -"2 t^Q
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures z(O*DwY#
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures 9{S$%D
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull e?07o!7[;
fractures =u
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分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 o>d0R
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四、宾语从句结构 ('BB9#\t
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ;$$w`LyP
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: _(io8zqe{j
state(陈述,表明)+that ##F$8d)q
indicate(指明,表明)+that 2Z<S^9O9
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, =Ov,7<8o
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ~=HPqe8
units called quanta or photons. SbMRrWy
(A) energy that nDckT+eJ
(B) that it is energy tx+P@9M_Aq
(C) it is energy 3?h!nVI+2J
(D) that energy TI"Ki$jC
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 efHCPj
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth m%"=sX7/9
indicate--yield when unusual weight is G$Fo*;Fl
placed on them. g}9heR
(A) although its crust and mantle #zSNDv`
(B) its crust and mantle to 0CX9tr2J
(C) that its crust and mantle `\3RFr
(D) for its crust and mantle to l#>A.-R*`
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 YCzH@94QeV
五、介词+ which结构 PqyR,Bcx0
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 `r\/5|M
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, <FZ*'F*M
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 YVz,P_\(m
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, 2U+Fat@
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 %/s+-j@s:
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is 'Q*lp!2>
a method ---- voters select the nominees n4+^f~Y
for public office. 8N#.@\'kz.
(A) that Gh%dVP9B@P
(B)by which :FS~T[C;
(C)is that gG(9
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(D)by those kCoEdQ_
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 r6 pz(rCs}
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 f~p[izt
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 @_;vE(!5
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players $f6wmI;<y
hit wooden balls through wire arches called 86Xf6Ea
wickers. _C$SaQty[Q
(A) when dW|S\S'&
(B) which <Lq.J`|+
(C) is when f kdJgK
(D) in which {8~xFYc:
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 0INlo
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六、in that结构 il:RE8
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, CX>QP&Gj
because of +名词, dJmr!bN\;
consequently是副词 M >s,I^
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 M/8EaQs}
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals {gS7pY%_W
---- it is a liquid. 4Mjcx.21
(A) whereas hKQg:30<
(B) in that J|WkPv2
(C) because of |-vn,zpe
(D) consequently 1Qo2Z;h@
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 uhr&P4EW
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 2?9gf,U
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 1n+JHXR\
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. VrZ6m
(A)they ?h|w7/9
(B)in they N51RBA
(C)that they K<D=QweOon
(D)in that they Kd^,N
Ag
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 ZklZU,\!|v
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 oi/bp#(fa
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ SXm Hn.?
great inspiration for her poems. R"k}wRnxY
(A) that she drew 6 2#dSd}HG
(B) by drawing her V|zatMHs
(C) from which she drew uMM?s?q
(D) drawn from which wT+b|K
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ;chz};zY
七、what结构 d(8X?k.S
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: p$OkWSi~
what=the thing that ^SH8*7l7
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend 3Zeh$DZ
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. @{y[2M} %]
(A) it grows auV<=1<zJ
(B) what grows bB`p-1
(C) does it grow @u}1 S1
(D) what does it grow 'WLh
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分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 c$[cDf~
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle c O[Hr
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory iw==q:$
became----is now Indiana and Ohio.
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(A) there 0qUBt9rA
(B) where 8KU5x#
(C) that =u#xPI0:
(D) what XFU['BI
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 $8"G9r
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八、同位语结构 xJ18M@"j
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 L]C|&KP
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号)
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例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing /T_@rm
and swallowing . {!`0i
(A) is the chief organ of taste
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(B) tasting the organ chiefly )Kw
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(C) the chief organ of taste AQH\ ;L
(D) the organ chiefly tastes dq&N;kk
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分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 :t36]NM
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 XpLK0YI
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) cU^Z=B
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of Pl}>
Native Americans in her novel, Century of
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Dishonor. `?f Y!5BA
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause A
D ,
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson {xzs{)9|Y4
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause #:yh2y7a%
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. (rM-~h6g
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 tTzPT<
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as srbU}u3VZ
hosts to many insect pests. =68CR[H
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than tS2Orzc>,
goldenrods q
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(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods 9HjtWQn
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy 7NY9UQ
plants jgfl|;I?pg
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants Aw3
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分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 wstH&^
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 #fy#G}c
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 /:YJ2AARY
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to Od?M4Ed(
Athens. 1h"CjOp,7
(A) the distance is :2qUel\PEC
(B) that the distance is Dd(#
(C) is that the distance %(c5T)B9
(D) the distance ]7*Z'E
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 ^sWsP` DV
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九、比较结构 W'
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比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 BRTM]tRZ
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less VUo7Evc:.P
snow than --eastern Nebraska. $6(,/}==0
(A) does E!~Ok
(B) in <`B4+:;w6
(C) it does in %[x oA)0!
(D) in it does YPjjSi:#
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 $yZ(c#L
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. 5pOb;ry")`
(A) rays more than infrared 'w'PrM,:
(B) rays are more infrared than 6vx0F?>_
(C) more than infrared rays ZQZBap"
(D) more infrared rays than NA%(ZRSg(
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 r[>=iim
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 .pP{;:Avpn
例3:The activities of the international marketing 9q?\F
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. 'nK(cKDIG
(A) the domestic marketer has )FNvtLZ
(B) the domestic marketer does y>:-6)pv
(C) those of the domestic marketer i
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(D) that which has the domestic marketer #cN0ciCT'
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 5hVp2w-
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing U]Iypl`l
is greater than --. 7J
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(A) that of its mining and farming combined `zr%+
(B) mining and farming combination So?ScX\lG
(C) that mining and farming combined u7rA8u|TO
(D) of its combination mining and farming XZ@;Tyn0,
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 P
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十、定语从句省略结构 r<Il;?S6
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 E%R^
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例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture Kq`C5
and overpower. SF$]{
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(A) can -&PiD
(B) they can bCM&Fe0GM
(C) which can bITc9Hqc
(D) and `m6>r9:
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 0KW@j>=jK
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can ]9xuLJ)
get all the calcium their bodies----from the RUJkfi=$
food they eat. ()< E?D=
(A) require 5r=xhOe`
(B) requires s
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(C) requiring
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(D)to require \a:#e%]qz9
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 7
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their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food H4s^&--
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 &PHejG_#
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of RlRkw+%m
A I{8fTod
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around dP>~ExYtm
B C D *R] Ob9X
the world. pmm?Fq!s=
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive bSOxM/N
A B C %+\ PN
than the Sun dies and exploded. j]-0m4QF
D XILB>o.^3
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more S6k
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十一、状语从句省略结构 G,tJ\xMw8
Metals expand when they are heated. (IlHg^"
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: *&WkorByW
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; c$Vu/dgx
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, 20 <$f
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 vNMndo!
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of ZXCq>
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand C5}c?=#bdf
considerable impact. ChvSUaCS
(A) apparently yyp0GV.x
(B) are apparently S
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(C) apparently their fL0dy[Ch@
(D) are they apparently
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分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 A
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a
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: xwuGJ
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; #7 )&`
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) /
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the pUcN-WA
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly (/mR
p
white.
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(A) when, pure which Tu!2lHK;
(B) when, which pure tTjadnX
(C) which, pure when \ltbiDP2
(D) which, when pure {yo{@pdX>
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, m|')
A
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine }3825
is highly efficient and needs servicing JXx[e
infrequently OLH[F
(A) Even 8O[br@h:5
(B) It is RJ\'"XQ
(C) Even though e/7rr~"|
(D) There is ,`pUz[wl
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 Ad}Nc"O
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 5cUz^ >
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 =x
xN3Ay
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; ;aj4V<@
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 op2<~v
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: M?S&@\}c
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 kEYkd@{
The starring troops have to surrender. /;X+<Wj
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; On~w`
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 5y~Srb?2
T5_/*`F
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is Z1~`S!(}
WvoJ^{\4N*
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often 6/dP)"a('
called scapegoating. s~NJ
y'Y
(A) Eliminate problems :|HCUZ*H(T
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) <~bvfA=
(C) Eliminating problems Z#t}yC%^d
(D) Problems are eliminated
@hF$qevX
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 3E-dhSz:i
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them 3Viz0I<%
from damage due to weather. e9;5.m
(A) Painting NX&Z=ObHu}
(B) Painted WB.w3w[f
(C) The paint 7PbwCRg
(D) By painting $/kZKoF{f
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 gl~9|$ivj>
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 ,Ma%"cWVC
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting -PCFOm"
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to EX/{W$
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conserve water in the winter. 6Qn};tbnD
(A) when losing leaves G.:QA}FE'
(B) leaves are lost n
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(C) that losing leaves 7n[0)XR>
(D) the leaves losing WCP2x.gb5
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 g!;a5p6
/[I#3|
十三、make结构 0V+v)\4FE
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) r-AD*h@QZ
共有三种形式: &<EixDi4q
make it possible+to do +yxL}=4s
make it possible+that引导的从句 BUUc9&f3o
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) I&f!>y?,Z
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做题技巧: g~XR#vl$
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it GK[9Cm
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如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it OCu/w1bc
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and >J_(~{-sNG
thus make--details that are otherwise };g<|v*o
impossible to observe . Ry40:;MYN
(A) it visible A}[x))r
(B) visibly s)#TT9BbV
(C) visible <=!FB8 .
(D) they are visible U^kk0OT^
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 eMtQa;Lc9o
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large =
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amount of information on a single map. $ve*j=p
(A) possible >]x%+@{|
(B) it possible sj&1I.@,>
(C) it is possible Y+gNi_dE
(D) that possible "}b/[U@>
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 /k KVIlO
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x_- SAyH
十四、the more …the more…结构 >VJ"e`
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: ,L; y>::1
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 A3|X`X
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 WH<\f|xR
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 (8(P12l
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 `We?j7O
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例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 6%MM)Vj+u
number of lines of magnetic force. n`D-?]*
(A) of _pkmHj(
(B) the ^xq)Q?[{
(C) is the ,uZz?7mO
(D) is of the Y]Zp[!
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B |21*p#>
,vB nr_D#
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the vV>=Uvm
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. < Q6
(A) the stress it is greater $Zj3#l:rK
(B) greater is the stress 8aVj@x$'
(C) greater stress is 1~S''[
(D) the greater the stress '\P+Bu]6&
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 }ok'd=M
/a\]Dwj5
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 Is!+`[ma
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 ckbD/+
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v %S$5
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , pEY zB;
A B |&~);>Cq2
thus making it possible the gentle twp~#s:\z
C 7lAn GP.;
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. \7Fp@ .S3
D "F?p Y@4
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 zS `>65}e
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more VW:Voc
than sixty-five million items of scientific, 2lxA/.f
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the 3#idXc
popular title, “attic of the nation.” gh%Q9Ni-
(A) however sbV_h;<
(B) thus B
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(C) and $~r=I[5'
(
(D) moreover l'?(4N
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 )Hqn
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the +`TwBN,kp-
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. nu6v@<<F>
(A) to save the seeds ]F4|@+\9
(B) saving the seeds ORt)sn&~d
(C)which saves the seeds ]u%Y
8kBe
(D) the seeds saved ^Fwdi#g
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B h[gKyxZ/t
VB~Do?]*k%
yXro6u?rC
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 UL3u2g;d
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. xUIH,Fp-9
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. y9K'(/
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7 e
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. \5F
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(A) the tallest m"vWu0/#
(B) the tallest that is }M${ _D
(C) which is the tallest <X]dR
6FT
(D) which the tallest is *YWk
.
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 0y=lf+xA*
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of \`YV)"y" ~
A B C 0vcFX)]yW
domestic animals. \PK}4<x}
D E1>zKENN;
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 =T|m#*{.L
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 LS4E.Xdn
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: $e,'<Jl
program, programmed, programmed DZV U!J
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: NV9H"fI
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 <O]B'Wc [
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be r#WAS2.TP
41\V;yib
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona Yx<wYzD
features structures built of red sandstone by {iVmae
ancestors of the Hopi people. PA>su)N$
(A) That the ~9dAoILrl
(B) In the sQ%gf
(C) Around the S$ 91L
(D) The S$i3/t
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 vaj-|&
f}+8m .g2
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called `r.
lymphocytes and plasma cells. XnV$}T:?X
(A) to be made firiYL"=44
(B) making s@5r}6?M
(C) made u
YJL^I8M'
(D) are made !7aJfs2
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 ;>B06v
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p&tNY
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given ?\![W5uuXG
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of ?$AWY\
human beings. )>rHM6-W
(A) without }A'Ro/n
(B) lack nN!R!tJPa
(C) minus ^
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(D) not having Z^yhSbE{5
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 z7um9g
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 $(eqZ<y
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 hZNAI
MuQ'L=i J
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十八、逻辑主语结构 @mId{w z
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 B5fF\N^
D'3. T{*rH
例1:Having been served lunch, --. c-hhA%@Wq
(A) the problem was discussed by the members Ug,23
of the committee ,?zOJ,wl
(B) the committee members discussed the
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problem N(BCe\FV
(C) it was discussed by the committee 3WQ"3^G
members the problem ,7nA:0P
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by uw`fC%-xh
the members of the committee o:"^@3
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B ?sm@lD
Z\
p7kH"j{xD
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until s;4r)9Uvx
almost two centuries later, in 1834. Du."O]syD
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch W:z!fh-
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn 7f\@3r
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch +Jv*u8T'
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn CiSl
0
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 nlkQ'XGAI
-L%2*`-L$
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her uepL"%.@7|
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her T11;LSD
first article in print. ;&%G)f
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane --9Z
Hawes had 9x40
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane @ dF]X
Hawe's first }475c{
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first x6 c#[:R&
teaching position b-XC\
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching XgmblNp1
position P.;S6i
n
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 IAJYD/Y&?
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例4: Even at low levels, --. 6b8@6;&LI
(A) the nervous system has produced KZxA\,Y'5
detrimental effects by lead A|esVUo<3^
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the WZ<kk T
nervous system ,t]qe
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the *KXg;777
nervous system M:~/e8Xv
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on f
@cs<x
the nervous system n6a*|rE
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 8zRb)B+
Z{w{bf1&A
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking [?$|
A B C f2#9E+IQ
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. /Lc=
K<
D Uq,M\V\
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 Vd{h|=J
] _/d
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十九、复合宾语结构 1x0 7ua@(v
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 P'Fy,fNg
We played soccer. x Qh?
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 S%ri/}qI[{
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 rI:KZ}GZ
O8+[)+6^
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 Or9@ X=C
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, ,<lxq<1I
例:We appoint him monitor. ?CS
jn
We elected him president. '^l/e: (H3
R0<ka[+
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck z#!xqIg0
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not QD:0iD?
consider them --because they are now primarily lxK_+fj
q
kept as pets. \2<2&=h?
(A) where sporting dogs r1FE$R~C=
(B) sporting dogs Xl6)&
(C) when sporting dogs @2_s;!K
(D) they are sportingdogs Et'C4od s
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 kXC.rgal
ABV\:u
二十、It结构 2vnzB8"k
一、强调句型 dITnPb)i
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 v%<_Mh
#|XEBOmsQ
这个句型需要注意几点: =X X_Cnn
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子;
Kc udWW]
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; )O- x1U
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 ):78GVp
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: QBsDO].J<
原句: Ann bought these books last year. sW2LNE
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. %Y Rg1UKY
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. &`L5UX
)+t5G>yKK
二、形式主语 ap%o\&T;
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 Y)u}+Yg
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 =w A< F
2K*-uT#$~
paBGJ~{=
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than ~POeFZ
A B oh@r0`J]x
the events that occur in their lives , that are PYHm6'5BtB
C x#8=drh.:C
the main focus of social psychology. r3j8[&B"
D Ic=V:
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is aY:(0en]&
+~fu-%,k
例2: --an increasing international exchange of :
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educational films. 93WYZNpX
(A) It is &HXSO,@
(B) There is (x^|
(C) Though there is >Ed^dsb&
(D) Although it is I(<G;ft<}
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 >rFvT>@NU
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二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 a;S^<8
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, C95,!q
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 KFs` u6
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in which+完整的句子 VDPN1+1*
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 (;j7{(
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名词+of which+谓语动词 |@g1|OWd|
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 OX`n`+^D
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例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of PW`Tuj
which are accented. Na6z,TW
(A) line consists of each <M7*N.
(B) consists of each line xK r,XZu
(C) each line consists JgB# EoF
(D) it consists of each line jwq"B$ap
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。
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five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 19.cf
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例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a VL{#.;QQa
sticky substance on them ------ insects. @,MdvR+a
(A) traps qj6`nbZ{va
(B) trap its 0uz"}
v)
(C) which traps 5G<CDgl^!
(D) which it traps mvgm o
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 `0^i
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例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists cWc)sb
have paid little attention to cultural #FB>}:L{h*
A V8yX7yx
interpretations given to silence, or to the types of ^JtHTLHL=
B C WO-WoPO
social contexts in which tends to occur. ]uvbQ.l_t
D 4c=kT@=jX
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 "Cc"y* P
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例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin @WHd(ka!
became interested in the art movement H040-Q;S'
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, aELT"b,x
both --her novels and short stories. ^qx\ e$R
(A) in which the influence g&TCff
(B) of which influenced E ZKz-}
(C) to have influence 9Nu#&_2R
(D) its influence in *'YNRM\}
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。